Original Allen Beck United Air Lines Hawaii Poster Vtg 1970 21 3/4 x 28 Tiki Bar

£465.59 Buy It Now, Click to see shipping cost, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (807) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176277808935 Original Allen Beck United Air Lines Hawaii Poster Vtg 1970 21 3/4 x 28 Tiki Bar. In June 1929, he acquired Stout Air Services and its fleet of Ford tri-motors. This gave United Aircraft and Transport their first passenger service in the east, flying between Chicago and Cleveland via Detroit.

This poster on board measuring approximately 21c 3.4 x 28 inches is incredible! A very rare find in fair condition with flaws! 

Hawaii and Travel Modernist History of travel to Hawaii - specifically Waikiki Beach & Diamond Head!


Hawaii (/həˈwaɪi/ (listen) hə-WY-ee; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi [həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi]) is an island state in the Western United States, about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.S. mainland in the Pacific Ocean. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state in the tropics. Hawaii consists of 137 volcanic islands that comprise almost the entire Hawaiian archipelago; spanning 1,500 miles (2,400 km), the state is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.[9] Hawaii's ocean coastline is consequently the fourth-longest in the U.S., at about 750 miles (1,210 km).[d] The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, after which the state is named; the latter is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands make up most of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the largest protected area in the U.S. and the fourth largest in the world. Of the 50 U.S. states, Hawaii is the eighth smallest in land area and the 11th least populous; but with 1.4 million residents, it ranks 13th in population density. Two-thirds of Hawaiians live on O'ahu, home to the state's capital and largest city, Honolulu. Hawaii is among the country's most diverse states, owing to its central location in the Pacific and over two centuries of migration. As one of only six majority-minority states, it has the only Asian American plurality, the largest Buddhist community,[10] and largest proportion of multiracial people in the U.S..[11] Consequently, Hawaii is a unique melting pot of North American and East Asian cultures, in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian heritage. Settled by Polynesians sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE, Hawaii was home to numerous independent chiefdoms.[12] In 1778, British explorer James Cook was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago; early British influence is reflected in the state flag, which bears a Union Jack. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon arrived, leading to the decimation of the once isolated Indigenous community through the introduction of diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles; the native Hawaiian population declined from between 300,000 and one million to less than 40,000 by 1890.[13][14][15] Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized kingdom in 1810, remaining independent until American and European businessmen overthrew the monarchy in 1893; this led to annexation by the U.S. in 1898. As a strategically valuable U.S. territory, Hawaii was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's decisive entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union, on August 21, 1959.[16] In 1993, the U.S. government formally apologized for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which had spurred the Hawaiian sovereignty movement and has led to ongoing efforts to redress the indigenous population. Historically dominated by a plantation economy, Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts visitors, surfers, and scientists with its diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundant public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies on the Big Island. Hawaii hosts the U.S. Pacific Fleet, the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.[17] Hawaii's relative isolation results in one of the highest costs of living in the U.S. However, Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state,[17] and residents have the longest life expectancy of any U.S. state, at 80.7 years.[18] Etymology The State of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that it was named for Hawaiʻiloa, a figure from Hawaiian oral tradition. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.[19][20] The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian Sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning "homeland".[e] Cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori (Hawaiki), Rarotongan (ʻAvaiki) and Samoan (Savaiʻi). According to linguists Pukui and Elbert,[22] "elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the name has no meaning".[23] Spelling of state name In 1978, Hawaiian was added to the Constitution of the State of Hawaii as an official state language alongside English.[24] The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii.[25] Diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,[26] predates the use of the ʻokina ⟨ʻ⟩ and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the state's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi.[f] In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government used Hawaii for the state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols[contradictory] for glottal stops or vowel length.[27][better source needed] Geography and environment Main article: Hawaiian Islands See also: List of islands of Hawaii Island Nickname Area Population (as of 2020) Density Highest point Maximum Elevation Age (Ma)[28] Location Hawaiʻi[29] The Big Island 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2) 200,629 49.8/sq mi (19.2/km2) Mauna Kea 13,796 ft (4,205 m) 0.4 19°34′N 155°30′W Maui[30] The Valley Isle 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2) 164,221 225.8/sq mi (87.2/km2) Haleakalā 10,023 ft (3,055 m) 1.3–0.8 20°48′N 156°20′W Oʻahu[31] The Gathering Place 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2) 1,016,508 1,703.5/sq mi (657.7/km2) Mount Kaʻala 4,003 ft (1,220 m) 3.7–2.6 21°28′N 157°59′W Kauaʻi[32] The Garden Isle 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2) 73,298 132.7/sq mi (51.2/km2) Kawaikini 5,243 ft (1,598 m) 5.1 22°05′N 159°30′W Molokaʻi[33] The Friendly Isle 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2) 7,345 28.3/sq mi (10.9/km2) Kamakou 4,961 ft (1,512 m) 1.9–1.8 21°08′N 157°02′W Lānaʻi[34] The Pineapple Isle 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2) 3,367 24.0/sq mi (9.3/km2) Lānaʻihale 3,366 ft (1,026 m) 1.3 20°50′N 156°56′W Niʻihau[35] The Forbidden Isle 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2) 84 1.2/sq mi (0.5/km2) Mount Pānīʻau 1,250 ft (381 m) 4.9 21°54′N 160°10′W Kahoʻolawe[36] The Target Isle 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2) 0 0/sq mi (0/km2) Puʻu Moaulanui 1,483 ft (452 m) 1.0 20°33′N 156°36′W There are eight main Hawaiian islands. Seven are inhabited, but only six are open to tourists and locals. Niʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson; access is restricted to those who have their permission. This island is also home to native Hawaiians. Access to uninhabited Kahoʻolawe island is also restricted and anyone who enters without permission will be arrested. This island may also be dangerous since it was a military base during the world wars and could still have unexploded ordnance. Topography Map of the Hawaiian islands The Hawaiian archipelago is 2,000 mi (3,200 km) southwest of the contiguous United States.[37] Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska. Like Alaska, Hawaii borders no other U.S. state. It is the only U.S. state not in North America, and the only one completely surrounded by water and entirely an archipelago. In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. Kaʻula is a small island near Niʻihau. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small, older islands northwest of Kauaʻi that extends from Nihoa to Kure Atoll; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as Molokini, which are made up of either volcanic or marine sedimentary rock.[38] Hawaiʻi's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft (4,205 m) above mean sea level;[39] it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet (10,200 m).[40] Geology See also: Hawaii hotspot Pāhoehoe (smooth lava) spills into the ocean, forming new rock. The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaiʻi hotspot. The process is continuing to build islands; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hotspot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all active land volcanoes are on the southern half of Hawaiʻi Island. The newest volcano, Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi), is south of the coast of Hawaiʻi Island. The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaiʻi Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18th century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.[41] In 1790, Kīlauea exploded; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.[42] Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption.[43] Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the second-highest point among the world's islands.[44] On the volcanoes' flanks, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis, particularly in 1868 and 1975.[45] Catastrophic debris avalanches on the ocean island volcanoes' submerged flanks have created steep cliffs.[46][47] Kīlauea erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its eastern rift zone. The Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens are within this territory. The eruption destroyed at least 36 buildings and this, coupled with the lava flows and the sulfur dioxide fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 inhabitants from their neighborhoods.[48] Flora and fauna See also: Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii A Hawaiian monk seal rests at French Frigate Shoals. French Frigate Shoals, located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, is protected as part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The islands of Hawaiʻi are distant from other land habitats, and life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (i.e., by ocean currents), and wings (i.e., birds, insects, and any seeds that they may have carried on their feathers). Hawaiʻi has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[49] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[50] The two species of Brighamia—B. rockii and B. insignis—are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down 3,000-foot (910 m) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.[51] Terrestrial ecology The archipelago's extant main islands have been above the surface of the ocean for less than 10 million years, a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there. The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. Native Hawaiians developed complex horticultural practices to utilize the surrounding ecosystem for agriculture. Cultural practices developed to enshrine values of environmental stewardship and reciprocity with the natural world, resulting in widespread biodiversity and intricate social and environmental relationships that persist to this day.[52] On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical (less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from tropical rainforest (more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year), through a temperate climate, to alpine conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands.[53][54][55] Protected areas Nā Pali Coast State Park, Kauaʻi Several areas in Hawaiʻi are under the National Park Service's protection.[56] Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakalā National Park, near Kula on Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui; and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, in the southeast region of Hawaiʻi Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones. There are three national historical parks: Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa, Molokaʻi, the site of a former leper colony; Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona on Hawaiʻi Island; and Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, an ancient place of refuge on Hawaiʻi Island's west coast. Other areas under the National Park Service's control include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawaiʻi Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oʻahu. President George W. Bush proclaimed the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles (80 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all the national parks in the U.S. combined.[57] Climate See also: List of Hawaii tornadoes, List of Hawaii hurricanes, and Climate of Hawaii Partly cloudy conditions and a gentle breeze at 1:43 PM HDT.[58] North is oriented towards the lower right in this photo taken from the International Space Station on June 24, 2022. Hawaiʻi has a tropical climate. Temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant trade winds from the east. Summer highs reach around 88 °F (31 °C) during the day, with lows of 75 °F (24 °C) at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 °F (28 °C); at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 °F (18 °C) at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at 13,800 feet (4,200 m) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā. Mount Waiʻaleʻale on Kauaʻi has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about 460 inches (12,000 mm) per year. Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April.[59] Overall with climate change, Hawaiʻi is getting drier and hotter.[60][61] The warmest temperature recorded in the state, in Pahala on April 27, 1931, is 100 °F (38 °C), tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.[62] Hawaiʻi's record low temperature is 12 °F (−11 °C) observed in May 1979, on the summit of Mauna Kea. Hawaiʻi is the only state to have never recorded subzero Fahrenheit temperatures.[62] Climates vary considerably on each island; they can be divided into windward and leeward (koʻolau and kona, respectively) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover.[63] Environmental issues Hawaii has a decades-long history of hosting more military space for the United States than any other territory or state.[64] This record of military activity has taken a sharp toll on the environmental health of the Hawaiian archipelago, degrading its beaches and soil, and making some places entirely unsafe due to unexploded ordnance.[65] According to scholar Winona LaDuke: "The vast militarization of Hawaii has profoundly damaged the land. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are more federal hazardous waste sites in Hawaii – 31 – than in any other U.S. state."[66] Hawaii State Representative Roy Takumi writes in "Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa" that these military bases and hazardous waste sites have meant "the confiscation of large tracts of land from native peoples" and quotes late Hawaiian activist George Helm as asking: "What is national defense when what is being destroyed is the very thing the military is entrusted to defend, the sacred land of Hawaiʻi?"[64] Contemporary Indigenous Hawaiians are still protesting the occupation of their homelands and environmental degradation due to increased militarization in the wake of 9/11.[67] After the rise of sugarcane plantations in the mid 19th century, island ecology changed dramatically. Plantations require massive quantities of water, and European and American plantation owners transformed the land in order to access it, primarily by building tunnels to divert water from the mountains to the plantations, constructing reservoirs, and digging wells.[68] These changes have made lasting impacts on the land and continue to contribute to resource scarcity for Native Hawaiians today.[68][69] According to Stanford scientist and scholar Sibyl Diver, Indigenous Hawaiians engage in a reciprocal relationship with the land, "based on principles of mutual caretaking, reciprocity and sharing".[70] This relationship ensures the longevity, sustainability, and natural cycles of growth and decay, as well as cultivating a sense of respect for the land and humility towards one's place in an ecosystem.[70] The tourism industry's ongoing expansion and its pressure on local systems of ecology, cultural tradition and infrastructure is creating a conflict between economic and environmental health.[71] In 2020, the Center for Biological Diversity reported on the plastic pollution of Hawaii's Kamilo beach, citing "massive piles of plastic waste".[72] Invasive species are spreading, and chemical and pathogenic runoff is contaminating groundwater and coastal waters.[73] History Main article: History of Hawaii Part of a series on the History of Hawaii Flag of Hawaii Early history (pre–1795) Hawaiian Kingdom (1795–1893) Provisional (1893–1894) Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898) Territory of Hawaii (1898–1959) State of Hawaii (1959–present) Topics Big FiveLegal statusNRHP listingsSovereignty movementSugar plantationsTimeline of Honolulu  PortalCommons vte Hawaiʻi is one of two U.S. states that were widely recognized independent nations before becoming U.S. states. The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893, when resident American and European capitalists and landholders overthrew the monarchy. Hawaiʻi was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a U.S. territory. Hawaiʻi was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.