Ss John Ericsson Manhattan 1947 Original Fire Negatives X 14 Vintage Scarce Nyc

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176284773231 SS JOHN ERICSSON MANHATTAN 1947 ORIGINAL FIRE NEGATIVES X 14 VINTAGE SCARCE NYC. 14 VINTAGE ORIGINAL 4X5 INCH NEGATIVES FROM 1947 DEPICTING FIRE (AND EVENTUAL DESTRUCTION) ON THE SS JOHN ERICSSON WITH ORIGINAL ENVELOPE AND PAPER DESCRIPTION. NEGATIVES ARE VERY RARE; WARPED WITH AGE AND HAVE SOME DISCOLOCATION BUT SHOULD PRODUCE VERY GOOD QUALITY IMAGES SINCE THEY ARE BY A PROFESSIONAL STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER MORRIS GORDON. Photographer Morris Gordon duplicate Date 3/7/47 Story United "tates Liner John Ericsson Burns Names (L to R) The twenty thousand ton ship John Briccson burned at its pire today Flames shot out from amidships--- #l--- Rocour Ruben Sota, a bedroom steward is carriod off to the ambulance #2--- Policeman feeds oxygen to Sota #3---Flames shoot out from the John Ericosson #4--- Firemen board the "ricsson #5--- Longshoremen come to the resoue and play a hose onto the fire before the firemen arrived. The streams were weak and in many aases did not reach the boat . . . The burning of the S. S. John Ericsson, originally christened the liner Kungsholm, on March 7, 1947, five years and one month after the destruction of the S. S. Lafayette, formerly the French liner Normandie, otters a number of interesting comparisons for the student of fire fighting. In many ways the two fires were almost identical. Yet there were marked differences in the strategy used to control the fire on the Ericsson and that on the Normandie, even though in the final outcome, both vessels may be classed as total losses. The author of this article had the privilege of better than a dock-side observation of both these ship fires, from the time of arrival of the second-alarm companies, until, in the case of the Normandie, everyone was ordered ashore and the vessel was given up to the tide; and in that of the Ericsson, until all companies except those completing the final overhauling had returned to quarters. From his observations, supported by notes made on the ground and source data generously supplied by the New York Fire Department under Fire Commissioner Frank Quayle and Chief of Staff and Operations, Frank Murphy, who were in charge of the Ericsson fire, the following account has been written. In paying deserved tribute to the operations of the New York Fire Department in controlling the fire on the S. S. Ericsson and in materially assisting to prevent a duplication of the tragic fiasco which permicted the Normandie to capsize following her destructive fire, the editors make it plain that no criticism or slight is intended of that stalwart army of fire fighters which battled the greater and more complicated fire in the Normandie. Scores of officers and men who fought the Normandie fire also engaged in the briefer, but nonetheless strenuous Ericsson struggle.


Delay of City Aid in Ship Fire Charged at Coast Guard Inquiry: … New York Times (1923-); Mar 11, 1947;  pg. 55 Delay of City Aid in Ship Fire Charged at Coast Guard Inquiry Officers of the John Ericsson Critical of Response by Firemen-Department Says Alarm Came Too Late Capt. Harold Milde of Newark, Hart said it began between 2 and N. J., former master of the liner 2:15 P. M. All records, with the ex- John Ericsson, told a Coast Guard ception of the ship's telephone log, were destroyed, Captain Milde Board of Investigation yesterday added. that the City Fire Department Both officers said the liner's fire "was a long time responding" to equipment was in proper order and the fire that swept the 20,000-ton commended the conduct of the vessel at her West Fiftieth Street crew. pier here last Friday. Captain Hart testified that Both Captain Milde and Staff "most of the ship's wiring was Capt. John G. Hart, who were new" and that since he had been aboard the vesselthe former lux- aboard last August there had been ury liner Kungsholm- when the only one inconsequential fire in the fire started, testified that an stowage. alarm for the City firemen was telephoned to the pier, immediate- ly after the vessel's own alarm was sounded. Quayle Blames Late Alarm Fire Commissioner Frank J. Quayle said yesterday that there Captain Milde said that city ap- was no delay on the part of the paratus took "approximately fif- City fire apparatus in responding teen minutes" to reach the Erics- to the alarm. "In fact," he said, son and "I requested people stand- "an investigation by the Depart- ing on the upper pier level to ment discloses that there was con- sound another alarm, because I siderable delay in turning in the thought the Fire Department was alarm. a long time responding." Acting Battalion Chief Thomas Captain Hart explained that the P. Hartnett reported that the first fire chief complained when he alarm was received at 2:24 P. M. reached the Ericsson that the Fire and a second at 2:32 P. M. A Department had not been called third alarm was received at 2:53 soon enough and cited the ten or P. M. and a fourth at 3:17 P. M., twelve hose lines already in use as Commissioner Quayle added. evidence of his contention. According to the commissioner, the first engine company was at Differ on Starting Point the scene ninety seconds after the He said he believed the fire first alarm and a truck company started "about the root of the arrived thirty seconds later. No. 1 stack in the public room." The hearings, which are expected Captain Milde, however, said he to last several days, will be re- thought it started in the aft sumed at 10 A. M. today. bride's quarters, but was at a loss Capt. Hewlett R. Bishop, At- to explain how it gained such lantic Coast Director of the Mari- headway. He said a fire watch- time Commission, estimated yes- man reported no fire as late as terday that it would require $775,- 2:05 Р. М. 000 to restore the Ericsson to her Captain Milde fixed the time pre-fire condition. He emphasized that the fire started as between that a final survey has yet to be 2:15 and 2:20 P. M., while Captain made. _ $1,500,000 Fire on Liner Ericsson at Pier; Queen Elizabeth in Next Berth Unharmed Continued From Fage 1 ть The dogs belonged to Capt. Tohn Anderson. The ship, however, was smoke that also covered the Queen in command of Capt. Alfred A. Elizabeth. Moore, who was not on board when The Ericsson is of 16,552 tons, the fire broke out. 582 feet long with a seventy-eight- Fireboats and the Coast Guard foot beam, and a depth of forty- ships drew dangerously close to two feet, eight inches. She was the burning ship and poured water built for the Swedish-American from all sides, while firemen di- line in Hamburg, Germany, in 1928, rected their hoselines from the roof and formerly was the Kungsholm. and two levels of the pier. Two At the outbreak of the war; the firemen, John R. Donovan of United States Maritime Commis- Rescue Company 1, and Fireman sion purchased the vessel and con- Franklin P. Screder of Engine verted hersinto a troopship. Dur- Company 16, were injured slightly ing her war service, she trans- by debris. ported 76,000 troops on twenty voyages. Crewman Felled by Smoke The ship, operated by the United Ruben Soto, a crewman, was States Lines, was scheduled to sail overcome by smoke. He and the today with a passenger list of 412 two injured firemen required hos- pitalization but the condition of none was serious. Dr. Harry M: for Cobh, Eire; Southampton and Le Havre. Maritime Commission Archer treated them before order- officials seized all papers aboard ing them sent to a hospital. Fire- the Ericsson as they opened their men, disregarding danger, ran inquiry into the fire. They esti- across gangways thrown at vari- mated that several months would ous deck levels to bring their hose be required to repair the wrecked lines into vantage spots. As the promenade deck, the. superstruc- fire raged and the smoke billowed, ture between the bridge and the several ambulances and police ship's two stacks, enclosing the of- emergency trucks arrived. ficers' quarters. Huge sections of At 6:30 P. M., all fire apparatus, wood were chopped from the ship's including a dozen engines, two "A" deck, leaving only steel stan- hook and ladder trucks and a fire emergency wagon, were withdrawn The fire did not damage a gen- from the pier, and the three fire- chions. eral scargo of ship's stores and boats streamed down-river to their three automobiles that were in the bases. hold. The estimate of $1,500,000 dam- Mr. Quayle said an investigation age was made by Capt. Hewlett R. conducted by Acting Chief Fire Bishop, Atlantic Coast director of Marshal Martin Scott showed that the United States Maritime Com- crew members had attempted to mission, and Capt. Martin I. Good- fight the blaze for twenty minutes man, Marine Superintendent for for after sparks were discovered in Operations. Captain Goodman took the promenade alleyway forward. charge of the investigation. The A short circuit in electrical wiring, ship developed a slight list to star- firemen said, apparently caused board as the result of the tons of the fire. water poured aboard her, but offi- cials said she would resume her Steward Discovered Blaze normal level after the water had About half of the crew of 400 drained off. The fire was a block and only a few passengers were away from the scene of the disas- on board when Steward Hyman trous Normandie blaze several Melamed discovered the blaze. years ago. Melamed, 19 years old, a resident. During the fire Capt. C. G. of the Bronx, told Mr. Scott that Illingworth, master of the Queen he had grabbed a fire extinguisher Blizabeth, ordered his pilot and but "it was out of order." Other tugboat skippers to be ready to members of the crew, including move the big liner at a moment's Fred Dams, assistant chief stew- notice. He paid high tribute to the to.Ive ard, and Chief Officer A. Parker, Fire. Department, saying, "I've obtained other extinguishers, and seen a number of ship fires, and stretched a hose from "A" deck. it was obvious after watching the Chief Engineer Edward Russell, Ericsson for a while that the fire who also attempted to fight the was pretty much under control spreading fire, told Mr. Scott that He said the Elizabeth's boilers al- periodic minor failures in the elec- ways were ready for operation at trical stations ind wiring and oc- least six hours before sailing hour. casional short circuits had oc- Mr. Quayle, reminded of the fate curred, particularly when the ship of the Normandie when too much was running through heavy water pumped into her had caused weather. her to capsize, said that special As the fire spread with record precautions had been taken in the speed, about eighty longshoremen, case of the Ericsson. The fireboats employed by John T. Clark & were ordered out of service as Sons, placed several gangplanks soon as it became evident that the across to the ship's holds and be- firefighters on the pier could han- gan to fight the blaze with long dle the blaze. lines of hose from the pier. Arrangements were being made Chief Officer Parker managed to accommodate the 412 passengers to make his way to the officers on board the United States Line- quarters and rescued two dogs al- operated Marine Marlin, which is though almost overcome by smoke scheduled to sail on Monday. Lifter Ericsson Burns at Pier Next to the Queen Elizabeth: AS … New York Times (1923-); Mar 8, 1947;  pg. 1 Liner Ericsson Burns at Pier Next to the Queen Elizabeth _ A four-alarm fire swept the United States Maritime Com- mission's motor ship, John Ericsson, yesterday afternoon, at Pier 90. Fiftieth Street and the North River, resulting in $1,500,000 damåge. The fire caused wide- spread confusion but no panic among several thousand visitors and passengers on board the Queen Elizabeth, berthed at the south side of the same pier. Despite the spectacularblaze and the heavy clouds of smoke that hung low over the pier and spread over several blocks, the Queen Elizabeth was not touched by the fire and sailed almost on schedule at 5:57 P. M. However, a small army of policemen and plainclothesmen time and again could not hold the fire lines with- in the pier because of the heavy influx of passengers and visitors and the black, acrid smoke that covered the length of the pier. Four Alarms Sounded The four alarms were sounded within an hour, 2:20 to 3:20 P. M., calling out several Coast Guard fire-fighțing ships, three Fire De- partment boats, and thirty pieces of fire apparatus. At 5:45 P. M. Assistant Fire Chief Frank Mur- phy announced that the fire aboard the Ericsson was "officially out." A little before 5 P. M., flame burst briefly from the superstructure be- low the bridge and clouds of smoke billowed upward. Firemen played jets of water on the flare-up and quenched it quickly. During the stubborn blaze, only the bow and smokestacks of the burning vessel were visible from the pier, most of the ship being obscured by heavy columns of Continued on Page 15, Column 2 OFFICERS DISAGREE OVER FIRE ON LINER: Headquarters of Coast Guard … OfficeR sagreeover fir York Times (1923-); May 26, 1947; pg. 43 OFFICERS DISAGREE OVER FIRE ON LINER Headquarters of Coast Guard Rejects Investigating Board's Hints of Incendiarism Evidence of a divergence of views among Coast Guard officers as to the origin of the fire on the the liner John Ericsson on March 7 has been disclosed. The report of the official board of investigation here was for- is- warded to Washington for submis- sion to the commandant and the review board. The report of the New York staff strongly suggested the pos- sibility of incendiarism, saying that fire started at the same time in two separated dormitories. It mentioned specifically the absence of evidence of failure in electrical equipment surrounding the two rooms. A bucket was found in a falge fireplace in the forward section of the after dormitory, formerly the ship's smoking room. Reference was made to the mysterious pres- ence of the bucket in a space that had just been made ship-shape prior to an inspection. Difference of Opinion This report now has gone through the board of review in Washington, and has been re- turned from the commandant's office with "approval, subject to remarks." The remarks declare, on the basis of the testimony taken in New York, that the fire probably started in the ceiling over the forward dormitory sec- tion where there is a deep dead space containing electric wiring. The investigators' report had said the fire first was discovered rolling over upright eight-foot partitions in the dormitory. Washington headquarters re- marked further in returning the report that nothing in it indicated incendiarism, leaving the inference that the electric wires in the dead space were the source. One puzzling factor in the dis- agreement between the two offices is the fact that all the wiring around the two compartments was new, and every foot of it was heavily "armored." Fire Official Quoted Although no Coast Guard offi- cer in New York would comment on the review report, it is well known among shipping men here that a number of experts who ex- amined the ship and followed the testimony in April suspected sab- otage. One who did not was Acting Chief Fire Marshal Martin Scott of,the New York Fire Depart- ment, and the review board men- tioned Mr. Scott's opinion in its remarks. The investigating board recom- mended that the Ericsson's crew, If the ship is rebuilt, be more thor- oughly trained in fire-fighting technique, and in the use of equip- ment. The Washington board also rejected this suggestion, pointing out that it is the responsibility of a ship's master and officers to train their men. SABOTAGE HINTED IN BLAZE ON LINER: Washington Studies Evidence in the … New New York Times (1923-); May 4, 1947;  pg. S7 SABOTAGE HINTED IN Bleach On ine Washington Studies Evidence in the Destruction Here of the John Ericsson Federal authorities in Washing- ton are studying evidence pointing to sabotage in the burning of the liner John Ericsson at her West Fiftieth Street pier on March 7. according to authoritative inform- ation received by shipping men here. Direct evidence taken at the se- ries of official Coast Guard hear- ings held after the mishap nad re- moved the' liner from service did not stress the sabotage possibility. But the official findings now in the hands of the commandant of the Guard in Washington describe conditions as strongly supporting the sabotage theory. The hearings were conducted in New York, and Coast Guard spokesmen reached here yesterday said no comment was available. They would neither confirm nor deny the existence of a sabotage report. None of the three members of the board was available. It was headed by Capt. William McGuire, chief of marine inspection in this district, and the other members were Commanders Howard Bridges and Karl Nielsen. Their report is now being exam- ined by the casualty review section in Washington, and a spokesman there said that no information on its contents would be available un- til after the review and action by the commandant. The report pointed to evidence that fires started simultaneously in two separated dormitories, one aft and the other forward. This fact could mean but one thing, in the absence of a single item of evi- dence to the contrary "willful" setting of the fires the findings said. According to Coast Guard regu- lations the reviewing officers may reject the inquiry board's report, or they may order further ques- tioning and a search for suspects. As far as could be learned no indi- vidual is under suspicion. The Ericsson, formerly the lux- ury liner Kungsholm under the flag of Sweden, is owned by the Maritime Commission and was op- erated as an "interim" or emer- gency passenger ship by the Unit- ed States Lines. She was so badly damaged that the commission withdrew her from service, and it is unlikely that she will be rebuilt. She is now at anchor off Jones Point, up the Hudson. HEARS TESTIMONY ON FIRE: Board Continues Investigation of Eriesson Blaze New York Times (1923-); Mar 14, 1947;  pg. 45 HEARS TESTIMONY ON FIRE Capt. apt. William McGuire, Third by the board to the ship, which Coast Guard District Marine In- is now at Pier 16, Staten Island. Board Continues Investigation spection Officer. It heard testi- Acting Chief Fire Marshal Martin of Ericsson Blaze mony from crew members regard- Scott again testified that he had ing the discharge of their emer- found no evidence of incendiarism. The investigation of last Fri- gency duties during the blaze. The board will reconvene this day's fire aboard the liner John The session largely was devoted morning at 10 o'clock, in the local Ericsson was continued yesterday to the reading into the record of Coast Guard Headquarters, 42 by a three-man board headed by the results of Wednesday's visit Broadway. COAST GUARD OPENS SHIP FIRE INQUIRY: Ericsson Seen Finished as U. S. … New York Times (1923-); Mar 9, 1947;  pg. 45 COAST GUARD OPENS SHIP FIRE INQUIRY Ericsson Seen Finished as U. S. Passenger Ship, but May Sail Under Foreign Flag liner john ericsson after she was swept by fire from her Swedish owners on Dec. 31, 1941. The United States liner Wash- ington, which, with the Ericsson and the America had been provid- ing regular passenger service be- tween New York and English and French ports, has been withdrawn. It was announced last week that the 22,846-ton Washington would receive an over-all survey prepara- tory to her reconversion to luxury A three-man Coast Guard board of investigation began an inquiry yesterday into the fire that swept the motor ship John Ericsson, the former Swedish American liner Kungsholm, at her pier here Fri- day. The members of the board, Capt. William McGuire, Third Coast Gua Guard District Marine Inspection Officer, and Commanders Howard Bridges and Karl Nielsen, went aboard the damaged ship at Pier 90, North River. They are expected to call witnesses to testify at Coast Gua Guard Headquarters, 12 Broad- way, beginning tomorrow. Vice Admiral W. W. Smith, USN, Re Retired, chairman of the United Commission; States Maritime Comdr. Richard