[74] First human settlement – Ancient Hawaiʻi (1000–1778) Main article: Ancient Hawaii Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands appears to date between 1000–1200 CE. The first wave was probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands,[12][dubious – discuss] and a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the 11th century. The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate.[75] Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the kapu system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of heiau.[76] This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology (moʻolelo) about Paʻao. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence of a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Paʻao must be regarded as a myth.[76] The islands' history is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called aliʻi, ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaiʻi was a caste-based society, much like that of Hindus in India.[77] Population growth was facilitated by ecological and agricultural practices that combined upland agriculture (manuka), ocean fishing (makai), fishponds and gardening systems. These systems were upheld by spiritual and religious beliefs, like the lokahi, that linked cultural continuity with the health of the natural world.[52] According to Hawaiian scholar Mililani Trask, the lokahi symbolizes the "greatest of the traditions, values, and practices of our people ... There are three points in the triangle—the Creator, Akua; the peoples of the earth, Kanaka Maoli; and the land, the ʻaina. These three things all have a reciprocal relationship."[52][78] European arrival Drawing of single-masted sailboat with one spinnaker-shaped sail, carrying dozens of men, accompanied by at least four other canoes Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook by John Webber (drawn 1779, published 1784) The 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook marked the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaiʻi; early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawaiʻi, which bears the Union Jack in the top-left corner. Cook named the archipelago "the Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, publishing the islands' location and rendering the native name as Owyhee. The form "Owyhee" or "Owhyhee" is preserved in the names of certain locations in the American part of the Pacific Northwest, among them Owyhee County and Owyhee Mountains in Idaho, named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in the area.[79] Spanish explorers may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century, 200 years before Cook's first documented visit in 1778. Ruy López de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines, with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Gaetano's reports describe an encounter with either Hawaiʻi or the Marshall Islands.[80][81][better source needed] If López de Villalobos's crew spotted Hawaiʻi, Gaetano would thus be the first European to see the islands. Most scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility.[82][83][84] Nonetheless, Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawaiʻi, but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands. In this manuscript, Maui is named La Desgraciada (The Unfortunate Island), and what appears to be Hawaiʻi Island is named La Mesa (The Table). Islands resembling Kahoʻolawe', Lānaʻi, and Molokaʻi are named Los Monjes (The Monks).[85] For two and a half centuries, Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawaiʻi on their way to Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers. Hawaiʻi thus maintained independence, despite being on a sea route east–west between nations that were subjects of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, an empire that exercised jurisdiction over many subject civilizations and kingdoms on both sides of the Pacific.[86] King Kamehameha receiving the Russian naval expedition of Otto von Kotzebue. Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816. Despite such contested claims, Cook is generally considered the first European to land at Hawaiʻi, having visited the Hawaiian Islands twice. As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as he took temple idols and fencing as "firewood",[87] and a minor chief and his group stole a boat from his ship. Cook abducted the King of Hawaiʻi Island, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, and held him for ransom aboard his ship to gain return of Cook's boat, as this tactic had previously worked in Tahiti and other islands.[88] Instead, the supporters of Kalaniʻōpuʻu attacked, killing Cook and four sailors as Cook's party retreated along the beach to their ship. The ship departed without retrieving the stolen boat. After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian Islands attracted many European and American explorers, traders, and whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies. These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands, causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously.[89] Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as influenza, smallpox and measles. By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.[90] During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaiʻi's people.[91] Historical records indicate the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaiʻi originated from Guangdong Province; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Cook's journey, and more in 1789 with an American trader who settled in Hawaiʻi in the late 18th century. It is said that Chinese workers introduced leprosy by 1830, and as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawaiians.[92] Kingdom of Hawaiʻi Main article: Kingdom of Hawaii House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago. During the 1780s, and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.[93] After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaiʻi converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Missionaries have argued that one function of missionary work was to "civilize" and "purify" perceived heathenism in the New World. This carried into Hawaiʻi.[94][95][96][97][98][99] According to historical archaeologist James L. Flexner, "missionaries provided the moral means to rationalize conquest and wholesale conversion to Christianity".[94] But rather than abandon traditional beliefs entirely, most native Hawaiians merged their Indigenous religion with Christianity.[94][96][95] Missionaries used their influence to end many traditional practices, including the kapu system, the prevailing legal system before European contact, and heiau, or "temples" to religious figures.[94][100][101] Kapu, which typically translates to "the sacred", refers to social regulations (like gender and class restrictions) that were based upon spiritual beliefs. Under the missionaries' guidance, laws against gambling, consuming alcohol, dancing the hula, breaking the Sabbath, and polygamy were enacted.[95] Without the kapu system, many temples and priestly statuses were jeopardized, idols were burned, and participation in Christianity increased.[95][97] When Kamehameha III inherited the throne at age 12, his advisors pressured him to merge Christianity with traditional Hawaiian ways. Under the guidance of his kuhina nui (his mother and coregent Elizabeth Kaʻahumanu) and British allies, Hawaiʻi turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution.[102][97] Hiram Bingham I, a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.[103] Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom, but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population.[104][105][106] Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Molokaʻi, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope, both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalākaua. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV. After riots broke out, the U.S. and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. The Legislative Assembly chose King Kalākaua as monarch by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.[107] 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.[108] In 1893, Liliʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. U.S. Government Minister John L. Stevens, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.[109] In Hawaiian Autonomy, Liliʻuokalani states: If we did not by force resist their final outrage, it was because we could not do so without striking at the military force of the United States. Whatever constraint the executive of this great country may be under to recognize the present government at Honolulu has been forced upon it by no act of ours, but by the unlawful acts of its own agents. Attempts to repudiate those acts are vain.[110][111] In a message to Sanford B. Dole, Liliʻuokalani states: Now to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.[112][113] Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawaiʻi (1894–1898) Main articles: Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Provisional Government of Hawaii, and Republic of Hawaii See also: List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Historical – Royalist Organizations (from 1880s) The treason trials of 1892 brought together the main players in the 1893 overthrow. American Minister John L. Stevens voiced support for Native Hawaiian revolutionaries; William R. Castle, a Committee of Safety member, served as a defense counsel in the treason trials; Alfred Stedman Hartwell, the 1893 annexation commissioner, led the defense effort; and Sanford B. Dole ruled as a supreme court justice against acts of conspiracy and treason.[114] Queen Liliʻuokalani, seated inside ʻIolani Palace Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom On January 17, 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the American minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani and installed a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety.[115] According to scholar Lydia Kualapai and Hawaii State Representative Roy Takumi, this committee was formed against the will of Indigenous Hawaiian voters, who constituted the majority of voters at the time, and consisted of "thirteen white men" according to scholar J Kehaulani Kauanui.[116][64][67] The United States Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii (John L. Stevens) conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.[117] After the overthrow, Sanford B. Dole, a citizen of Hawaii and cousin to James Dole, owner of Hawaiian Fruit Company, a company that benefited from the annexation of Hawaii, became president of the republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaiʻi ended on July 4, 1894.[118][119] Controversy ensued in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. Scholar Lydia Kualapai writes that Liliʻuokalani had "yielded under protest not to the counterfeit Provisional Government of Hawaii but to the superior force of the United States of America" and wrote letters of protest to the president requesting a recognizance of allyship and a reinstatement of her sovereignty against the recent actions of the Provisional Government of Hawaii.[116] Following the January 1893 coup that deposed Liliʻuokalani, many royalists were preparing to overthrow the white-led Republic of Hawaiʻi oligarchy. Hundreds of rifles were covertly shipped to Hawaii and hidden in caves nearby. As armed troops came and went, a Republic of Hawaiʻi patrol discovered the rebel group. On January 6, 1895, gunfire began on both sides and later the rebels were surrounded and captured. Over the next 10 days several skirmishes occurred, until the last armed opposition surrendered or were captured. The Republic of Hawaiʻi took 123 troops into custody as prisoners of war. The mass arrest of nearly 300 more men and women, including Queen Liliʻuokalani, as political prisoners was intended to incapacitate the political resistance against the ruling oligarchy. In March 1895, a military tribunal convicted 170 prisoners of treason and sentenced six troops to be "hung by the neck" until dead, according to historian Ronald Williams Jr. The other prisoners were sentenced from 5–35 years imprisonment at hard labor, while those convicted of lesser charges received sentences from 6 months to 6 years imprisonment at hard labor.[120] The queen was sentenced to 5 years in prison, but spent 8 months under house arrest until she was released on parole.[121] The total number of arrests related to the 1895 Kaua Kūloko was 406 people on a summary list of statistics, published by the government of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.[120] The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded that the removal of Liliʻuokalani had been illegal. Commissioner Blount found the U.S. and its minister guilty on all counts including the overthrow, the landing of the marines, and the recognition of the provisional government.[112] In a message to Congress, Cleveland wrote: And finally, but for the lawless occupation of Honolulu under false pretexts by the United States forces, and but for Minister Stevens' recognition of the provisional government when the United States forces were its sole support and constituted its only military strength, the Queen and her Government would never have yielded to the provisional government, even for a time and for the sole purpose of submitting her case to the enlightened justice of the United States.[112][115] By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the Government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair. The provisional government has not assumed a republican or other constitutional form, but has remained a mere executive council or oligarchy, set up without the assent of the people. It has not sought to find a permanent basis of popular support and has given no evidence of an intention to do so.[115][112] The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Liliʻuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. On December 23, 1893, the response from the Provisional Government of Hawaii, authored by President Sanford B. Dole, was received by Cleveland's representative Minister Albert S. Willis and emphasized that the Provisional Government of Hawaii "unhesitatingly" rejected the demand from the Cleveland Administration.[116] Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.[122] Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.[109][123][124][125] In 1993, Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."[117] The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through a plebiscite or referendum".[125][117] Annexation – Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959) Main articles: Organic act § List of organic acts, and Territory of Hawaii In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are racistly depicted in the pickaninny stereotype. The figures are Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines and "Ladrones" (the Mariana Islands). After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaiʻi. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaiʻi. He met with three non-native annexationists: Lorrin A. Thurston, Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.[126] The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,[127] the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the republic to the U.S.; it became the Territory of Hawaiʻi. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.[128][129][130] A majority of Native Hawaiians opposed annexation, voiced chiefly by Liliʻuokalani, whom Hawaiian Haunani-Kay Trask described as beloved and respected by her people.[131] Liliʻuokalani wrote, "it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States ... would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power" in her retelling of the overthrow of her government.[132] According to Trask, newspapers at the time argued Hawaiians would suffer "virtual enslavement under annexation", including further loss of lands and liberties, in particular to sugar plantation owners.[133] These plantations were protected by the U.S. Navy as economic interests, justifying a continued military presence in the islands.[133] In 1900, Hawaiʻi was granted self-governance and retained ʻIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five, found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.[134] The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that caused the United States to enter World War II. Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaiʻi began in 1899, when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by a hurricane, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaiʻi. Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaiʻi occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.[135] Oʻahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. Political changes of 1954 – State of Hawaiʻi (1959–present) Main articles: Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954, Hawaii Admission Act, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union See also: List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Modern – Sovereignty Organizations (1960s–present) Three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928. Prior to the postwar labor movement, Hawaii was governed by plantation owners. Here, three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928. In the 1950s, the plantation owners' power was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaiʻi and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaiʻi Republican Party, strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi, which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College, residents actively campaigned for statehood. In Washington there was talk that Hawaiʻi would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska, seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. These predictions proved inaccurate; today, Hawaiʻi votes Democratic predominantly, while Alaska votes Republican.[136][137][138][139] In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaiʻi Admissions Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law.[140] The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaiʻi. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaiʻi to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.[141] The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaiʻi from its list of non-self-governing territories. After attaining statehood, Hawaiʻi quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state programs promoted Hawaiian culture.[which?] The Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture.[142] Legacy of annexation on Hawaiian land In 1897, over 21,000 Natives, representing the overwhelming majority of adult Hawaiians, signed anti-annexation petitions in one of the first examples of protest against the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalaniʻs government.[143] Nearly 100 years later, in 1993, 17,000 Hawaiians marched to demand access and control over Hawaiian trust lands and as part of the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement.[144] Hawaiian trust land ownership and use is still widely contested as a consequence of annexation. According to scholar Winona LaDuke, as of 2015, 95% of Hawaiʻiʻs land was owned or controlled by just 82 landholders, including over 50% by federal and state governments, as well as the established sugar and pineapple companies.[144] The Thirty Meter Telescope is planned to be built on Hawaiian trust land, but has faced resistance as the project interferes with Kanaka indigeneity.[clarify][145] Demographics Population See also: Hawaii statistical areas Population density map of Hawaii, 2010 Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1778 (est.) 300,000 —     1819 (est.) 145,000 −51.7% 1835–1836 107,954 −25.5% 1850 84,165 −22.0% 1860 69,800 −17.1% 1872 56,897 −18.5% 1884 80,578 +41.6% 1890 89,990 +11.7% 1896 109,020 +21.1% 1900 154,001 +41.3% 1910 191,909 +24.6% 1920 255,912 +33.4% 1930 368,336 +43.9% 1940 423,330 +14.9% 1950 499,794 +18.1% 1960 632,772 +26.6% 1970 768,561 +21.5% 1980 964,691 +25.5% 1990 1,108,229 +14.9% 2000 1,211,537 +9.3% 2010 1,360,301 +12.3% 2020 1,455,271 +7.0% Source: 1778–1896[146] 1910–2020[147] After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period, the overall population of Hawaii—which until that time composed solely of Indigenous Hawaiians—fell dramatically. Many people of the Indigenous Hawaiian population died to foreign diseases, declining from 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. Other estimates for the pre-contact population range from 150,000 to 1.5 million.[13] In 1923, 42% of the population was of Japanese descent, 9% was of Chinese descent, and 16% was native descent.[148] The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century.[149] The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level. As of 2010, only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian-only ancestry, just over half the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population, although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly Asian or Caucasian). As of 2018, the United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii at 1,420,491, a decrease of 7,047 from the previous year and an increase of 60,190 (4.42%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.[150][needs update] The center of population of Hawaii is located on the island of O'ahu. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas, which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.[151][152] Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. O'ahu is the most populous island; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles (1,546 km2), approximately 1,650 people per square mile.[g][153] Hawaii's 1.4 million residents, spread across 6,000 square miles (15,500 km2) of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.[154] The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois.[155] The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.[156] As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.[157] According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 5,967 homeless people in Hawaii.[158] [159] Ancestry Further information: Native Hawaiians, White Americans in Hawaii, Africans in Hawaii, and Japanese in Hawaii Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation. According to the 2020 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,455,271. The state's population identified as 37.2% Asian; 25.3% Multiracial; 22.9% White; 10.8% Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders; 9.5% Hispanic and Latinos of any race; 1.6% Black or African American; 1.8% from some other race; and 0.3% Native American and Alaskan Native.[160] Hawaii racial breakdown of population  Racial composition 1970[161] 1990[161] 2000[162] 2010[163] 2020[160] White 38.8% 33.4% 24.3% 24.7% 22.9% Asian 57.7% 61.8% 41.6% 38.6% 37.2% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 9.4% 10.0% 10.8% Black 1.0% 2.5% 1.8% 1.6% 1.6% Native American and Alaskan Native 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Other race 2.4% 1.9% 1.2% 1.2% 1.8% Two or more races – – 21.4% 23.6% 25.3% Ethnic origins in Hawaii Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where people who identify as Asian Americans are the largest ethnic group. In 2012, 14.5% of the resident population under age 1 was non-Hispanic white.[164] Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) Korean Americans.[165] There are more than 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.[165] Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.[166] Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Hawaii is the only state to have a tri-racial group as its largest multiracial group, one that includes white, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (22% of all mutiracial population).[167] The non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.[165] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.[168] The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate in Asia. Hawaii is a majority-minority state. It was expected to be one of three states that would not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and New Mexico.[169] Map of the largest racial/ethnic group by county. Red indicates Native Hawaiian, blue indicates non-Hispanic white, and green indicates Asian. Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population. Population of Hawaii (2008)[170][171] Ancestry Percentage Main article: Filipino 13.6% See Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese 12.6% See Japanese in Hawaii Polynesian 9.0% See Native Hawaiians Germans 7.4% See German American Irish 5.2% See Irish American English 4.6% See English American Portuguese 4.3% See Portuguese in Hawaii Chinese 4.1% See Chinese in Hawaii Korean 3.1% See Korean American Mexican 2.9% See Mexican American Puerto Rican 2.8% See Puerto Ricans in Hawaii Italian 2.7% See Italian American African 2.4% See African American French 1.7% See French American Samoan 1.3% See Samoans in Hawaii Scottish 1.2% See Scottish American The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.[172] As of 2015, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate—by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.[173][174] Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.[175] By 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.[176] Languages Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran. They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine. English and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.[177] However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". Hawaiʻi Creole English, locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.[178] As of the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older exclusively speak English at home.[179] According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than 5 speak only English at home.[170] In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional Asian language, 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other Indo-European languages and 0.2% speak another language.[170] After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog, Ilocano, and Japanese.[180] 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog, which includes non-native speakers of Filipino, a Tagalog-based national and co-official language of the Philippines; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak Korean; and 1.0% speak Samoan.[179] Hawaiian Main article: Hawaiian language The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.[181] According to the United States Census, there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.[182] Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family.[181] It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island), and less closely to Samoan and Tongan.[183] According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE[184] and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands, Samoa and Tonga.[185] These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language.[186] Kimura and Wilson say, "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".[187] Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The University of Hawaiʻi developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.[188] Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a macron (kahakō). Hawaiian-language newspapers (nūpepa) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to capture the proper pronunciation of Hawaiian words.[189] The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop (ʻOkina) as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.[190] The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY.[191] Hawaiian Pidgin Main article: Hawaiian Pidgin This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s Some residents of Hawaii speak Hawaiʻi Creole English (HCE), endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English. The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th century, the increase in immigration—mainly from China, Japan, Portugal—especially from the Azores and Madeira, and Spain—catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin. By the early 20th century, pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic.[clarification needed] Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants and animals. For example, tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name, ahi.[192] HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words. For example, "aunty" and "uncle" may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder. Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English. For example, instead of "it is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply "stay hot, eh?"[h] The term da kine is used as a filler; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase. During the surfing boom in Hawaii, HCE was influenced by surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as brah and da kine, have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities.[193] Hawaiʻi Sign Language Hawaiʻi Sign Language, a sign language for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.[194] Religion Main article: Hawaiian religion See also: Kapu (Hawaiian culture), List of figures in the Hawaiian religion, and List of missionaries to Hawaii The façade of a Christian church in downtown Honolulu. The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture. Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[195]   Protestantism (42%)   Roman Catholicism (13%)   Mormonism (1%)   Unaffilated (37%)   Buddhism (4%)   Other (3%) Religion in Hawaii (2014)[196]   Protestantism (38%)   Roman Catholicism (20%)   Mormonism (3%)   Jehovah's Witnesses (1%)   Other Christian (1%)   No religion (26%)   Buddhism (8%)   Other religion (2%)   Don't know (1%) Hawaii is among the most religiously diverse states in the U.S., with one in ten residents practicing a non-Christian faith.[197] Roughly one-quarter to half the population identify as unaffiliated and nonreligious, making Hawaii one of the most secular states as well. Christianity remains the majority religion, represented mainly by various Protestant groups and Roman Catholicism. The second largest religion is Buddhism, which comprises a larger proportion of the population than in any other state; it is concentrated in the Japanese community. Native Hawaiians continue to engage in traditional religious and spiritual practices today, often adhering to Christian and traditional beliefs at the same time.[52][96][94][78][95] The Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in Honolulu was formally the seat of the Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church, a province of the Anglican Communion that had been the state church of the Kingdom of Hawaii; it subsequently merged into the Episcopal Church in the 1890s following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, becoming the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii. The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus serve as seats of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. The Eastern Orthodox community is centered around the Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific. The largest religious denominations by membership were the Roman Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010;[198] the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009;[199] the United Church of Christ with 115 congregations and 20,000 members; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 108 congregations and 18,000 members.[200] Nondenominational churches collectively have 128 congregations and 32,000 members. According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:[201][202] Christianity: 351,000 (29%) Buddhism: 110,000 (9%) Judaism: 10,000 (1%)[203] Other: 100,000 (10%) Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%) However, a Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows: Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)[196] Affiliation % of Hawaiʻi's population Christian 63   Protestant 38   Evangelical Protestant 25   Mainline Protestant 11   Black church 2   Roman Catholic 20   Mormon 3   Jehovah's Witnesses 1   Eastern Orthodox 0.5   Other Christian 1   Unaffiliated 26   Nothing in particular 20   Agnostic 5   Atheist 2   Non-Christian faiths 10   Jewish 0.5   Muslim 0.5   Buddhist 8   Hindu 0.5   Other Non-Christian faiths 0.5   Don't know 1   Total 100   Birth data Note: Births in this table do not add up, because Hispanic peoples are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013[204] 2014[205] 2015[206] 2016[207] 2017[208] 2018[209] 2019[210] 2020[211] 2021[212] Asian 12,203 (64.3%) 11,535 (62.2%) 11,443 (62.1%) 4,616 (25.6%) 4,653 (26.6%) 4,366 (25.7%) 4,330 (25.8%) 3,940 (25.0%) 3,851 (24.6%) White: 6,045 (31.8%) 6,368 (34.3%) 6,322 (34.3%) ... ... ... ... ... ... > Non-hispanic White 4,940 (26.0%) 4,881 (26.3%) 4,803 (26.1%) 3,649 (20.2%) 3,407 (19.4%) 3,288 (19.4%) 3,223 (19.2%) 3,060 (19.4%) 3,018 (19.3%) Pacific Islander ... ... ... 1,747 (9.7%) 1,684 (9.6%) 1,706 (10.1%) 1,695 (10.1%) 1,577 (10.0%) 1,371 (8.8%) Black 671 (3.5%) 617 (3.3%) 620 (3.3%) 463 (2.6%) 406 (2.3%) 424 (2.5%) 429 (2.6%) 383 (2.4%) 342 (2.2%) American Indian 68 (0.3%) 30 (0.2%) 35 (0.2%) 28 (0.1%) 39 (0.2%) 33 (0.2%) 27 (0.2%) 25 (0.1%) 23 (0.1%) Hispanic (of any race) 3,003 (15.8%) 2,764 (14.9%) 2,775 (15.1%) 2,766 (15.3%) 2,672 (15.3%) 2,580 (15.2%) 2,589 (15.4%) 2,623 (16.6%) 2,661 (17.0%) Total Hawaiʻi 18,987 (100%) 18,550 (100%) 18,420 (100%) 18,059 (100%) 17,517 (100%) 16,972 (100%) 16,797 (100%) 15,785 (100%) 15,620 (100%) 1) Until 2016, data for births of Asian origin, included also births of the Pacific Islander group. 2) Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. LGBTQ Hawaii has had a long history of LGBTQIA+ identities. Māhū ("in the middle") were a precolonial third gender with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as aikāne were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.[213][214][215] Among men, aikāne relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.[216] While aikāne usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in aikāne relationships as well.