Parkhurst, a mem- ber of the commission, and Rep- resentative Willis Bradley of Cali- fornia, a member of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee, also visited the Erics- son yesterday. The damage to the liner is ex- pected to end her career as an American-flag vessel. Even before the blaze that swept her prome- nade and boat decks, her future under this country's colors was _ A member of the crew examining the women's dormitory which was severely damaged on Friday The New York Timen regarded as limited. Sh Con scheduled to withdraw from ship praised the work of members of sengers from the Ericsson who are operation by July 1. No interest in the ship's crew and the Fire De- to debark at that port. Hotel res- could not sail again without Coast the 16,552-ton liner has been dis- partment in fighting the blaze. ervations were made for some of Guard waivers of normal safety played by American operators. It Arrangements were made yes- the passengers by the United standards for an American passen- is the consensus that if she sails terday for some of the 450 pas- States Lines, agents for the vessel ger vessel. again, she will fly foreign colors. sengers booked for the Ericsson to and at least one passenger decidedReconversion of the liner to reg- Ca At- sail tomorrow on the transport to make the trip by plane. ular peacetime sailing condition Capt. Hewlett R. Bishop, lantic Coast director for the Mari- Marine Marlin. According to preliminary esti- w wou would be a much more costly and time Commission, said that pre-The Marine Marlin, originally mates, the work of repairing the lengthy process.She has been limi "scheduled to take 300 passengers fire's damage to the Ericsson equipped in troop-transport style deck on the liner had sufferedto Southampton, Le Havre and would cost $500,000 and would.since shortly after being purchased standards. Until the Washington returns, the 26,454-ton America, with ac- commodations for 1,059 passengers, and a fleet of C-4 t type transports and other smaller vessels will be the only ships representing this country's merchant marine in transatlantic passenger service. trans The C-i's are basically cargo carriers, pressed into passenger service primarily to bring displaced persons from Europe and Africa to the United States. They are serving in an in an emergency role and prospective travelers are being ad- vised not to expect comfortable accommodations aboard them. Competing with th the America in luxury service to European ports are a fleet of European ships that will grow steadily in the coming months. Among the foreign liners are the Cunard White Star's Queen Elizabeth, the Swedish American's Gripsholm and Drottningholm, the Holland-America's Veendam, Wes- terdam and Noordam and the Nor- wegian America's Stavengerfjord. All of the ships, like the America, are heavily booked in advance. Before the end of the year the liners Queen Mary, Mauretania tannic. She is owned by the Maritime water damage only and that four Bremerhaven, also will call at take at least six weeks. Even in expected to join the hite Commission and that agency is lower decks wera undamaged. He Cobh, Eire, to accommodate pas- the worls were undertaken, the ship Star transatlantic fleet. Fire Sweeps Liner S. S. Ericsson, Threatens S. S. Queen Elizabeth New York Firemen Avert Another Normandie Disaster Against Unusual Odds. Ship Total Loss EDITORS NOTE: The burning of the S. S. John Ericsson, originally christened the liner Kungsholm, on March 7, 1947, five years and one month after the destruction of the S. S. Lafayette, formerly the French liner Normandie, otters a number of interesting comparisons for the student of fire fighting. In many ways the two fires were almost identical. Yet there were marked differences in the strategy used to control the fire on the Ericsson and that on the Normandie, even though in the final outcome, both vessels may be classed as total losses. The author of this article had the privilege of better than a dock-side observation of both these ship fires, from the time of arrival of the second-alarm companies, until, in the case of the Normandie, everyone was ordered ashore and the vessel was given up to the tide; and in that of the Ericsson, until all companies except those completing the final overhauling had returned to quarters. From his observations, supported by notes made on the ground and source data generously supplied by the New York Fire Department under Fire Commissioner Frank Quayle and Chief of Staff and Operations, Frank Murphy, who were in charge of the Ericsson fire, the following account has been written. In paying deserved tribute to the operations of the New York Fire Department in controlling the fire on the S. S. Ericsson and in materially assisting to prevent a duplication of the tragic fiasco which permicted the Normandie to capsize following her destructive fire, the editors make it plain that no criticism or slight is intended of that stalwart army of fire fighters which battled the greater and more complicated fire in the Normandie. Scores of officers and men who fought the Normandie fire also engaged in the briefer, but nonetheless strenuous Ericsson struggle. SELDOM have New York City firefighters been confronted with such a dangerous threat to life and property as faced them on the afternoon of March 7, 1947, when they responded to an ala,rm for a fire on the S. S. John Ericsson, originally named the Kungsholm, at Pier 90, North River, Manhattan. The war-worn former Swedish-American luxury liner, converted at the outbreak of the war into a troopship, was heavily involved by fire and smoke before the arrival of the first-due companies, as a result of a delayed alarm and ineffectual efforts of the crew to fight the flames. Fire, flaring from the superstructure, threatened the giant Pier, built with companion Pier 88 at costs reported to be $5,000,000 each. Smoke drifted over the Pier across the bow of the giant Queen Elizabeth, moored on the South side of the structure, and being loaded for sailing that afternoon. Pier 90, scene of the near-disaster is one block north of Pier 88, where the illfated Normandie burned, capsized five years and one month before. The same fire alarm box was struck for both fires, Signal Station 852, but in both cases the box was tied in with a pier Class 3 “building box,” each pier having a different terminal. Thus the signal for the Normandie was 3-852-1, and for the Ericsson, 3-852-2. Some Similarities Between the Two Ship Fires Records of the two ship fires show a number of similarities. Thus they occurred during winter weather, at almost exactly the same time of day, the middle of the afternoon. The first alarm for the Normandie was received at 2:49 P. M., that for the Ericsson at 2:24 P. M. The weather conditions were about the same, sky clear, temperature about freezing. The wind was in the same direction, carrying smoke shoreward, and the tides were about the same. Both ships we.re on the north side of identical piers and both were under control of the government, having received alterations to fit them for war work. The fire started in the upper works of each ship, about midships, but from different causes. However, in the case of both fires, crew members and workers wasted precious time attempting to control the fire, and in both cases there was an appreciable delay in sending in the alarm to the municipal fire department. There the comparison ceases. The Normandie was almost twice as long as the Ericsson; of four times the tonnage, haying eleven decks to the smaller ship’s five, and a higher freeboard. Five alarms were transmitted for the Normandie fire, bringing thirty-seven pieces of equipment—twenty-four engines, six laddey trucks and three boats, as well as a water tower, rescue comoany and searchlight. Four alarms were sounded for the Ericsson. The fight on the Normandie fire was directed by the late Commissioner and Chief Patrick Walsh. Another former commissioner and chief. John J. McElligott, in charge of fire protection for the Todd Shipbuilding Company was a spectator at the passing of the Normandie. The struggle to save the Ericsson was directed by Chief of Staff and Operations. Frank Murphy, with New York’s Fire Commissioner Frank B. Quayle standing by. The Ericsson is a twin-screw motor ship about 20,000 tons, over 600 feet long and seventy-eight foot beam, with a draft of forty-two feet, eight inches. At the time of the fire, she had five decks, one of which, a former glass-enclosed promenade deck, had been sheathed with wooden siding as a war measure. Aerial View of S.S. Ericsson Fire on New York's North River Waterfront Showing liner Queen Elizabeth on south side of Pier 90 with Fireboat Harvey at end of pier. At far right is Pier 88, where the S.S. Normandie burned and capsized in 1942. The ship was built in 1928 for the Swedish-American Line in Hamburg, Germany, at a cost reported to be $4,600,000, for the luxury tourist trade. For thirteen years she saw peacetime service as a cruise and trans-Atlantic passenger ship. Twice during her civilian pre-war career as a flagship of the Swedish-American Line, the ship escaped with only minor damages in two collisions at sea. Originally designed to accommodate almost 1,500 passengers and a crew on extended, leisurely cruises, the vessel was awarded the Grand Prix for excellence and artistic decoration at the Antwerp World’s Fair of Shipping in 1930. Woods from Africa and Scandinavia paneled the walls and murals adorned the smoking and other lounging rooms. Her peacetime career ended six days after Pearl Harbor when the Federal Government seized the vessel. Later a reported price of §7,000,000 was paid for her and she was converted to a troop carrier to accommodate 4,000 at a sailing. For four years she wore the battleship gray service paint, carrying more than 100,000 troops and traveling more than 170,000 miles. The ship currently being operated by the United States Lines as agents for the Maritime Commission after the end of the war, was scheduled to sail from Pier 90 at 3:00 