[217] Journals written by Captain Cook's crew record that many aliʻi (hereditary nobles) also engaged in aikāne relationships, and Kamehameha the Great, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer James King observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor. Hawaiian scholar Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa notes that aikāne served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"[218] As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word aikāne was expurgated of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.[219] A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBTQIA+ adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.[220][221] In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217 million.[222] Economy See also: Agriculture in Hawaii, Sugar plantations in Hawaii, Big Five (Hawaii), and Plantation economy In a pineapple field, a laborer stands with his hat in hand. Post-annexation, Hawaii's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by growth in the agricultural sector. A painting of two white women surfing, circa 1935. From the end of World War II onwards, depictions and photographs, such as this, of Hawaii as a tropical, leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii, which eventually became the largest industry of the islands. An American soldier at Schofield Barracks. The U.S. federal government's spending on Hawaii-stationed personnel, installations and materiel, either directly or through military personnel spending, amounts to Hawaii's second largest source of income, after tourism. The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: sandalwood,[223] whaling,[224] sugarcane, pineapple, the military, tourism and education. By the 1840s, sugar plantations had gained a strong foothold in the Hawaiian economy, due to a high demand of sugar in the United States and rapid transport via steamships.[68] Sugarcane plantations were tightly controlled by American missionary families and businessmen known as "the Big Five", who monopolized control of the sugar industry's profits.[68][69] By the time Hawaiian annexation was being considered in 1898, sugarcane producers turned to cultivating tropical fruits like pineapple, which became the principal export for Hawaiʻi's plantation economy.[69][68] Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US$54,516.[225] Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of the United States. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.[226] By weight, honey bees may be the state's most valuable export.[227] According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, agricultural sales were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and US$64.3 million from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.[228] Seeds yielded US$264 million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.[229] As of December 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.[230] In 2009, the United States military spent US$12.2 billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.[231] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.[232] Taxation Tax is collected by the Hawaii Department of Taxation.[233] Most government revenue comes from personal income taxes and a general excise tax (GET) levied primarily on businesses; there is no statewide tax on sales,[234] personal property, or stock transfers,[235] while the effective property tax rate is among the lowest in the country.[236] The high rate of tourism means that millions of visitors generate public revenue through GET and the hotel room tax.[237] However, Hawaii residents generally pay among the most state taxes per person in the U.S.[237] The Tax Foundation of Hawaii considers the state's tax burden too high, claiming that it contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.[237] The nonprofit Tax Foundation ranks Hawaii third in income tax burden and second in its overall tax burden, though notes that a significant portion of taxes are borne by tourists.[238] Former State Senator Sam Slom attributed Hawaii's comparatively high tax rate to the fact that the state government is responsible for education, health care, and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states.[237] Cost of living The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco.[239] These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories.[240][241] Hawaiian Electric Industries, a privately owned company, provides 95% of the state's population with electricity, mostly from fossil-fuel power stations. Average electricity prices in October 2014 (36.41 cents per kilowatt-hour) were nearly three times the national average (12.58 cents per kilowatt-hour) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.[242] The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US$272,700, while the national median home value was US$119,600. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a median home value of US$211,500.[243] Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at US$607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US$173,200. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California (US$602,000).[244] Hawaii's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy. Like other regions with desirable weather year-round, such as California, Arizona and Florida, Hawaii's residents can be considered to be subject to a "sunshine tax". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well. The higher costs to ship goods across an ocean may be further increased by the requirements of the Jones Act, which generally requires that goods be transported between places within the U.S., including between the mainland U.S. west coast and Hawaii, using only U.S.-owned, built, and crewed ships. Jones Act-compliant vessels are often more expensive to build and operate than foreign equivalents, which can drive up shipping costs. While the Jones Act does not affect transportation of goods to Hawaii directly from Asia, this type of trade is nonetheless not common; this is a result of other primarily economic reasons including additional costs associated with stopping over in Hawaii (e.g. pilot and port fees), the market size of Hawaii, and the economics of using ever-larger ships that cannot be handled in Hawaii for transoceanic voyages. Therefore, Hawaii relies on receiving most inbound goods on Jones Act-qualified vessels originating from the U.S. west coast, which may contribute to the increased cost of some consumer goods and therefore the overall cost of living.[245][246] Critics of the Jones Act contend that Hawaii consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act.[247] Culture Main article: Culture of the Native Hawaiians The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of lūʻau and hula, are strong enough to affect the wider United States. Cuisine Main article: Cuisine of Hawaii A painting of a man carrying taro by a yoke. Taro, or in Hawaiian kalo, was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today. The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine, and American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian, Puerto Rican, and Portuguese origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. Poi, a starch made by pounding taro, is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a loco moco, Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lūʻau favorites, including kālua pork and laulau. Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Customs and etiquette Main article: Customs and etiquette in Hawaii Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a home, it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one's host (for example, a dessert). Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride and groom to do a money dance (also called the pandanggo). Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii". Hawaiian mythology Main article: Hawaiian mythology A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity, housed at a German museum Hawaiian mythology includes the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800. It is associated with the Hawaiian religion, which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.[248] Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.[citation needed] Polynesian mythology Main article: Polynesian mythology A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god 'Oro, made of woven dried coconut fibre (sennit), which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy (to'o), made of wood Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BC.[249] Prior to the 15th century, Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands, and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas. Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti, Rapa Nui, and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand.[250] The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies. Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales. The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("atua") and deified ancestors.[citation needed] List of state parks Main article: List of Hawaiian state parks There are many Hawaiian state parks. The Island of Hawaiʻi has state parks, recreation areas, and historical parks. Kauaʻi has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park. Maui has two state monuments, several state parks, and the Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area. Moloka'i has the Pala'au State Park. Oʻahu has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including the Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument. Literature Main article: Literature in Hawaii The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, and Kaui Hart Hemmings. Hawaiian magazines United Airlines, Inc. is a major American airline headquartered at the Willis Tower in Chicago, Illinois.[9][10][11] United operates a large domestic and international route network spanning cities large and small across the United States and all six inhabited continents.[12] Measured by fleet size and the number of routes, it became the third-largest airline in the world after its merger with Continental Airlines in 2010.[13] United has eight hubs, with Chicago–O'Hare being its largest in terms of passengers carried and the number of departures.[14] It is a founding member of the Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance with a total of 28 member airlines.[15] Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express. The United brand name was established by the amalgamation of several airlines in the late 1920s, the oldest of these being Varney Air Lines, which was founded in 1926.[1][13] History Main article: History of United Airlines United Airlines' 1997–2010 logo. The 'U' Tulip, designed by Saul Bass, was the airline's icon from 1973 to 2010 United traces its roots to Varney Air Lines (VAL), which Walter Varney founded in 1926 in Boise, Idaho. Continental Airlines is the successor to Speed Lines, which Varney had founded by 1932 and whose name changed to Varney Speed Lines in 1934. VAL flew the first privately contracted air mail flight in the U.S. on April 6, 1926.[16][17][18] In 1927, William Boeing founded Boeing Air Transport to operate air mail routes under contract with the United States Post Office Department.[19] In 1929, Boeing merged his company with Pratt & Whitney to form the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UATC) which then set about buying, in the space of just 28 months, Pacific Air Transport, Stout Air Services, VAL, and National Air Transport, as well as numerous equipment manufacturers at the same time.[20][21] On March 28, 1931, UATC formed United Air Lines, Inc., as a holding company for its airline subsidiaries.[22] In December 2002, due largely to the post-9/11 dropoff in air travel, as well as to poor relations between the corporation and one of its key labor unions, the International Association of Machinists, United Airlines filed for bankruptcy. It remained under court protection for more than three years. This enabled it to cut costs ruthlessly. Finally, in early 2006, it emerged from court protection and resumed normal operations. In late 2006, Continental Airlines and United began merger discussions,[23][24] which concluded successfully in 2010.[25] The carriers planned to begin merging their operations in 2011.[26] The merged airline began operating under a single air operator's certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration on November 30, 2011.[27] On March 3, 2012, United and Continental merged their passenger service systems, frequent-flier programs, and websites, which virtually eliminated the Continental brand with the exception of its logo.[28] On June 27, 2019, the parent company's name changed from United Continental Holdings to United Airlines Holdings.[29] In January 2021, Chief Executive Scott Kirby put forward the possibility for the company to mandate employees to receive the COVID-19 vaccine while cautioning the potential difficulties in implementing the mandate.[30] The company was the first major US airline to announce a vaccine mandate for all staff on Aug 6, at which point over 80% of flight attendants and 90% of pilots had been vaccinated, according to statements of the respective unions.[31] Days before the internal deadline of Sep 27, the company announced that more than 97% of the US based staff were vaccinated.[32] Destinations and hubs Main article: List of United Airlines destinations United operates flights to 238 domestic destinations and 118 international destinations in 48 countries or regions across all six inhabited continents.[33][34] Hubs As part of its hub-and-spoke business model, United currently operates eight hubs.[35] Chicago–O'Hare – United's hub for the Midwest and largest hub overall. United controls 47% of the market share in O'Hare, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[36] United's corporate headquarters are also in Chicago. Denver – United's hub for the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.[37] United has about 42% of the market share in Denver, making it the largest carrier at the airport. By number of flights it has become United's largest hub in 2021.[38] Guam – United's hub for flight routes in the Pacific region, including the Island Hopper.[35] United has about 98.8% of the market share at Guam International, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[39] Former Continental Airlines hub. Houston–Intercontinental – United's hub for the Southern United States and primary gateway to Latin America.[40] United currently has about 78% of the seat share at IAH, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[41] Former Continental Airlines hub. Los Angeles – United's secondary hub for the West Coast and gateway to Asia and Australia.[42] United has 15% of the market share at LAX, making it the third-largest carrier at the airport.[43] Newark – United's primary hub for the East Coast and gateway to Europe, while including other select flights to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.[44] United has 68% of the market share at Newark, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[45][46] Former Continental Airlines hub. San Francisco – United's primary hub for the West Coast and gateway to Asia and Australasia.[47] United has about 46% of the market share at SFO, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[48] Washington–Dulles – United's secondary hub for the East Coast and gateway to Europe and Africa.[49] United has about 65% of the market share at Washington Dulles, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[50] Alliance and codeshare agreements United Airlines is a member of the Star Alliance and has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[51] Aer Lingus Air Canada Air China Air India Air Dolomiti Air New Zealand All Nippon Airways Asiana Airlines Austrian Airlines Avianca Azul Brazilian Airlines Boutique Air Brussels Airlines Cape Air Copa Airlines Croatia Airlines EgyptAir Emirates[52] Ethiopian Airlines Eurowings EVA Air Hawaiian Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa[53] Scandinavian Airlines Silver Airways Singapore Airlines South African Airways Swiss International Air Lines TAP Air Portugal Thai Airways International Turkish Airlines Vistara Virgin Australia[54] Fleet A United Airlines Boeing 787-9 with new livery at Beijing Capital International Airport. Current fleet Main article: United Airlines fleet In July 2023, United operated a fleet of 911 aircraft with an additional 64 planned or on order, all of which were either Boeing or Airbus.[4] Fleet strategy On July 20, 2011, American Airlines announced an order for 460 narrowbody jets, including 260 Airbus A320s.[55] This order broke Boeing's monopoly with the airline and forced Boeing to proceed with plans for the re-engined 737 MAX.[56] The contract with American included a Most-Favoured-Customer Clause, which requires Airbus to refund to American any difference between the price paid by American and the price paid by United or another airline, if lower. The clause acts to perpetuate United having a Boeing-skewed fleet.[57] On September 22, 2012, United became the first American airline to take delivery of Boeing 787 aircraft.[58] United is also the North American launch customer for the Boeing 787-9[59] and 787-10 aircraft,[60] which are stretched versions of the base 787-8 model, delivered at launch. In May 2018, United planned to replace its 51 Boeing 767s in a deal potentially worth $14 billion at list prices, and was in talks with both Airbus and Boeing, for their A330neo and 787.