P. M. March 8 with a passenger list of 512 for Cobh, Eire: Southhampton and Le Havre. She carried a general cargo of ship’s stores and three automobiles at the time of the fire, none of which suffered fire damage, however. On the day of the blaze, the balance of the crew, said to number 414 at full strength, were being signed on, only about half the full complement being aboard at the outbreak of the fire. About eighty longshoremen were engaged in loading operations. Liner Queen Elizabeth Docked Across the Pier The giant Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was moored the other side of Pier 90 and scheduled to depart for England at 4:30 P. M. The pier was crowded with many of hey 2,23l passengers, visitors, baggagemen, porters and crewmen at the time the fire was discovered. Approaches to the shore end of the huge pier in the vicinity of 11th Avenue and 45th to 55th Streets were jammed with taxis, trucks and private cars as departure time neared. Despite the efforts of heavy police details at the time, this traffic congestion seriously impeded the movements of fire apparatus. During the fire, Captain C. G. Illingworth, master of the Queen Elizabeth, ordered his pilot and tugboat skippers to be readv to move the liner into the North River at a moment’s notice. The Elizabeth’s boilers were always ready for operation six hours before sailing time. Captain Illingworth and his officers kept a sharp watch on the progress of the fight to control the fire in the Ericsson and details of the crew are said to have aided in the initial fire fighting efforts. It was reported by Fire Commissioner Quayle, following an investigation by Acting Chief Fire Marshall Martin Scott, that the fire was apparently caused by a short circuit in the electrical wiring. Chief Engineer Edward Russell of the Ericsson told Marshal Scott that periodic minor failures in the electrical stations and wiring and occasional short circuits had occurred particularly when the ship was running through heavy weather On her last westward winter voyage it is said the Ericsson encountered very heavy weather. The fire was first discovered by a steward who saw flames coursing about the ceiling of the promenade deck alleyway on “A” deck about midship of the vessel. This is said to be the promenade deck that had been boarded in with wooden sheathing as a war measure. Staff Captain John G. Hart who, with Captain Harold Milde, former master of the vessel, were aboard when the fire started, testified that he believed the fire started “about the root of No. 1 stack in the public room.” Captain Milde, however, said he thought it started in the aft brides’ quarters, but was at a loss to explain how it gained such headway. It was said by Captain Hart that “most of the ship’s wiring was new” and that since he had been aboard last August there had been only one inconsequential fire in the stowage. Delayed Alarm Costly The sequence of events following discovery of the fire are not clear, judging from contradictory statements of individuals. The investigation conducted by the fire department officials—who were first on the scene and who received the earliest statements of crew personnel, and of dockers, established a delay of twenty minutes between discovery of the fire and receipt of the alarm by the Fire Department. Officers of the liner testified before the Coast Guard Investigating Board that “the City Fire Department was a long time responding” to the fire. Both Captain Milde and Staff Captain Tohn Hart stated that an alarm for the City firemen was telephoned to the pier immediately after the vessel’s own alarm was sounded. But according to the testimony given Acting Fire Marshal Scott by Hyman Melamed, a steward, the latter placed the time of discovery of the fire at about 2:00 P. M. He said he grabbed an extinguisher, but found it out of order. He then started shouting and two other members of the crew, Fred Dam, an assistant steward and Chief Officer Herbert L. Parker, came on the run. The three men, Marshal Scott was told, fought the fire for some twenty minutes. By that time they saw they were in real trouble as the blaze grew and was completely out of hand. One of them ran from the ship to the pier office, where the fire box was pulled at 2:24 P. M. Burned and Flooded Promenade Deck of S.S. Ericsson Fire started on this deck, swept upward into superstructure, Note wooden sheathing above ship's rail. All the combustibles were consumed by fire. According to testimony given the Board by Marshal Scott, a member of the crew, Nathaniel Walker, stated that he was returning to the ship between 1:20 and 1:30 P. M. the afternoon of the fire when he saw smoke coming from the officers’ quarters (amidships of the vessel between the stacks) and found some c,rew members on “A” deck (the deck below the promenade deck) attempting to use fire extinguishers. Scott said Walker added that he tried to use four different extinguishers, but none worked. However, no confirmation of this man’s testimony concerning the inoperation of extinguishers has been released. Captain Milde claimed that City apparatus took “approximately fifteen minutes” to reach the Ericsson, vet Marshal Scott told the three-member Board that he made a personal check of the running time of Engine 2, wdtich is located at 43rd Street near 11th Avenue. seven blocks away and found it was one and one-half minutes. The fire alarm bureau received the first alarm from the “Class 3” box on the pier at 2:24 P. M. Acting Batallion Chief Thomas P. Hartnett of the 9th Battalion, reported dispatching the second alarm, which was logged by fire alarm headquarters at 2:32 P. M. In view of the distance that had to be traveled by the first due company officer, as well as Chief Hartnett, to determine the extent and seriousness of the fire, through the crowds and traffic, it is evident the department wasted no time in its size-up and in calling for additional help. Departmental reports show further that the first truck company, Ladder 4, arrived thirty seconds after Engine 2. Fireboats and Tugs Attack S.S. Ericsson Fire from Waterside Operations at about the height of the $1,500,000 fire on the S.S. Ericsson, showing Pier 90 and the huge Queen Elizalreth in background. A number of fire department officials in addition to Acting Marshal Scott are of the opinion that there was fire aboard the ship as early as 1:30 and possibly 1:20 P. M., which would mean a delay of not twenty but as much as sixty minutes. Ericsson Was a Hazard Representative Willis W. Bradley, Chairman of a House Merchant Marine subcommittee, which recently approved legislation extending for another year the Coast Guard’s power to grant waivers of safety requirements, disclosed that the liner Ericsson had been granted such a waiver of safety requirements. Mr. Bradley, former sea captain, said that until new ships are built, the United States will lag in Atlantic passenger shipping or must continue to send out ships that cannot meet safety requirements. Bradley said he inspected the Ericsson the week before the fire and soon after the blaze. “She never should have run in the first place,” he said. “She was too old and out of date. . . . The fire undoubtedly will make it more difficult to obtain passage of the legislation continuing the waiver power of the Coast Guard, but the legislation must be passed. . . Fire Department Operations Whatever the cause, and wherever the blame rested for its delayed arrival, the fire department faced a serious situation. Besides the apparent fire in the more than block-long, and four-story-high liner, with an unknown number of passengers and crew aboard, there was one of the world’s largest passenger liners, the Queen Elizabeth, taking up over 1,000 feet of the other side of Pier 90, her upper works projecting above the pier structure, with a wind which favored extension of the fire to the pier and to the Queen Elizabeth. Further complicating the situation, was the unusual life hazard created by hundreds of persons already on the pier, more hundreds (in addition to the Queen’s own crew of over 1,000) aboard the Queen Elizabeth, and still more hundreds trying to push their way with their baggage onto the pier. The average student of fire fighting may not appreciate the serious problem presented by fire in a ship, even half the size of the Queen Elizabeth or the Normandie, laying alongside one of these huge municipal piers—reported largest in the world. Owing to the distance from nearby hydrants or even from the waterside bulkhead line on either side of the pier parallel to 11th Avenue, it requires almost the entire contents of the standard hose body of pumper or tender to reach from the source of water supply to the ship itself, without including the necessary lengths to cover the distance onto the ship and operations on its decks or within holds. The question may be asked: with ample water all around the pier, why bhtlier with hydrants? Why not take suction at waterside right away? The answer is plain to anyone who has seen conditions at this and other similar piers: dockside areas are frequently obstructed with boxed and baled goods and motor trucks on the land side and barges or other craft on the waterside. Until a company arrives, it never knows what it will be up against. It is a departmental order that the first one or two pumpers shall take position right at the shore end of the pier, and barring waterside obstructions, take draft and connect with the standpipe Siamese connections. It therefore calls for quick action and good judgment on the part of incoming company officers, and of chief officers, to decide upon the initial strategy of attack on the fire. It was noticeable in the case of the. Normandie fire that many companies stretched from the land end of the pier from hydrants across 11th Avenue and as far distant as two blocks and then practically the entire length of the pier, and up the high freeboard of the ship or took their lines over gangways into ports to get at the fire. Of course, other lines were taken topside near the ship’s