[61] United operates 128 757s and 767s (77 B757s and 51 B767s), the second-largest combined fleet after Delta Air Lines with 206 (127 757s and 79 767s). Both have to replace them; they could be replaced by 737 MAX 10s, A321neos, Boeing NMAs, 787-8s or A330-800s.[62] On June 3, 2021, United announced that a deal had been confirmed with Boom Supersonic to purchase at least 15 of their Overture supersonic airliners & potentially up to 50 in total. These aircraft will be flown on 100% sustainable fuels. The aircraft are intended to enter service with United in 2029 & are expected to be the first supersonic airliners to fly domestically for an airline since the Concorde was retired with British Airways & Air France in 2003.[63] On June 29, 2021, United announced an order for 270 aircraft valued at around $15 billion:[64] 150 737 MAX 10 aircraft, 50 737 MAX 8 aircraft, and 70 A321neo aircraft. As new aircraft arrive, the airline also announced these will include AVOD (Audio and Video On Demand) screens on every seat, as well as the retrofit of all mainline aircraft to include AVOD screens by 2025. United has also announced the retirement of older mainline aircraft and at least 200 single-class regional aircraft. The 737 MAX 8 aircraft debuts with the airline this summer while 737 MAX 10 and A321neo aircraft start delivery in 2023.[65] United also expects to create 25,000 union jobs, mostly in United States hubs locations, by 2026.[66] The order would be valued at $35.4 billion based on the listed price of the jets.[67] Cabin A Polaris seat on a Boeing 777-300ER Premium Plus seats on a Boeing 787-8 Economy Plus seats on a Boeing 767-300ER New slimline economy seats on an Airbus A320-200 United Polaris Business Polaris is United's international business class product. The Polaris seat converts into a 6' 6" flatbed, and boasts multiple storage areas, mood lighting, multiple charging ports, lumbar support, and improved dining and amenity services.[68] Polaris seats can be found on all Boeing 767s, Boeing 777-300ERs, and Boeing 787 Dreamliners, and internationally configured Boeing 777-200ERs. On these aircraft, the cabins are configured to provide aisle access to every passenger, with 767s featuring a 1-1-1 seat configuration while 777s and 787s have a 1-2-1 seat configuration. Boeing 757-200s feature United's older BusinessFirst seats (which United inherited from Continental) with Polaris branding, with a 2-2 seat configuration. Polaris passengers check in at separate counters and can use priority security screening where available. In-flight services include pre-departure beverages, table linens and multi-course meals designed in partnership with Charlie Trotter-affiliated chefs via the airline's partnership with the Trotter Project.[69] Passengers are also given priority with boarding and baggage handling and access to the United Polaris Lounge where available, as well as the United Club and partner airline lounges. All Polaris Business seats recline 180 degrees into a full flatbed, all seats face forward.[70] Other domestic routes, especially hub-to-hub service and certain non "United p.s." transcontinental flights, may see internationally configured aircraft with Polaris seating for operational reasons (such as transferring international aircraft from one hub to another or high demand). While the physical seats and entertainment are the same as on international flights, the service, catering and other amenities are the same as in domestic first class. Unlike routes marketed as United Business, these flights are eligible for Complimentary Premier Upgrades.[71] United Premium Plus Premium Plus is United's premium economy product, featured on all internationally configured widebody aircraft, with a 2-2-2 seat configuration on Boeing 767s, 2-3-2 on 787s, and 2-4-2 on 777s.. Premium Plus seating offers more space, comfort and amenities compared to United Economy or Economy Plus, and offers upgraded dining on china dinnerware, free alcoholic beverages, a Saks Fifth Avenue blanket and pillow, an amenity kit and more. The first aircraft with these seats were flying in mid-2018, and the full service launched in 2019. During the interim period, these seats were sold as part of Economy Plus.[72] Domestic routes, especially hub-to-hub service may see internationally configured aircraft with United Premium Plus seating for operational reasons. Premium Plus seats are sold as Economy Plus seats. While the physical seats and entertainment are the same as on international flights, the service catering and other amenities are the same as in Economy Plus.[72] Transcontinental United premium transcontinental service is offered on transcontinental flights between Newark and Los Angeles or San Francisco. Previously branded as p.s. (short for "Premium Service") when initially launched in 2004, through 2017, these flights utilize primarily Boeing 757-200s, with 180-degrees-flat Polaris seats. The premium cabin also features international-style catering, while all seats have access to inflight wi-fi, on-demand entertainment, and power outlets. Business-class passengers also have access to the United Club at Newark, Boston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.[73] All premium transcontinental flights were moved from New York JFK to Newark Liberty Airport on October 25, 2015.[74] These routes are not eligible for Complimentary Premier upgrades, although MileagePlus members can upgrade using PlusPoints or MileagePlus Upgrade Awards.[75] United First United First is offered on all domestically configured aircraft. When such aircraft are used on international services such as services to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) destinations, this cabin is branded as United Business. United First seats on narrowbody aircraft have a 38-inch (97 cm) seat pitch, while re-configured domestic Boeing 777-200s feature fully-flat-bed seats that alternate facing forward and backwards, similar to the Polaris seats used on the Boeing 757-200s. Passengers receive priority boarding and baggage handling, pre-departure beverages, complimentary meals and separate check-in desks.[76] In 2015, United released its new domestic first-class seat design. The new leather seats feature cradling headrests, granite cocktail tables, and a tablet stand. These seats debuted on Airbus A319 and Airbus A320 aircraft, and were eventually rolled out on all domestic aircraft.[77] In 2019, it was announced that United was increasing first and business class seats "by 1,600" across all their aircraft in their fleet, to include the Bombardier CRJ550 for which United is the launch customer of.[78] Economy Plus Economy Plus is available on all aircraft. Economy Plus seats are located in the front few rows and exit rows of the economy cabin and have 2 inches (5.1 cm) more recline and at least 5 to 6 inches (13 to 15 cm) of additional seat pitch totaling 4 to 7 inches (10 to 18 cm) of recline (aircraft dependent) and 35 to 37 inches (89 to 94 cm) of pitch. Economy Plus is complimentary for all MileagePlus Premier members. Premier 1K, Platinum and Gold members may select an Economy Plus seat when booking, while Silver members can select an Economy Plus seat at check-in.[79] It can also be purchased depending upon availability by other passengers. Prior to the merger between United and Continental, legacy United aircraft offered Economy Plus, while Continental aircraft did not. Following the merger, Economy Plus was rolled out across the combined fleet, as all aircraft taken over from Continental Airlines were retrofitted with Economy Plus (with the exception of the Boeing 737-500s and Boeing 767-200ERs as those aircraft were retired from the United Airlines fleet by 2013).[80] Economy Economy Class is available on all aircraft, and usually have a pitch of 31 inches (30 inches on aircraft refurbished with Slimline seats, and 32 inches on Boeing 787s) and a recline of 2–5 inches. All economy seats feature an adjustable headrest and some form of entertainment, ranging from AVOD, inflight wi-fi, personal device entertainment, or DirecTV. Economy seats on Boeing 767, Boeing 777 (except domestic 777-200s), Boeing 787, and 757-200 aircraft feature a personal 7-inch (18 cm) touchscreen television at the back of each seat with United Private Screening. On Airbus A319, A320, Boeing 737, Boeing 757-300, and domestically configured Boeing 777 aircraft feature personal device entertainment and WiFi. Some Boeing 737 aircraft feature DirecTV.[81] Food and snacks are available for purchase on domestic, Caribbean, and some Latin America flights. These include snacks, fresh meals, and snack boxes, depending on flight time and distance.[82] Meals are complimentary on all other international flights. Beverages and small snacks are complimentary in economy class on North America flights. Alcoholic beverages are available for purchase on North America flights but are complimentary on long-haul international flights.[83] On flights where meals are served, a cocktail snack with a beverage is served shortly after takeoff, followed by a main course and dessert. Longer international flights feature a pre-arrival meal, which usually consists of a light breakfast or snack. Basic Economy Basic Economy is available on select routes. Intended to be United's lowest fare, Basic Economy fares provide most of the same inflight services and amenities with standard Economy Class.[84] With Basic Economy, group/family seating, seat selection/upgrades and bringing full-sized carry-on bags are not allowed, unless the traveler is a United credit card holder or MileagePlus Premier member. When booking online, it is clearly marked – with a user prompt to confirm the user is booking a Basic Economy fare. Users also have the option to pay a small fee to upgrade their booking to a regular Economy. Also, certain MileagePlus and Premier member benefits are not available, such as Complimentary Premier Upgrades and Premier Qualifying Flights.[85] Reward programs Frequent flyer programs MileagePlus is the frequent flyer program for United Airlines.[86] Published MileagePlus Premier tiers are Premier Silver, Premier Gold, Premier Platinum, and Premier 1K.[87] Unpublished tiers include United Global Services and Chairman's Circle. As United is a Star Alliance member, customers reaching certain qualifications are entitled to certain benefits which may be used across the entirety of the Star Alliance network. Premier Silver customers are given Star Alliance Silver status, while Premier Gold customers and higher are given Star Alliance Gold status.[88] Airport lounges United Club is the airline lounge associated with United Airlines and United Express carriers. The United Club replaced the former United Red Carpet Club and Continental Airlines Presidents Club prior to United Airlines' merger with Continental.[89] United Polaris lounges are exclusive lounges only available for long-haul Polaris business class travelers, as well as long-haul first and business class travelers on Star Alliance carriers. Amenities include à la carte dining, shower facilities, and sleeping pods.[90][91] Corporate affairs Ownership and structure United Airlines, Inc., is publicly traded through its parent company, United Airlines Holdings, Inc., which is a Delaware corporation,[92] on the New York Stock Exchange NYSE: UAL, with a market capitalization of over US$21 billion as of January 2018.[93] United's operating revenues and operating expenses comprise nearly 100% of the holding company's revenues and operating expenses.[92] Headquarters and other facilities United Airlines Holdings World Headquarters, Willis Tower United Airlines headquarters are located at the Willis Tower, 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois.[94] In 2007, United had moved its headquarters from Elk Grove Township, a suburb of Chicago, to 77 West Wacker Drive in the Chicago Loop[95] after receiving US$5.5 million in incentives from the City of Chicago.[96] Then in 2010, United accepted the City of Chicago's offer of US$35 million in incentives, including a US$10 million grant, for United to move its remaining 2,500 employees out of Elk Grove Township to the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in the Chicago Loop.[96] On May 31, 2012, United opened its operations center, which occupied twelve floors there.[97] In 2019 United renewed its lease at Willis Tower, originally ending in 2028 and now set to expire in 2033, and plans to construct a roof deck and a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) dining hall on the fourth floor.[98] The former headquarters campus at Elk Grove Township was gradually annexed into the Village of Mount Prospect,[99][100] and serves as an IT operations facility, with a new 172,000 sq ft (16,000 m2) data center constructed in 2013.[101] United maintains a large presence in downtown Houston, having leased 225,000 sq ft (20,900 m2) of space (seven floors) for occupancy in 2017.[102] United has training facilities for its flight crews in Denver and Houston, a major aircraft maintenance center in San Francisco, and call centers in Houston and Chicago. On September 24, 2020, United Airlines announced that it will roll out a new COVID-19 testing program for passengers from October 15 that year. Initially, testing was only available for passengers traveling to Hawaii from San Francisco International Airport.[103] Corporate identity Brand image See also: United Airlines brand history The pre-merger United logo, commonly nicknamed the "tulip", was developed in the early 1970s by the designer Saul Bass as part of a new brand image.[104] The logo represented the airline's monogram as well as a modernized version of the airline's shield logo[105] which had been adopted in the 1930s, but fell out of use by the late 1960s. The ribbon-like rendering has also been said to symbolize the motion of flight.[106] Marketing themes Further information: History of United Airlines § Slogans United's earliest slogan, "The Main Line Airway", emphasized its signature New York-Chicago-San Francisco route, and was replaced in 1965 with "Fly the Friendly Skies", which was in use until 1996 in its first iteration.[107] The "It's time to fly" slogan was created in 2004. After the merger of United and Continental in October 2010, the slogan changed to "Let's fly together" until September 2013,[107] when United announced a return of the "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan in an ad campaign to start the following day.[108] The resurrected slogan would be accompanied by the 1924 George Gershwin song "Rhapsody in Blue" as its theme song, and a voiceover provided by Matt Damon.[107] United had licensed its theme song, "Rhapsody in Blue", from Gershwin's estate for US$500,000 (equivalent to $2,571,345 in 2022) in 1976.[109] "Rhapsody" would have entered the public domain in 2000, but the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 extended its copyright another 20 years until January 1, 2020, when it officially entered on the Public Domain.[110][111] United announced that it would continue to use "Rhapsody in Blue" as its theme song following the merger with Continental.[112] Environmental initiatives Because over 98 percent of United's greenhouse gas emissions are from jet fuel, its environmental strategy has focused on operational fuel efficiency initiatives and investments in sustainably produced, low-carbon alternative fuels.[113] On August 23, 2011, United Continental Holdings, Inc., announced a conversion to paperless flight decks and projected that by the end of the year, 11,000 iPads will have been deployed to all United and Continental pilots. Each iPad, which weighs less than 1.5 pounds (0.68 kg), will replace approximately 38 pounds (17 kg) of paper operating manuals, navigation charts, reference handbooks, flight checklists, logbooks, and weather information. The green benefits include reductions in paper use, printing, and fuel consumption.[114] On November 7, 2011, United flew the world's first commercial aviation flight on a microbially-derived biofuel. The aircraft was fueled with 40 percent Solajet, which is Solazyme's algae-derived renewable jet fuel, and 60 percent petroleum-derived jet fuel. This flight was operated by the Eco-Skies Boeing 737-800 aircraft from Houston to Chicago-O'Hare.[115] On January 15, 2013, Aviation Partners Boeing (APB), a joint venture between Aviation Partners Inc. and Boeing, announced that United had agreed to replace the Blended Winglets on its Boeing Next Generation 737 aircraft with APB's Split Scimitar Winglet (SSW), significantly reducing drag. Once the SSWs are installed, it is estimated that APB's winglet technology will save United more than $250 million annually in fuel costs.[116] On June 30, 2015, United invested US$30 million in Fulcrum BioEnergy, an alternative fuel company. Fulcrum's alternative fuel is produced through a clean and efficient thermochemical process and reduces lifecycle carbon emissions by more than 80 percent. As part of its investment, United will work with Fulcrum to develop up to five alternative fuel refineries near its U.S. hubs. These refineries will produce up to 180 million U.S. gallons (680 million liters) of sustainable aviation alternative fuel per year, and United will have the opportunity to purchase at least 90 million U.S. gallons (340 million liters) per year for a minimum of 10 years, making it the largest aviation alternative fuel commitment to date.[117] On March 11, 2016, United became the first airline in the world to fly on commercial-scale quantities of such fuels on a continuous basis, which were procured from AltAir Fuels. This fuel was produced from sustainable feedstocks such as non-edible natural oils and agricultural wastes and is expected to provide a greater than 60 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions on a lifecycle basis when compared to traditional jet fuel. United has agreed to purchase up to 15 million U.S. gallons (57 million liters) of sustainable alternative fuel from AltAir Fuels for use in Los Angeles over a three-year period.[118] In 2016, United began partnering with Clean the World to repurpose items from the airline's international premium class amenity kits and donate the hygiene products to those in critical need. Clean the World provides hygiene education and soap to promote handwashing, which helps prevent hygiene-related deaths. During the first year of this partnership, United expected to divert 60,000 pounds (27,200 kg) of material that otherwise would have gone to landfills.[119] In 2017 United started a partnership with Audubon International to protect raptors—including hawks, ospreys and owls—in and around New York-area airports and resettle the birds-of-prey at suitable golf course habitats where the species are more likely to thrive.[120] Worker relations All United Airlines pilots are represented by the Air Line Pilots Association. A new Joint Collective Bargaining Agreement was ratified by a majority of the United/Continental pilots on December 15, 2012,[121][122] which struck down a scope clause that disallowed Continental from outsourcing the flying of regional jets with 70 or more passenger seats.[123] In January 2021, as a plan to reduce its costs in 2023, United Airlines offered its employees voluntary leave options with pay or health benefits.[124] In April 2021, United Airlines announced that within the next decade, half its pilot cadets in the United Aviate Academy would be female or people of color.[125] Accidents and incidents Source: United Airlines Accidents and Incidents History at Aviation Safety Network.[126] 1930s NC13304[127] NC13357[128] Flight 6[129] Flight 4[130] NC13319[131] NC13355[132] NC16073[133] NC16074[134] NC18108[135] NC16066[136] 1940s NC16086[137] NC25678[138] NC18146[139] 41-24027 NC25675[140] NC30051[141] NC19947[142] N/A[143] Flight 521 Flight 608 Flight 624 1950s Flight 129[144] Flight 610 Flight 615 N31230[145] N17109 [146] N37512[147] Flight 409 Flight 629 Flight 718 Flight 736 1960s Flight 826 Flight 859 Flight 297 Flight 823 Flight 389 Flight 624[148] Flight 227 N/A[149] N7431[150] N/A[151] Flight 266 1970s N9005U[152] Flight 553 Flight 2860 Flight 696 Flight 173 1980s Flight 2885 Flight 811 Flight 232 Flight 2415 1990s Flight 585 Flight 6291 Flight 5925 Flight 826 Flight 863 Flight 1448 2000s Flight 175 Flight 93 267[153] N/A[154] 2010s Flight 634[155] Flight 663 Flight 497[156] Flight 345[157] Flight 3411 Flight 1175 Flight 627[158] 2020s Flight 328 Controversies and passenger incidents Animal transport In 2013, after pressure from PETA, United announced that it would no longer transport monkeys to laboratories. United was the last North American passenger airline to transport these animals to laboratories.[159][160] United flies more animals and has longer flight stage length than any other US airline, and accounted for one third of animal deaths of US airlines between 2012 and 2017.[161] Effective March 20, 2018, the PetSafe program was suspended with no new reservations for cargo transport of pets accepted.[162] This came after United announced plans to mark pet carriers in the passenger cabin with bright tags[163] and legislation was introduced in the United States House of Representatives[164] and United States Senate banning the placement of pets in overhead compartments.[165] This was in response to a dog death after a passenger placed it in the overhead compartment following flight attendant instructions, but the flight attendant denied knowing that the luggage contained a dog.[166] Cyber security issues United awarded airline miles as "bug bounties" to hackers who could identify gaps in the carrier's web security. Two hackers have each been rewarded with 1 million miles of air travel as of July 15, 2015. This cybersecurity program was announced a few weeks after the company experienced two software glitches. The first incident delayed 150 United flights on June 2 due to a problem with its flight dispatching system. Six days later, United's reservation system delayed flights by not allowing passengers to check-in. In addition to the "bug bounty" program, United said it tests systems internally and engages cybersecurity firms.[167][168] Privacy concerns In February 2019, privacy concerns arose after it emerged that United had installed cameras in some seat backs. United said that the cameras were "not activated", but journalists reported that malicious hackers could still potentially enable the cameras to spy on passengers.[169][170][171][172][173] Mail-scan fraud In February 2021, United Airlines was fined $49 million by the Department of Justice on charges of fraud on postal service contracts for transportation of international mail. According to investigators, between 2012 and 2015 United submitted delivery scan data to make it appear that United and its partner airlines complied with International Commercial Air requirements with accurate delivery times when in fact they were automated delivery scans with aspirational delivery time. Some employees within United worked to hide this fact from the USPS.[174][175][176] Flight 976 Main article: United Airlines Flight 976 United Airlines Flight 976 was a regularly scheduled flight from Ministro Pistarini International Airport, Buenos Aires to John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City on October 19, 1995. Prior to takeoff, an investment banker became disruptive after consuming two glasses of champagne, began threatening crew members and attempted to pour his own drinks, against airline and federal regulations. After takeoff, the banker was served two more glasses of red wine, after which the crew refused to serve him more alcohol due to his apparent intoxication. When his requests for more alcohol were denied, he pushed over a female flight attendant, climbed onto a service trolley, took off his pants and defecated, used linen napkins as toilet paper, wiped his hands on various service counters and tracked feces throughout the aircraft,[177] after which he entered a lavatory and locked himself in.[178][179] A request to divert to Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was denied due to the security risks created by the presence of the President of Portugal Mário Soares, Argentinian foreign minister Guido di Tella and their security details on the flight. The disruptive passenger was arrested by the FBI after landing in New York and charged with interfering with a flight crew and threatening a flight attendant. He later pleaded guilty to the latter charge and was fined $5,000 (having previously agreed to reimburse the airline for its cleanup costs and all the other passengers their airfare, which amounted to nearly $50,000) and given two years' probation[180] The incident was later dubbed the worst ever case of air rage.[181][182] 2017 passenger removal Main article: 2017 United Express passenger removal On the evening of April 9, 2017, a passenger was forcibly removed by law enforcement from United Airlines flight 3411 at Chicago-O'Hare, bound for Louisville.[183] United announced that it needed four seats for airline staff on the sold-out flight.[184] When no passengers volunteered after being offered vouchers worth $800, United staff selected four passengers to leave. Three of them did so, but the fourth, a doctor named David Dao, declined as he said that he had patients to treat the following morning. He was pulled from his seat by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers and dragged by his arms down the aisle. Dao sustained a concussion, broken teeth and a broken nose among other injuries.[185] The incident was captured on smartphone cameras and posted on social media, triggering angry public backlash. Afterwards, United's then-chief executive officer, Oscar Munoz, described Dao as "disruptive and belligerent", apologized for "re-accommodating" the paying customers, and defended and praised staff for "following established procedures". He was widely criticized as "tone-deaf".[186] Munoz later issued a second statement calling what happened a "truly horrific event" and accepting "full responsibility" for it.[187] After a lawsuit, Dao reached an undisclosed settlement with United and airport police. In the aftermath, United's board of directors decided that Munoz would not become its chairman and that executive compensation would be tied to customer satisfaction.[188] Following this incident, passenger complaints increased by 70 percent.[189] Summer 2023 operational crisis Beginning on Saturday, June 24, 2023 severe weather along the Eastern Seaboard triggered an operational crisis for United Airlines similar to the 2022 Southwest Airlines scheduling crisis whereby at least 150,000 passengers were affected by delays, cancellations, and diversions.[190] United Airlines CEO Scott Kirby initially blamed FAA understaffing as the root cause of hundreds of cancellations, however United States Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg pushed back on these claims citing industry funded research.[191] VARNEY AIR LINES     Varney Air Lines     THE BIRTH OF UNITED AIR LINES - The First Flight on Contract Air Mail route No. 5 At 5:30 am on the morning of April 6, 1926, six sacks of letters arrived at the Pasco, Washington airport on an old-fashioned six-horse stagecoach (above).  The sacks containing 9,285 pieces of mail and weighing 207 pounds were then loaded onboard Varney’s Swallow mail plane.  One of the six sacks was to be delivered to the cities of Boise, Elko, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Chicago, and New York City.     US Stagecoach Mail                In addition to the rubber-stamped “First Flight Air-Mail” envelope cancellations, the Pasco, Washington Post Office affixed this “U.S. Stagecoach - Mail Stamp” to the back of the envelopes. This was but one method Walter T. Varney used in advertising his company’s inaugural CAM No. 5 flight.  He promoted it in Washington State’s Tri-city area of Richmond, Pasco and Kennewick and many other mid-Columbia towns as the “Air-Mail Jubilee”.  This promotion attracted some 2,500 cheering spectators, reporters, photographers and postal officials to the Pasco airport on April 6, 1926.             The day-long jubilee included a baseball game, a golf tournament and over-flights by National Guard planes.  At 11:00 am the formal part of the celebration began and a granite slab commemorating the beginning of Air Mail service was erected at the airport.     Air Mail                 At 6:20 am, after 20 minutes of “hand-pulling”, the Swallow’s balky 150 hp Curtiss C-6 water-cooled engine finally started.  Varney’s chief pilot Leon Cuddeback then roared down the crowded field and into the air, bound for Boise, Idaho (above).             When Cuddeback arrived at Boise at 10:00am another large crowd awaited.  There were more photographers, more officials and more speeches.  Two additional mail sacks and two prize Idaho potatoes addressed to President Calvin Coolidge were loaded aboard the Swallow.  These items joined the bottles of grape juice and the box of asparagus mailed from Pasco.  The flight then departed for Elko, Nevada at 10:55 am.             Yet another large crowd and additional ceremonies awaited pilot Cuddeback when he arrived at Elko.  One of the less-known events on this historic day was the increasing pressure on Cuddeback’s bladder. He had no opportunity to relieve the pressure at Boise due to the ceremonies … so he made “good use” of one of his gloves before landing in Elko.             After Cuddeback landed at Elko he warned pilot Franklin Rose about the strong winds and thunderstorms he had encountered in the mountains north of Elko.  As soon as the Swallow was refueled, the mail was exchanged and Rose took-off on the Elko-Boise-Pasco inaugural return-flight.             When Rose failed to arrive in Boise by 6:00pm, the Varney staff began to call the few ranches along the route that had telephones.  A search began the following day, April 7, 1926, using government & private planes, cars, horses and on foot.  The other Varney pilots reluctantly agreed to continue flying their scheduled mail routes rather than join in the search.             Rose had been blown 75 miles off-course and landed in a desolate, muddy area just north of the Idaho-Nevada state line.  The plane was undamaged but was stuck in the mud.  Rose hiked to a ranch and borrowed a horse.  He then rode 30 miles and finding a house with a telephone, called Boise - 48 hours after he had gone down.             By the end of his first week in business, Varney realized he needed more powerful engines for his Swallows.  He asked the Post Office for permission to suspend service for 60 days and they consented.  He contacted Vern Gorst of Pacific Air Transport for help. Varney had decided he needed air-cooled 200 hp Wright Whirlwind J-4 engines to replace the Swallows’ water-cooled Curtiss C-6 engines.             Gorst had a contract with the T. Claude Ryan factory in San Diego for the first ten production-line Ryan M-1s with the Whirlwinds, so they made a paper-deal and Varney got his new engines.  After installing the engines and a week of trial-runs, Varney resumed mail service in June 1926.     Boise US Air Mail                 By late 1926, Salt Lake City had replaced Elko at the CAM 5 route’s south end.  Varney Air Line’s first fatal accident occurred April 15, 1927 on a flight between Salt Lake City and Boise, killing Pilot William E. Sanborn.  Following this accident Varney contacted Stearman regarding a replacement for the Whirlwind engined Swallows.             In early 1929, Varney began taking delivery of Stearman’s newly designed 525 hp Cyclone engined M-2 “Speedmail” planes.  With 91 cubic feet of cargo space, these planes carried a thousand-pound payload and cruised at 125 mph.             After receiving the CAM 5 contract, Varney continued to bid for additional CAM routes.  Finally in 1929, the Post Office awarded him the route linking Portland, Seattle & Spokane to his Pasco, Boise, Salt Lake City service. Varney Pilot Joe Taff flew the inaugural flight in mid-September 1929, flying through forest-fire smoke so thick that he couldn’t see the recently-installed beacons along the Columbia River Gorge.         PACIFIC AIR TRANSPORT (PAT)     Pacific Air Transport Air Mail                     With today’s city, state and federal government financing and maintenance of airports and the federal navigational services, it is often overlooked that many of the people who started the Contract Air Mail companies had to “do-it-themselves”.              December 31, 1925, Harry S. New, the U.S. Postmaster General awarded Vern C. Gorst CAM Route No. 8.  On January 7, 1926 Gorst incorporated The Pacific Air Transport Company (PAT) under the laws of Oregon for $500,000.  Following incorporation Gorst had much to do and many decisions to make before PAT’s inaugural airmail flight.             The new Ryan M-1 monoplanes with 200HP Wright Whirlwind air-cooled engines were determined to be best for the 1100 mile route extending from Seattle to Los Angeles. (Restored M-1 above left).  Seven M-1s were purchased at the price of $3,700 each, plus $5,100 for the Whirlwind engine. Eleven parachutes were purchased for $3,660.             Before the first CAM No. 8 flight, one 400 hp De Havilland, two Travel Airs (one Whirlwind & one C-6A engined), one OX-5 Swallow and one OX-5 Waco were added to the PAT fleet.               A “relatively inland” route was picked to avoid the coastal fog, however this route meant flying over mountainous terrain.  Hangars and airfields were chosen, schedules established, pilots & mechanics hired and aircraft maintenance shops were opened.             Standard Oil Company was persuaded to paint town-names on their building’s roofs (below right).  Five Model T Fords (two delivery trucks & three roadsters) were purchased to transport mail pouches to-and-from the five post offices.             Airport lighting was installed as were beacon lights on barns, windmills, light poles and in the Oregon Siskiyou mountain range. In remote areas with no electricity, Kohler light plants were installed by the PAT personnel (including Gorst himself) to power the beacons. At some airports, as a temporary measure, automobiles’ headlights were used to outline the runways.         Pacific Air Transport                 Pacific Air Transport’s “1926 First Annual Report” stated, regarding Sept. 15, 1926’s first day flights: “Such was the simple, yet dramatic, beginning of a new era in rapid transit on the Pacific Coast.”               The first CAM 8 northbound flight departed Los Angeles at 12:01 am with stops at Bakersfield, Fresno and San Francisco.  This flight returned to L.A. via Fresno and Bakersfield, arriving at 5:00 pm             The first southbound flight, piloted by Vernon Bookwalter, departed Vancouver, Washington’s Pearson Field at 5:25 am carrying 100 pounds of mail from Seattle and 84 pounds from Portland.             At 8:38 am Bookwalter landed in Medford and exchanged the mail for ten mail pouches flown from San Francisco by A. D. Starbuck.   R. B. “Pat” Patterson made the return flight to San Francisco.             