bow and still others up onto the decks and roof of the pier itself. But the majority of stretches called for practically all the hose, both 3-inch and 2-inch, that the two-piece companies carried, and in some cases even these supplies were insufficient and lines had to be spliced out by lengths borrowed from other units. In the Normandie fire all that made these extraordinary stretches possible within any reasonable time was the ample manpower available. The help of Navy and Coast Guard personnel in the attack on the burning Normandie has perhaps never been fully appreciated by the man on the street, although New York firemen who battled that blaze were aware of it. FIRE DEPARTMENT RESPONSE Changing Location Fire Alarm Headquarters: Disnatchers Redmond, Hearn, Rohe, Milmore, Walker, Kilkenny and Hannemann. Radio: Margaret McLaughlin. The situation at the Ericsson fire was different. Even it the first alarm and later companies preferred to follow the strategy used in combatting the Normandie fire, and stretch down pier, it would have been almost impossible due to the traffic jam and confusion. Many hydrants were unapproachable, as were vantage spots along much of the bulkhead, it has been a marvel to this observer how New York’s ladder truck drivers and tillermen managed to get their tractor trucks anywhere near the entrance of the pier. Incidentally, the Ericsson’s position, unlike that of the Normandie, did not permit raising aerial extension ladders to her prow. Over 150 crewmen and Navy personnel were lemoved from the burning Normandie down two such ladders early in the fire. Had the Ericsson been located at the extreme land end of the long pier, the process might have been duplicated. Wherever and whoever the orders came from, there appears to have been a ffuick size-up and no delay in reaching the decision that, to many observers, appeared to be the only correct one— drive the apparatus right out into the pier shed and take suction over the dockside while utilizing the pier’s standpipe system, supplied from the land-end by fire department pumpe,rs. With a good start, the flames first spread aft and then forward up elevator shafts into the officers’ quarters (just below and aft of the bridge) and from the promenade deck to the other pyomenade and boat decks. In her conversion to wartime use sections of the ship had been fitted with multiple bunks in tiers and combustible partitions had been installed, together with the wooden storm windows and bulkheads. The covering of the steel stanchions also was flammable and this all provided ample fuel for hot fire and rapid extension. The fire proved particularly stubborn when it reached the officers’ quarters forward of amidships, and firemen received severe punishment in this phase of the battle. Members of Rescue 1 donned masks to aid them in reaching the seat of the smoky blaze. Meanwhile, on the waterside, another phase of the fight was being waged. The first due fireboat. the Duane (Engine 85) took almost the same position on the Ericsson that she occupied in the Normandie fire—about midships of the burning vessel—where she swept the burning upper decks with heavy streams. A fleet of railroad and other tugs, nosed in beside her, operating their monitor nozzles. The fireboat Harvey (Engine 86) located at the pier’s end. Lines of 3 1/2inch hose were stretched to the ship, supplying 2 1/2-inch lines through wyes. Three Coast Guard cutters also were at the scene. By 3:00 P. M. firemen were able to carry the attack aboard the ship itself. Soon after that, having in mind the aftermath of the Normandie fire, Chief Murphy and Commissioner Quayle ordered all streams that were operating from the dockside and pier shed decks and roof to be shut down. As soon as it was evident the land companies could handle the blaze, the tugboats shut down and the fireboat barrage was reduced. Taking no chances that the tons of water pumped into the ship would capsize her, at tlie hrst perceptible list the crew battened down all lower ports and lower gangways were removed and cargo ports sealed so that even at severe list, no water would enter. Portable pumps were ordered to be in readiness to start pumping out the water, and soon after 5:45 P. M. when Chief Murphy officially declared the fire “out,” these units were put to work. Further danger of overload was eliminated by opening up the superstructure and deck scuppers to direct impounded water overboard. The light starboard list was soon corrected and the ship restored to even keel. Few Injuries It is considered remarkable that despite the strenuous fire fighting, with so many personnel involved, and the congestion and confusion, so few persons were injured. Only two of the 200 and more firemen engaged in operations were injured. They were Firemen John R. Donovan of Rescue 1, second degree burns of the head, and Franklin P. Screder, Engine 16, struck by debris. Rubon Soto, steward and Chief Officer Herbert L. Parker suffered smoke inhalation and were sent to hospitals but discharged later. Dominic Pandallo, dock worker, was treated on the pier for burns of the eye. Ship Reported Total Loss On March 12 the Maritime Commission announced that, following inspection of the ship’s damage, the liner will not be returned to service. She was towed away from her pier on March 11th to Pier 18, Staten Island, to await her final disposition. According to members of the Commission, the expense of repairing and converting the 19-year-old vessel would not be justified because of her age and extremely hard usage during the war. Another War Transport—the George Washington—Damaged by Fire Jersey City firemen, under Chief Frank Ertle control threatening fire on historic old former German ship. Note department’s use of aerial ladders to reach structure front large open pier. Just what the final damage estimate will be is not disclosed, but members of the Commission tentatively set it at $1,500,000. It is said, however, that in view of the decision not to refit her, the estimate will be ten times that figure. Two-Hour Fire on Liner George Washington The Jersey City Fire Department, under Fire Chief Frank Ertle, successfully quelled a threatening fire aboard the Army transport George Washington, veteran troop carrier of two World Wars, March 20, 1947. The fire originated in the aft superstructure of the 24,000-ton vessel and, according to Chief Ertle, caused “considerable damage” to the officers’ lounge before it was controlled by ten fire companies responding to two alarms, and aided by two New York fireboats and Coast Guard cutters. The George Washington was moored on the north side of Chapel Avenue Pier. Caven Point, Jersey City. Directly aft of her was another transport, the President Tyler, which was not damaged. Tugs stood by during the fire, ready to move both ships, if necessary. Crewmen of an Army dredge discovered the fire and notified Brooklyn Army Base, which sent the alarm to Jersey City Fire Headquarters. The second alarm was sent at 4:13 A. M. Both the George Washington and the President Tyler are due for decommissioning and the former was scheduled to sail the following Tuesday for Baltimore. The George Washington, 38-year-old former German liner, was seized by the Government in World War I. She later carried President Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference. The historic old liner should not be confused with the newer U. S. Line’s George Washington, now in active service. (Continued on page 246) (Continued from page 231) Captain Wilhelm Johnson, in charge of the seventy-man maintenance crewon the ship, said that quick action by this force upon discovery of the fire, prevented more serious damage. He blamed the fire on defective wiring, saying it had started in the ceiling and worked downward, consuming the flammable furnishings that still remained following her service in World War II. Rescued from the boneyard shortly before Pearl Harbor, the ship was turned over to the British by the Navy but the British were unable to use her as a coal-burning ship and returned her to the United States when this country entered the war. The liner was converted to an oil-burning troop transport at a cost of $8,000,000 and caryied thousands of troops during and after the war in both directions before being retired to Caven Point. Recently offered for sale, the vessel attracted no bidders and she was ordered to Baltimo.re for lay-up. Third Cosily Ship Fire—Monarch of Bermuda Burns Climaxing the chain of recent costly ship fires was the blaze that swept the 22,424-ton liner Monarch of Bermuda, March 24, 1947, while the ship was in drydock for reconditioning at Hebburnon-Tyne, England. The cause of the fire, which burned for seven hours before being controlled by more than 200 firemen, called from all the towns along the Tyne, Wear and Tees Rivers, and all available fireboats that could be pressed into service, was not determined. It is reported to have started on the top deck, at 4:35 A. M., and spread rapidly throughout the three upper decks of the once lavishly fitted liner. Fremen ran their hose lines over piles of shipyard debris and used dockside cranes to suspend them to facilitate firefighting operations. Five firemen were hospitalized from burns and smoke poisoning. Despite the tons of water thrown into the ship, the National Fire Service reported after the fire that the vessel showed no signs of listing. The damage was estimated at close to $4,000,000. The Monarch of Bermuda, built in England in 1931, was being refitted at Palmer’s Shipyards for resumption of the vacation trade between Bermuda and New York. She was the third ship to catch fire on the Tyne in a month, the others being the Strathliard, 22,000-tons, and the Arunda, 9,000-tons. Furness, Withy & Co.. Ltd., owners of the vessel, have issued no statement on the fi.re and reporters were barred from the docks, but the damage was described as “major” and reports are that it might prove more economical to build a new ship than to refit the charred hull. The Monarch of Bermuda was demobilized last February, after having carried 160,000 American. British and Canadian troops since 1940. In September, 1934, when she was on the Bermuda run, she rescued seventy-one persons from the burning liner Morro Castle, which was destroyed off the New Jersey coast with a loss of 124 lives. Manhattan (/mænˈhætən, mən-/), known regionally as the City,[1] is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. It is the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, and coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Manhattan serves as the city's economic and administrative center, cultural identifier,[7] and historical birthplace.