Bookwalter departed Medford at 9:20 am and landed in Vancouver at 11:30 am to an enthusiastic crowd of 6,000, including Oregon Senator Robert Stanfield, Portland postmaster Jones, Portland mayor Baker and the Portland chief-of-police.             Following the ceremonies, Grover Tyler flew the M-1 to Seattle, arriving at 1:30 pm with one Portland mail pouch and five from California.               Southbound Seattle mail was transported by train to Vancouver until the Washington state airport and beacon lighting installation was complete.             The first airfields used by PAT were Naval Sand Point Airstrip (Seattle), Pearson Army Field (Vancouver), Newell-Barber Field (Medford), Crissy Army Field (San Francisco), Fresno Airport, Bakersfield Airport and Angeles Air Mail Field (37th & Angeles Mesa Dr., Los Angeles).  PAT ceased using Pearson Field when Portland’s Swan Island airport opened in 1927.             In January 1927 PAT carried its first two passengers.  By August 1927 - 216 passengers had flown.  The fare was $132 for the 18-1/2 hr. flight - Seattle to Los Angeles.         Pacific Air Transport     San Francisco’s Crissy Army Field ca. 1921 (left) - Detail from a 1926 pilot’s “roll-up” map showing Crissy Field near the Golden Gate (right).             Flying CAM 8 proved very hazardous due to the mountainous terrain and the frequently dense fog along the coast.  Several planes and three pilots were lost in the first year of operation.             By March 1927, Gorst’s “financial shoestring was nearly broken” when he entered the San Francisco Wells Fargo-Nevada Bank hoping for a $5000 loan.  He explained to 27-year-old William Allan Patterson that he wanted to use part of the loan to raise a plane out of the San Francisco Bay and salvage the engine.  During their conversation it was concluded that the salt water had probably damaged the engine beyond repair.             Intrigued about the struggling airline and eager to bag his first new account, Patterson visited PAT’s hangars at Crissy Field that same afternoon.             Gorst got his $5000 loan, but the next day Patterson was standing before Frederick L. Lipman, the bank president.  He was told to “stick by those flying-machine men until they pay it back”.             Gorst repaid the $5000 loan promptly.  When he received a $15,000 check from the Post Office, Patterson convinced him to invest in government bonds.  These bonds were used as collateral for credit and to acquire a new loan from Wells Fargo.             Gorst was still strapped-for-funds to pay for planes, fuel and to meet his payroll, so Pat Patterson spent his “off-duty” hours at the bank setting up an orderly accounting system for PAT.         Pacific Air Transport                 There was a demand for bigger planes carrying more passengers and mail.  PAT had acquired a five-passenger Fokker Universal (shown above right and on business card center).  On a passenger-less flight in fog north of San Francisco, the pilot parachuted-out leaving the Fokker to run-out-of-gas.  The plane nearly make a perfect landing by itself, unfortunately it hit a mound of dirt in the middle of a field and cart-wheeled into a total loss.             In the three winter months of 1927/28, three planes were lost due to pilots jumping.  After the loss of so many planes, Vern Gorst, Chief Pilot Grover Tyler and W. A. ‘Pat’ Patterson met with William Boeing.  They wanted to rebuild the PAT fleet with $25,000 Boeing Model 40C planes (above left), but Boeing refused to sell the planes on credit.             Patterson then suggested that Boeing buy PAT, paying $200 per share for all the PAT stock.  Boeing agreed to this and to Gorst’s stipulation that all of PAT’s personnel be retained.  Gorst was made a Boeing vice president and put on Boeing Air Transport’s Board of Directors.             Gorst was paid $94,000 for his controlling interest in PAT.  He promptly bought a new Boeing B1-D Flying Boat to start an Alaska airline, hoping to receive an Alaska airmail contract.             As word of Boeing’s buyout spread, PAT’s nearly worthless, $100 par-value, shares skyrocketed to as much as $666 per share.             Shortly after the PAT sale, Boeing president Philip G. Johnson phoned Patterson at the San Francisco Wells Fargo Bank regarding a Boeing Air Transport license to fly inside Mexico. After investigating, Patterson recommended against the venture.             Johnson then offered Patterson a job as his assistant in Seattle and on January 22, 1929 at age 29, ‘Pat’ Patterson was officially in the “aviation-game”.  One of Patterson’s first assignments was to track-down owners of 4,500 nonvoting shares of Pacific Air Transport.         NATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT (NAT)                     During WWI, Clement M. Keys was Financial VP of the Curtiss Aeroplane Company.  In 1920 he acquired controlling interest, buying-out the Willys-Overland interests.             In 1925, Keys founded North American Aviation (NAA) as a holding company for the development and financing of airlines, aircraft manufacturers and other aviation services. Dec. 6, 1928, NAA was incorporated in Delaware.  March 1930, it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.             Also in 1925, Keys and Carl B. Fritsche, General Manager of the Aircraft Development Corp. of Detroit, proposed raising $2,000,000 to finance an airline to operate between New York, Detroit and Chicago.  Keys quickly raised $1,000,000 in New York City.  The balance, $500,000 each, came from Detroit and Chicago investors.             May 21, 1925, National Air Transport (NAT) was incorporated in Delaware with Howard E. Coffin, (VP, Hudson Motor Car Corp) as President.  Keys was Chairman of the Executive Committee and Col. Paul Henderson was General Manager. Vice Presidents were Charles L. Lawrance  (Wright Aeronautical Corp.); Wayne Chatfield-Taylor (Chicago) and Eugene Lewis (Detroit).  Fritsche was elected Secretary and John J. Mitchell, jr. (Chicago) became the Treasurer.         National Air Transport                 Late in 1926, NAT ordered a Ford Tri-motor 4-AT with an “open-cockpit” (above).  The first flight was in November 1926, Kansas City - Wichita - Tulsa - Oklahoma City - Dallas - Fort Worth.  After the return flight, it was sent back to the factory to enclose the top.  It was then used for sight-seeing flights.             Keys was awarded the 995-mile CAM No. 3 route, Chicago - KC - Dallas.  NAT began operations May 12, 1926 with 10 Curtiss Carrier Pigeon airplanes and 35 U.S. surplus Liberty engines as spares.             April 2, 1927, after rescinding the contract it had previously awarded North American Airways, the Post Office Dept. announced that Keys and NAT had won the 724 mile CAM No. 17 contract.  This New York - Chicago leg of the Transcontinental Air Mail Route connected with BAT’s CAM 18 route.             NAT began flying CAM 17 on September 1, 1927, initially using Carrier Pigeon mail planes from the CAM 3 route.  Later Douglas M-3 and M-4 mail planes replaced the Carrier Pigeons.             The Douglas planes came from a variety of sources including 18 M-4s from the U.S. Post Office.  One M-4, the “Booze Ship”, had been seized by the Government while illegally smuggling liquor from Cuba.              NAT mail planes only had room for a single passenger who sat among the mail bags.  Passengers were issued a “typical flying-outfit” of coveralls, helmet, goggles and a parachute (rarely were they given instructions on how to use the parachute).  They were also subject to being “bumped” by mail.              The fare was a steep $200 for the Chicago - Cleveland - NY flight.  Hadley Field, NJ was used until Newark opened.  In spite of these obstacles, NAT flew 168 passengers the first year (1927/28), most of them connecting from BAT’s CAM 18 route, San Francisco - Chicago.         National Air Transport                 In 1927, NAT bought 5-passenger Travel Air Model 5000s and carried 1560 passengers between Chicago and Kansas City in 1928 (above, but inside the cabins!).             Early in 1929, NAT acquired seven 625 hp Curtiss Falcons for the Chicago - Dallas night-service mail flights, these replaced the smaller Carrier Pigeons.  D. A. Askew (above right) flew the final Carrier Pigeon flight.  He had flown this same plane on the inaugural CAM No. 3 flight May 12, 1926.             In early 1930, NAT quit flying passengers and focused on the more profitable mail flights.  Passenger flights didn’t resume until October 1, 1930 following the Stout - NAT merger within Boeing’s United Aircraft and Transport Corp.         National Air Transport     “Midnight - the Mail Flies West!”  (from June 1930 Popular Science magazine) “Mechanics at Hadley Field, NJ are grooming one of the huge nocturnal birds for a flight west with the midnight mail.”… “Wearing khaki overalls, with a red arrow piercing the letters NAT on the backs, a dozen mechanics were checking over the planes in the hangar.”  One man spends all his time washing the ships.  Another does nothing but test and care for the radio equipment.  Others are expert motor doctors, and still others are riggers who check over and trim the ships.  At  the Chicago field of the NAT, there is a ‘propeller man’ in charge of adjusting all ‘props’, and at Cleveland a ‘parachute man’ examines and repacks every ‘chute once a month.” “When a plane arrives at Hadley Field, while the mail is being unloaded, the fuel tanks are filled from a red pump before the main hangar.  158 gallons pour into the big tanks of the Boeings and from 128 to 131 gallons into those of the Douglas planes.”   “After the ship is run into the hangar, it is gone over from propeller to tail.  The batteries are taken out and tested.  The 18 gallon radiators that cool the Liberty engines are examined and filled.”  “All told the NAT has approximately fifty planes in operation.”         National Air Transport Bulletin - April 1929     National Air Transport Hangars at Chicago Municipal Airport     NAT’s three hangars at Chicago Municipal Airport, including the “largest clear-span hangar in the U.S.”   NAT Time Table images both from the April 1929 “NAT Bulletin” - UAHF collection         STOUT AIR SERVICES     Stout Air Transport                 William B. Stout and a Stout-built “Pullman” airplane (above) from “So Away I Went, W. B. Stout.  Stout Air Lines, an often forgotten predecessor of United Airlines, was “the first regularly scheduled passenger airline in the United States”.               In mid 1924, William B. Stout persuaded Henry and Edsel Ford to finance an airport and a factory for the Stout Metal Airplane Company on Ford property at Dearborn. The factory was built and began operating on October 15, 1924.             On July 31, 1925, Henry Ford purchased all the stock and assets of the Stout Metal Airplane Company, retaining Stout and the employees.             Following the sale, W. B. Stout founded Stout Air Services, Inc. with Stanley Knauss as General Manager in charge of airline operations.             Stout Air Services was awarded CAM No. 14 on July 31, 1926.  Flights from Detroit to Grand Rapids, MI began two days later using single-engine Stout-built “Pullmans”, and later, Ford Tri-motors.             In September 1927, after finding the passenger service profitable, Stout added twice-daily service from Dearborn to Cleveland and ended the Grand Rapids flights, surrendering the CAM 14 mail contract.                 Henry Ford did not allow Ford Field to be operated on Sundays so all Stout Air Services flights were advertised as “Daily Except Sundays”.         Stout Air Transport                 Stout’s passenger fare included free air-line bus transportation to the airports in Detroit, Chicago & Cleveland and 30 pounds of luggage (above left).             Other Stout Air Line innovations included: the first Uniformed Airline Pilots (above right); the first Passenger Terminal (at Ford Field); the first Hotel Ticket Center (at Book-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit); Ticket Refunds (if cancellations were made two hours before flight); America's first Aerial Couriers (stewards); Infants-in-Arms flew free and “48-Hour Stopovers” were allowed (except at Chicago and Cleveland).             Stanley Knauss also developed Flight Report sheets for a systematic control of operation, piloting, weather reports, maintenance checks, etc.             By April 1930, Stout Air Lines had carried 105,000 passengers and was flying 14 daily flights (except Sunday) between Cleveland, Detroit & Chicago with stops at Toledo, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo & South Bend.  En-route stops were allowed “if reservations were made 1/2 hour before the plane was due”.             When Boeing’s United Aircraft and Transport Corp. acquired Stout Air Lines in June 1929, United president Fredric Rentschler stated: “We didn’t buy airplanes, we bought a company that has developed the idea of running an airline as a commercial organization”.          Stout Air Transport     Some of Wm. B. Stout’s inventions and innovations: - The “Imp Cyclecar” (V-2 motorcycle engine, friction drive & 4-speed automatic transmission) - The first cantilevered internally-braced all-metal airplane wing (and the equipment to build it) - The “Batwing Plane” (below, left 1918) - The all-metal “Torpedo Plane” - The Stout Air Sedan, first commercial all-metal airplane built in the U.S. (and with folding wings!) - The 4-bolt attachment for rapid airplane engine exchanges - The divided airplane landing gear (no solid axle) - The “first” Ford Tri-motor (above 1926) - The “Bicar” motorcycle (two-speed automatic shift & side-saddle seating for women) - The railroad “Pullman Railplane & Club Car” - The rear-engine "Scarab" automobile (1932) - The sliding automobile seat - The first rear-engined passenger bus (1934) - The first motor-home - Prefabricated housing - The “Skycar” flying automobile (below right, 1930)         Stout Air Transport                 In 1954, Stout bought rights to the Ford Tri-motor design from Henry Ford II, intending to manufacture a modified version, however this venture failed.         BOEING AIR TRANSPORT (BAT)     Boeing Air Transport                 William Edward Boeing was a wealthy Seattle lumber company owner. On July 4, 1914, during Seattle’s Independence Day celebration he took his first flight aboard a “pusher-engined” Curtiss seaplane piloted by barnstormer Terah Maroney.  This 30 minute ride “hooked” Boeing on flying.             Following lessons at Glenn Martin’s flight school in Los Angeles, Bill Boeing took delivery of a $10,000 Martin-built seaplane in October 1915.             He soon “cracked-up” the fragile plane.  When the Martin company informed him that a replacement would take six months, Boeing declared that “he could build a better airplane, and do it faster!”             Navy officer Commander Conrad Westervelt, a good friend of Boeing’s, was astonished when Boeing asked him to design the new plane.  Using the wrecked Martin as a guide, a new plane was constructed in less than six months.  The wings and floats were assembled at Boeing’s Heath Shipyard on Puget Sound’s Elliott Bay.  The fuselage was built in a hangar on Seattle’s Lake Union.             “Bluebill” (shown above) the first of two “B & W”s (Boeing & Westervelt) was test-flown by Boeing in June 1916.  With a 125 hp Hall-Scott A-5 engine, it cruised at 70 mph and had a range of 320 miles.               As WWI came nearer, the Navy transferred Commander Conrad Westervelt to the East coast.  The “Pacific Aero Products Company” was incorporated on July 15, 1916 with Boeing, President and his cousin E. N. Gott, Vice-President.             Boeing crated-up the second “B & W”, contacted the U.S. Navy, asked for test flights and for a government contract to build the “B & W”.         Boeing Air Transport                 After failing to interest the Navy in the “B & W” seaplane, William Boeing hired T. Wong, a gifted airplane designer, to develop another seaplane.  The result was the “all-Boeing” Model 2 “C”, a twin-float seaplane.  During test flights it proved unstable and a larger rudder was installed.               Following the modification, Boeing again headed East to try to sell the new plane to the Navy.  They liked it and ordered 50 “C”s to be used as trainers.             T. Wong resigned and Boeing once again needed airplane designers, draftsmen and engineers.  He contacted the University of Washington where three recently graduated engineers were recommended.  They were Philip G. Johnson, Clairmont L. Egtvedt and Roland Mayer.             Boeing hired all three at $90 per month.  Johnson was a production man and a salesman. Egtvedt was a draftsman and became a master at aircraft stress design, remaining with Boeing for 50 years.                In April 1917, the organization was renamed the “Boeing Airplane Company”.  Later in 1917, the Army contracted with Boeing for two land-based trainer versions of the “C”. Boeing designated the planes as Model 4 “EA”.             Boeing’s “C” seaplanes used 200 hp Hall-Scott L-6 engines and had tandem seating, the Army wanted 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 engines and side-by-side seating. (above photo)             Boeing used a sequential numbering system for each “design change”.  The “B & W” was Model 1, the first “C” was Model 2, the second version of the “C” was Model 3, etc.  This design-numbering method continued through 1933 and the “100” series.  