[8] The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island, bounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers; as well as several small adjacent islands. Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill, a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland, separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem Ship Canal and later connected using landfill to The Bronx. Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components, each cutting across the borough's long axis: Lower, Midtown, and Upper Manhattan. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world,[9][10][11][12] and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters.[13] Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world,[14][15][16][17] and Manhattan is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization: the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.[18][19] Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan, and the borough has been the setting for numerous books, films, and television shows. Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world, with the value of Manhattan Island, including real estate, estimated to exceed US$3 trillion in 2013;[8][20] median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US$1,600 per square foot ($17,000/m2) as of 2018,[21] with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world, at US$3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) per year in 2017.[22] Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664[23] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[24] New York, based in present-day Manhattan, served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.[25] The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th century[26] and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace.[27] Manhattan became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898. New York County is the smallest county by land area in the contiguous United States, the second-smallest American county overall (larger only than Kalawao County, Hawaii), as well as the most densely populated U.S. county.[28] Its density makes it one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2020 census population of 1,694,251 living in a land area of 22.83 square miles (59.13 km2),[29][30][5] or 72,918 residents per square mile (28,154/km2), higher than the density of any individual U.S. city.[31] On business days, the influx of commuters increases this number to over 3.9 million,[32] or more than 170,000 people per square mile (65,600/km2). Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York City's five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, and is the smallest borough in terms of land area.[33] If each borough were ranked as a city, Manhattan would rank as the sixth-most populous in the U.S. Many districts and landmarks in Manhattan are well known, as New York City received a record 62.8 million tourists in 2017,[34] and Manhattan hosts three of the world's 10 most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, and Grand Central Terminal.[35] The borough hosts many prominent bridges, such as the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg, Queensboro, Triborough, and George Washington Bridges; tunnels such as the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels; skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and One World Trade Center;[36] and parks, such as Central Park. Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[37] and the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, part of the Stonewall National Monument, is considered the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement.[38][39] The City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan,[8] and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the city's government.[40] Numerous colleges and universities are located in Manhattan,[41] including Columbia University, New York University, Cornell Tech, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 40 in the world.[42][43] Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Colonial era 2.2 American Revolution and the early United States 2.3 19th century 2.4 20th century 2.5 21st century 3 Geography 3.1 Components 3.1.1 Manhattan Island 3.1.2 Marble Hill 3.1.3 Smaller islands 3.2 Geology 3.2.1 Bedrock 3.2.2 Updated seismic analysis 3.3 Locations 3.3.1 Adjacent counties 3.3.2 National protected areas 3.3.3 Neighborhoods 3.4 Climate 3.5 Boroughscape 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Languages 5 Landmarks and architecture 5.1 Architectural history 5.2 Parkland 6 Economy 6.1 Financial sector 6.2 Corporate sector 6.3 Tech and biotech 6.4 Tourism 6.5 Real estate 6.6 Media 6.6.1 News 6.6.2 Television, radio, film 7 Education 8 Culture and contemporary life 9 Sports 10 Government 10.1 Politics 10.1.1 Representatives in the U.S. Congress 10.2 Federal offices 10.3 Crime and public safety 11 Housing 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Transportation 12.1.1 Public transportation 12.1.2 Major highways 12.1.3 Taxis 12.1.4 Bicycles 12.1.5 Streets and roads 12.1.6 River crossings 12.1.7 Heliports 12.2 Utilities 12.3 Health care 12.4 Water purity and availability 12.5 Address algorithm 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Local government and services 17.2 Maps Etymology The name Manhattan derives from the Munsee Lenape language term manaháhtaan (where manah- means "gather", -aht- means "bow", and -aan is an abstract element used to form verb stems). The Lenape word has been translated as "the place where we get bows" or "place for gathering the (wood to make) bows". According to a Munsee tradition recorded by Albert Seqaqkind Anthony in the 19th century, the island was named so for a grove of hickory trees at the lower end that was considered ideal for the making of bows.[44] It was first recorded in writing as Manna-hata, in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).[45] A 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River (later named the Hudson River). Alternative etymologies in folklore include "island of many hills",[46] "the island where we all became intoxicated" and simply "island", as well as a phrase descriptive of the whirlpool at Hell Gate.[47] It is thought that Manhattoe originally only referred to a location at the very southern tip of Manhattan, and came to signifiy the whole island to the Dutch through pars pro toto. History See also: History of New York City History of New York City Lenape and New Netherland, to 1664 New Amsterdam British and Revolution, 1665–1783 Federal and early American, 1784–1854 Tammany and Consolidation, 1855–1897 (Civil War, 1861–1865) Early 20th century, 1898–1945 Post–World War II, 1946–1977 Modern and post-9/11, 1978–present See also Timelines: NYC • Bronx • Brooklyn • Queens • Staten Island Category vte Colonial era Peter Minuit, early 1600s 1626 letter in Dutch by Pieter Schaghen stating the purchase of Manhattan for 60 guilders. The Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island The area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape and Wappinger Indians. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – became the first documented European to visit the area that would become New York City. He entered the tidal strait now known as The Narrows and named the land around Upper New York Harbor New Angoulême, in reference to the family name of King Francis I that was derived from Angoulême in France; he sailed far enough into the harbor to sight the Hudson River, which he referred to in his report to the French king as a "very big river"; and he named the Bay of Santa Margarita – what is now Upper New York Bay – after Marguerite de Navarre, the elder sister of the king.[48][49] It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped.[50] Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present-day Albany.[51] A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam), in what is now Lower Manhattan.[52][53] The 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City.[54] According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen, Peter Minuit and Dutch colonists acquired Manhattan on May 24, 1626, from unnamed native people, who are believed to have been Canarsee Indians of the Manhattoe, in exchange for traded goods worth 60 guilders,[55] often said to be worth US$24. The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch Estates General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company, Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the Estates General in November 1626.[56] In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to US$24 (he arrived at $24 = Fl 60/2.5, because the US dollar was erroneously equated with the Dutch rijksdaalder having a standard value of 2.5 guilders).[57] "[A] variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars," as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York.[58] Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006 and $963 in 2020, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam.[59] Based on the price of silver, "The Straight Dope" newspaper column calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992.[60] Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014, suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as monetary equivalencies, the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $2,600 and $15,600 in current dollars.[61] According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsee, who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks, a band of the Wappinger.[62] In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony.[63] New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.[64] In 1674, the English bought New Netherland, after the Holland lost rentable sugar business in Brazil, and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany, the future King James II.[65] The Dutch, under Director General Stuyvesant, successfully negotiated with the English to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer, which sought to retain for the extant citizens of New Netherland their previously attained liberties (including freedom of religion) under their new English rulers.[66][53] The Dutch Republic re-captured the city in August 1673, renaming it "New Orange". New Netherland was ultimately ceded to the English in November 1674 through the Treaty of Westminster.[67] This statue of President Washington stands in front of Federal Hall (on Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first U.S. president in 1789,[68] sculptor, John Quincy Adams Ward American Revolution and the early United States Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of major battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British military and political center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.[69] The military center for the colonists was established in New Jersey.[70][71] British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city.[72] From January 11, 1785, to the fall of 1788, New York City was the fifth of five capitals of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, with the Continental Congress meeting at New York City Hall (then at Fraunces Tavern). New York was the first capital under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall.[73] Federal Hall was also the site where the United States Supreme Court met for the first time,[74] the United States Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified,[75] and where the Northwest Ordinance was adopted, establishing measures for adding new states to the Union.[76] 19th century New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada.[77][78] By 1810, New York City, then confined to Manhattan, had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.[79] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 laid out the island of Manhattan in its familiar grid plan. Manhattan in 1873. The Brooklyn Bridge was under construction from 1870 until 1883 Tammany Hall, a Democratic Party political machine, began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park, which opened to the public in 1858, became the first landscaped public park in an American city.[80][81] New York City played a complex role in the American Civil War. The city's strong commercial ties to the southern United States existed for many reasons, including the industrial power of the Hudson River, which allowed trade with stops such as the West Point Foundry, one of the great manufacturing operations in the early United States; and the city's Atlantic Ocean ports, rendering New York City the American powerhouse in terms of industrial trade between the northern and southern United States. Anger arose about conscription, with resentment at those who could afford to pay $300 to avoid service leading to resentment against Lincoln's war policies and fomenting paranoia about free Blacks taking the poor immigrants' jobs,[82] culminating in the three-day-long New York Draft Riots of July 1863. These intense war-time riots are counted among the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history, with an estimated 119 participants and passersby massacred.[83] The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France.[84][85] New York's growing immigrant population, which had earlier consisted mainly of German and Irish immigrants, began in the late 1800s to include waves of impoverished Italians and Central and Eastern European Jews flowing in en masse. This new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of revolution (including anarchists and communists among others), syndicalism, racketeering, and unionization. In 1883, the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a road connection to Brooklyn, across the East River. In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County from Westchester County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed.[86] In 1898, when New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form "the City of Greater New York", Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs. On January 1, 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County and New York County was reduced to its present boundaries.[87] The "Sanitary & Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York", commonly known as the Viele Map, was created by Egbert Ludovicus Viele in 1865 20th century Further information: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and Stonewall riots Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900 The construction of the New York City Subway, which opened in 1904, helped bind the new city together, as did additional bridges to Brooklyn. In the 1920s Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the southern United States, and the Harlem Renaissance, part of a larger boom time in the Prohibition era that included new skyscrapers competing for the skyline. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1925, overtaking London, which had reigned for a century.[88] Manhattan's majority white ethnic group declined from 98.7% in 1900 to 58.3% by 1990.[89] On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village killed 146 garment workers. The disaster eventually led to overhauls of the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.[90] The period between the World Wars saw the election of reformist mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the fall of Tammany Hall after 80 years of political dominance.[91] As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under La Guardia. Despite the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s, including numerous Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline, most notably the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the 30 Rockefeller Plaza.[92] V-J Day in Times Square in Times Square, 1945 Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom, which led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans, the largest being Peter Cooper Village-Stuyvesant Town, which opened in 1947.[93] In 1951–1952, the United Nations relocated to a new headquarters the East Side of Manhattan.[94][95] The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[96][97] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[98][99] In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[100] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[101] The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and Manhattan reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the AIDS crisis, with Greenwich Village at its epicenter. The organizations Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) were founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease. By the 1990s crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Murder rates that had reached 2,245 in 1990 plummeted to 537 by 2008, and the crack epidemic and its associated drug-related violence came under greater control.[102] The outflow of population turned around, as the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world, joining with low interest rates and Wall Street bonuses to fuel the growth of the real estate market.[103] Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in Manhattan's economy. The newly completed Singer Building towering above the city, 1909   A construction worker atop the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930; to the right is the Chrysler Building.   The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern gay rights movement.[96][104][105]   United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the first World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. 21st century Further information: September 11 attacks Flooding on Avenue C caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012[106] On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center, and the towers subsequently collapsed. 7 World Trade Center collapsed due to fires and structural damage caused by heavy debris falling from the collapse of the Twin Towers. The other buildings within the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to other surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people, in addition to those on the planes. Since 2001, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored, although there has been controversy surrounding the rebuilding. Many rescue workers and residents of the area developed several life-threatening illnesses that have led to some of their subsequent deaths.[107] A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, and the museum opened in 2014. In 2014, the new One World Trade Center, at 1,776 feet (541 m) and formerly known as the Freedom Tower, became the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere,[108] while other skyscrapers were under construction at the site. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[109] On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the borough, ravaging portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high storm surge from New York Harbor,[110] severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of city residents[111] and leading to gasoline shortages[112] and disruption of mass transit systems.[113][114][115][116] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[117] Around 15 percent of the borough is considered to be in flood-risk zones.