Thus the 1925 Boeing Model 40 was the 40th airplane design built by Boeing.           Boeing Air Transport                 On March 3, 1919, Edward Hubbard and William Boeing launched a Seattle-Victoria International mail service using the Boeing Model 2 “C” (above left).  They were the first two civilian airmail pilots in America.             Hubbard was an Army Pilot Instructor in San Diego during WWI, then an experimental pilot at Boeing from 1917 to 1920.  In 1919, following the first international airmail flight, he began operating a private contract airmail service between Seattle & Victoria, BC.  For the next five years he flew under the name of “Seattle-Victoria Air Mail Line”, carrying between 25,000 and 50,000 pounds of mail annually, mostly in the Boeing Model 6 B1 (above right).               Another of Edward Hubbard’s ideas was United Air Lines. Hubbard died in Salt Lake City, December 18, 1928, a day after the United’s formation. His title was Vice President of Operations United Air Lines.         Boeing Airplan Co.     The “Red Barn” - Boeing Headquarters - June 1917. Military guards are due to war manufacturing.             During WWI the Boeing Airplane Company accepted a government contract to build 50 Curtiss-designed HS-2L flying boats for the U.S. Navy.             Following the November 1918 Armistice, military spending was drastically cut.  The Navy canceled half of Boeing’s HS-2L order and hundreds of war-surplus aircraft flooded the civilian market.             With the entire aircraft industry faltering and attempting to retain his employees, Bill Boeing reverted to non-aircraft activities such as power-boat building, furniture and cabinet manufacturing.             In 1919, having had a moderate success with the Model C aircraft, Boeing began developing a new series of small flying boats.  The result was the B-1 (Model 6) and BB-1 (Model 7).  Neither the B-1 nor BB-1 went beyond the prototype stage until 1927 (following Lindbergh’s flight).  Also developed in 1919 was the BB-L6 (Model 8) a land-plane with a front-mounted 214 hp Hall-Scott L-6 engine.     Boeing                 In 1920 the Boeing Airplane Co. lost $300,000. Then the company received a military contract to modernize a large number of the wartime Liberty-engined De Havilland DH-4 aircraft (above).  This contract probably saved the company.             In early 1924 the Air Mail Dept. of the Post Office opened a competition to design a new air mail plane using the Liberty engine. Boeing’s entry was the Model 40.  A single “40” prototype was built and bought by the government, however, the contract was awarded to Douglas for their “M” series of planes.  Boeing then “shelved” the design.             1926 saw major changes in the management of Boeing Airplane Company. President Ed Gott resigned, Phil Johnson became president, Claire Egtvedt was named vice president and Wm. Boeing assumed the chairmanship.             The company had been designing and building various models of military aircraft under government contracts since receiving the DH-4 modification contract in 1919.  In general, business was good.             In the Fall of 1926, Claire Egtvedt was thinking of starting an airline passenger service connecting Seattle, Vancouver and Victoria when Eddie Hubbard told him some exciting news.             The Post Office Department, which had awarded CAM “feeder-contracts” during the previous year, was about to let private contractors bid on the Transcontinental Trunk Route!              The route was to be divided into two legs - San Francisco to Chicago and Chicago to New York.  The stipulation for winning a leg was that the successful bidder must furnish 25 planes and begin service by July 1, 1927.         Boeing Air Transport                 Hubbard believed that Boeing could win the CAM 18 San Francisco - Chicago contract and successfully fly the leg with the Model 40 (above photo).  Substantially underbidding Western Air Express, Boeing won the contract on January 15, 1927.  The design of the Model 40 was changed to allow 2 passengers in an enclosed cabin and the new air-cooled 410 hp Pratt & Whitney “Wasp” engine replaced the water-cooled Liberty engine.             In anticipation of winning the CAM 18 contract, Wm. Boeing organized the Boeing Air Transport company (BAT) with offices in Salt Lake City.  After winning the contract, the 25 Model 40As were built, pilots were hired and flights began on July 1, 1927.             While Bill Boeing was pleased with the success of Boeing Air Transport and the Model 40A, he realized a larger airplane was necessary to be competitive with the Ford Tri-motor and other passenger-carrying aircraft.  The result was the Boeing “Model 80”. The first Model 80 was delivered to Boeing Air Transport (BAT) in August of 1928 and was immediately put into service on the San Francisco to Chicago CAM 18 route.             The Model 80 was a Tri-motored biplane accommodating 12 passengers in a heated cabin.  It had hot and cold running water, individual passenger reading lamps and leather upholstered seats.  Powered by three 425 hp Pratt & Whitney “Wasp” engines, it had a cruising speed of 115 mph with a range of 545 miles and a service ceiling of 14,000 ft.  The gross weight was 15,276 pounds.             The pilot and co-pilot sat in a separate forward cabin and were kept informed of changing weather conditions by two-way radio.  The plane was soon redesigned to carry 18 passengers and designated the Model 80A (photo below).  The “80A” was powered with three 525 hp Pratt & Whitney “Hornet” engines with a cruising speed of 125 mph and a range of 460 miles. The gross weight was 17,500 pounds.         Boeing Air Transport                 In the late 1920s and early 1930s, airline passenger travel was primarily the realm of Business people, the Rich and the Adventurous.  The average person preferred to travel by train, boat or by private automobile.            An airline passenger paid up to $900 (one-way) to fly across the United States and upon arrival often found it necessary to transfer to a train or car to reach their final destination. Airports were few and were often located in relatively remote areas.  Worst of all, the airplane cabins lacked sound-proofing.  In addition to the unsettling noise, vibration was also a problem, one passenger stated that his glasses kept sliding down his nose the entire flight.                By 1931, the Post Office Dept. had authorized 2 round-trip flights per day over the Chicago to San Francisco C.A.M. 18 route. One of the daily flights was flown with Boeing 80A tri-motored aircraft. Although designed for eighteen passengers, weight restrictions imposed by the volume of air-mail limited the number of passengers to eight on the Chicago - Salt Lake City leg and to twelve on the Salt Lake City - San Francisco leg. The mail loads westbound were lightened and loads eastbound were increased at Salt Lake City, where “feeder lines” connected with the transcontinental route.            The second daily fight was flown with single-engine Boeing 40Bs and 95 mail-planes. Both the tri-motors and the single-engined planes were alternated at the Cheyenne maintenance base, the operating headquarters of BAT. After 20 hours of flight-time all planes were given a detailed inspection at Cheyenne. This was in addition to the daily examinations after flight legs. The engines were overhauled at approximately 200 hours and planes were overhauled after approximately 1000 hours of flight-time.            Boeing company doctors determined that pilots tired quickly at high altitudes and recommended flying at the lowest altitude consistent with safety. Pilots were limited to a maximum of four flight hours a day and about 70 hours per month, with one day of rest between runs. The doctors believed that exercise was a cure for this “air-staleness” and found that the majority of BAT pilots preferred to play golf for exercise. It was not uncommon to see a pilot carrying his golf clubs onboard his flight. The “BeeLine” logo, featured below, was chosen from submissions by BAT employees.     BeeLine Logo     NOTES: On flights marked “*” the planes stop only to accept or discharge passengers. Mail planes flown on schedule in columns marked “X” carry passengers when mail loads permit. On the 9:30 a.m. schedule from Chicago and 8:00 p.m. schedule from Oakland Airport eight-ton tri-engined passenger transports are flown. San Francisco passengers on Boeing System lines board and leave planes at Oakland airport, on east side of San Francisco Bay. Schedule from the June, 1931 issue of Aviation magazine - Denver Public Library.     Air Cargo                    U.S. Air Mail cargo between New York and San Francisco weighed between 400 to 750 pounds and occupied about 45 cubic feet of space. Air Express boxes added revenue.            In 1931, two years into the Great Depression, the United Air Lines division of United Aircraft and Transport Company earned a $2,700,000 profit on a gross of $30,000,000 (approx. $350,000,000 in 2008 dollars). 10,300,000 miles were flown by the company’s 125 airplanes.     Transcontinental Map                    On an average Transcontinental flight with three passengers, the fares totaled $480, income from Air Mail and Air Express totaled $2,095 for a Gross of $2,575 and a Net Profit of $577 per flight. Flight costs were: Pilot $240; Copilot $81; Stewardess $12; fuel (2,400 gal.) $218; Oil (125 gal.) $100; Misc. $30. Ground costs were: Ground Operations $207; Maintenance $888; Administration $111; Traffic & Advertising $111. From the April 1932 issue of Fortune magazine - Denver Public Library.         AIRLINE STEWARDESSES         Airline Stewardesses                    In May of 1930 the airline industry’s first female “Stewardesses” began flying onboard Boeing Air Transport’s Boeing 80As on the San Francisco to Chicago route. Previous to this, in 1926, Stout Air Services had hired young men as America’s first inflight personnel. They were known as “Aerial Couriers”. In 1929, Pan American Airways had hired young men as “Stewards”.            One evening during a slightly-delayed flight from Reno to San Francisco, Steve Stimpson, Boeing Air Transport Pacific Coast Traffic Manager, had noticed the BAT passengers looking out the windows, searching for landmarks and repeatedly glancing at their watches. Entering the cockpit, Stimpson checked with the two pilots regarding their location and the estimated time of arrival. He passed this information along to the passengers and then adjusted the heating system. After noticing the collective sigh-of-relief among the passengers, he recalled how steamship Stewards had impressed him with their service and attention to ship passengers. He wondered if male Air Stewards would make the same impression on BAT’s passengers.            Stimpson had received permission from the company to hire the Stewards when Ellen Church stopped by Stimpson’s office and suggested hiring female nurses instead of the male Stewards. Ellen had previously visited Stimpson’s office, intrigued by the airline advertising in the window. She was a nurse at the nearby San Francisco French Hospital and wanted to fly, even to be a pilot.            Boeing managers initially rejected the idea of hiring female nurses, but W. A. “Pat” Patterson, assistant to the BAT company president, gave his permission for the Stewardess program on a three-month trial basis. Stimpson then hired Ellen Church and gave her the title of Chief Stewardess. She quickly recruited seven more nurses from San Francisco and Chicago. These eight Stewardesses became known as the “Original Eight”.         The "Original Eight" Stewardesses     The “Original Eight” Stewardesses - Cheyenne, Wyoming May 15, 1930 - (back l-r) Ellen Church, Alva Johnson (front l-r) Margaret Arnott, Inez Keller, Cornellia Peterman, Harriet Fry, Jessie Carter & Ellis Crawford.                    The following “Stewardess-related” items are from the UAHF collection of The Boeing News. The July 1930 issue of Boeing News contains the first company mention of Stewardesses. July 1930 issue “ Dr. Walter Kleffel, German aeronautical authority, recently made a trip between Oakland and Chicago, flying to Salt Lake City in a 40-B and on to Chicago in an 80-A. Dr. Kleffel commented upon the excellent type of aircraft being operated on our lines, stating that he felt the 80-A was the sturdiest ship he had yet encountered. Dr. Kleffel expressed interest in the new stewardess idea and asked that after a three or four months’ trial, he be given the company’s candid opinion in regard to this feature.” “Two new names have been added to the stewardess personnel, those of Miss May and Miss Novelli. We hear good reports of the conduct of Miss Stuart, stewardess of (flight) 224 and Co-Pilot (Elrey) Jeppesen for their cool headedness and assistance in the changing of mail and passengers after an accident at Sacramento.” “Ev Carr, (Oakland’s) P.A.T & B.A. T. traffic agent, made a trip to Cheyenne a week ago. This time for a tri-motor’s departure came and no stewardess had arrived at the field. It developed that the stewardess had not received instructions for transportation to the airport. With a load of passengers booked through to Chicago, something had to be done, so Ev en-planed and presided at the urn all the way to Cheyenne. The mechanics did their best to find a dress for him, but none was available.” September 1930 issue “Someone should warn Miss Church, who is chief stewardess, or she may run afoul the law which says ladies mustn’t work over eight hours a day, or 48 hours a week. We never did count the hours or days she works, but she’s on the job all the time. Two new stewardesses are on the line, Miss Evans and Miss Kuel.” November 1930 issue “ Stewardess Evans is resigning in order that she may attend a sister who is very ill. On this account Stewardess Hasle is being transferred to the Oakland-Salt Lake run and Miss Ratcliff is being employed for the Cheyenne-salt Lake run.”         UNITED AIRCRAFT & TRANSPORT CORPORATION                    William Boeing became acquainted with Frederick D. Rentschler during WWI when Boeing’s military planes were powered with engines from the Wright-Martin plant and later from Wright Aeronautical Works. Because of his foundry background, Rentschler had been assigned by the U.S. Army Signal Corps Aviation arm to test airplane engines built for the Allies at Wright-Martin Aircraft in New Brunswick, New Jersey.            After the war, he was invited to head the new Wright Aeronautical Corporation. He assembled a staff of designers and builders and soon the company was the number-one source of military and commercial aircraft engines. They made the remarkable “Whirlwind” radial engine, this engine carried Lindbergh across the Atlantic.            Rentschler and Wright’s engine-designer George Mead had an idea for an even better radial engine. The company’s directors objected to the development cost, since they already had the best engine in the field. After his proposal was turned down, Rentschler resigned.            While searching for new backers, he found the idle Pratt & Whitney plant in Hartford, Conn. He persuaded the plant owners, the Niles-Bement-Pond machinery company, to let him have the Pratt & Whitney plant, the name and $1,000,000 in working capital. Mead and other engine designers quickly went to work. Their first “Wasp” engine exceeded all expectations, producing 410 hp and only weighing 625 pounds. Recognizing the engines potential, Wm. Boeing switched to Wasps for all his military airplane designs.            In the fall of 1928, after Boeing had demonstrated that Wasp-powered commercial planes could make money carrying cargo and passengers, Rentschler broached the idea of a “well-rounded” aviation holding company. At this time business mergers were rampant. Additionally, the east-coast “Keys Group” of North American Aviation was entering the aviation market in the west. They had purchased stock in Varney Air Lines and were supporting Maddux Air Lines and Transcontinental Air Transport. In early 1929 Boeing set in motion Rentschler’s proposal by absorbing the Chance Vought company.            Then, through a stock swap with Pratt & Whitney, United Aircraft & Transport Corporation was formed as a holding company. Frederick Rentschler was named President; William Boeing, Chairman of the Board; Chance Vought and Philip Johnson of Boeing were Vice-Presidents. William Boeing swapped stock in Boeing Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport and the Boeing Airplane Company for United Aircraft & Transport Corporation stock.            Next, Rentschler bought Hamilton Propeller Company, Standard Steel Propeller Company, Stearman Aircraft, Northrop Aircraft and Sikorsky Airplane works. In June 1929, he acquired Stout Air Services and its fleet of Ford tri-motors. This gave United Aircraft and Transport their first passenger service in the east, flying between Chicago and Cleveland via Detroit.
  • Type: Poster
  • Airline: United
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United States

PicClick Insights - Original Allen Beck United Air Lines Hawaii Poster Vtg 1970 21 3/4 x 28 Tiki Bar PicClick Exclusive

  •  Popularity - 1 watcher, 0.1 new watchers per day, 11 days for sale on eBay. Normal amount watching. 0 sold, 1 available.
  •  Best Price -
  •  Seller - 807+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

People Also Loved PicClick Exclusive