[118] On October 31, 2017, a terrorist took a rental pickup truck and deliberately drove down a bike path alongside the West Side Highway in Lower Manhattan, killing eight people and injuring a dozen others before crashing into a school bus.[119] Geography See also: Geography of New York City Satellite image of Manhattan Island, bounded by the Hudson River to the west, the Harlem River to the north, the East River to the east, and New York Harbor to the south, with rectangular Central Park prominently visible. Roosevelt Island, in the East River, belongs to Manhattan. Location of Manhattan (red) within New York City (remainder white) Components The borough consists of Manhattan Island, Marble Hill, and several small islands, including Randalls Island and Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor.[120] According to the United States Census Bureau, New York County has a total area of 33.6 square miles (87 km2), of which 22.8 square miles (59 km2) is land and 10.8 square miles (28 km2) (32%) is water.[2] The northern segment of Upper Manhattan represents a geographic panhandle. Manhattan Island is 22.7 square miles (59 km2) in area, 13.4 miles (21.6 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) wide, at its widest (near 14th Street).[121] Icebergs are often compared in size to the area of Manhattan.[122][123][124] Manhattan Island Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Downtown (Lower Manhattan), Midtown (Midtown Manhattan), and Uptown (Upper Manhattan), with Fifth Avenue dividing Manhattan lengthwise into its East Side and West Side. Manhattan Island is bounded by the Hudson River to the west and the East River to the east. To the north, the Harlem River divides Manhattan Island from the Bronx and the mainland United States. Early in the 19th century, landfill was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at Greenwich Street to West Street.[125] When building the World Trade Center in 1968, 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m3) of material was excavated from the site.[126] Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills, the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street, creating Battery Park City.[127] The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha), providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks;[128] Hudson River Park was subsequently opened in stages beginning in 1998.[129] Little Island opened on the Hudson River in May 2021, connected to the western termini of 13th and 14th Streets by footbridges.[130] Marble Hill One neighborhood of New York County, Marble Hill, is contiguous with the U.S. mainland. Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island, but the Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan as an island between the Bronx and the remainder of Manhattan.[131] Before World War I, the section of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in, and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.[132] Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times, and much of the natural variation in its topography has been evened out.[46] Smaller islands See also: List of smaller islands in New York City Within New York Harbor, there are three smaller islands: Ellis Island, shared with New Jersey Governors Island Liberty Island Other smaller islands, in the East River, include (from north to south): Randalls and Wards Islands, joined by landfill Mill Rock Roosevelt Island U Thant Island (legally Belmont Island) Geology Bedrock Manhattan schist outcropping in Central Park The bedrock underlying much of Manhattan is a mica schist known as Manhattan schist[133] of the Manhattan Prong physiographic region. It is a strong, competent metamorphic rock that was created when Pangaea formed. It is well suited for the foundations of tall buildings. In Central Park, outcrops of Manhattan schist occur and Rat Rock is one rather large example.[134][135][136] Geologically, a predominant feature of the substrata of Manhattan is that the underlying bedrock base of the island rises considerably closer to the surface near Midtown Manhattan, dips down lower between 29th Street and Canal Street, then rises toward the surface again in Lower Manhattan. It has been widely believed that the depth to bedrock was the primary underlying reason for the clustering of skyscrapers in the Midtown and Financial District areas, and their absence over the intervening territory between these two areas.[137][138] However, research has shown that economic factors played a bigger part in the locations of these skyscrapers.[139][140][141] Updated seismic analysis According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in Manhattan than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near New York City, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.[142] Locations A tall green statue on an island in a harbor. Liberty Island is an exclave of Manhattan, of New York City, and of New York State, that is surrounded by New Jersey waters Adjacent counties Bergen County, New Jersey—west and northwest Hudson County, New Jersey—west and southwest Bronx County (The Bronx)—north and northeast Queens County (Queens)—east Kings County (Brooklyn)—south and southeast Richmond County (Staten Island)—southwest National protected areas African Burial Ground National Monument Castle Clinton National Monument Federal Hall National Memorial General Grant National Memorial Governors Island National Monument Hamilton Grange National Memorial Lower East Side Tenement National Historic Site Statue of Liberty National Monument (part) Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Neighborhoods Main articles: Neighborhoods in New York City and List of Manhattan neighborhoods Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention. Some are geographical (the Upper East Side), or ethnically descriptive (Little Italy). Others are acronyms, such as TriBeCa (for "TRIangle BElow CAnal Street") or SoHo ("SOuth of HOuston"), or the far more recent vintages NoLIta ("NOrth of Little ITAly").[143][144] and NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square Park").[145][146][147] Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem, a city in the Netherlands.[148] Alphabet City comprises Avenues A, B, C, and D, to which its name refers. Some have simple folkloric names, such as Hell's Kitchen, alongside their more official but lesser used title (in this case, Clinton). The Empire State Building in the foreground looking southward from the top of Rockefeller Center, with One World Trade Center in the background, at sunset. The Midtown South Community Council acts as a civic caretaker for much of the neighborhood between the skyscrapers of Midtown and Lower Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as SoHo, which is mixed use, are known for upscale shopping as well as residential use. Others, such as Greenwich Village, the Lower East Side, Alphabet City and the East Village, have long been associated with the Bohemian subculture.[149] Chelsea is one of several Manhattan neighborhoods with large gay populations and has become a center of both the international art industry and New York's nightlife.[150] Washington Heights is a primary destination for immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Chinatown has the highest concentration of people of Chinese descent outside of Asia.[151][152] Koreatown is roughly bounded by 6th and Madison Avenues,[153][154][155] between 31st and 33rd Streets, where Hangul signage is ubiquitous. Rose Hill features a growing number of Indian restaurants and spice shops along a stretch of Lexington Avenue between 25th and 30th Streets which has become known as Curry Hill.[156] Since 2010, a Little Australia has emerged and is growing in Nolita, Lower Manhattan.[157] In Manhattan, uptown means north (more precisely north-northeast, which is the direction the island and its street grid system are oriented) and downtown means south (south-southwest).[158] This usage differs from that of most American cities, where downtown refers to the central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts, the Financial District at the southern tip of the island, and Midtown Manhattan. The term uptown also refers to the northern part of Manhattan above 72nd Street and downtown to the southern portion below 14th Street,[159] with Midtown covering the area in between, though definitions can be rather fluid depending on the situation. Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east/west designations (e.g., East 27th Street, West 42nd Street); street addresses start at Fifth Avenue and increase heading away from Fifth Avenue, at a rate of 100 per block on most streets.[159] South of Waverly Place, Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east/west demarcation line. Although the grid does start with 1st Street, just north of Houston Street (the southernmost street divided in west and east portions; pronounced HOW-stin), the grid does not fully take hold until north of 14th Street, where nearly all east-west streets are numerically identified, which increase from south to north to 220th Street, the highest numbered street on the island. Streets in Midtown are usually one-way, with the few exceptions generally being the busiest cross-town thoroughfares (14th, 23rd, 34th, and 42nd Streets, for example), which are bidirectional across the width of Manhattan Island. The rule of thumb is that odd-numbered streets run west, while even-numbered streets run east.[121] Climate Central Park in autumn Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, New York City features both a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and a humid continental climate (Dfa);[160] it is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with a humid subtropical climate. The city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually.[161] The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[162] Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C);[163] temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,[163][164] and reach 60 °F (16 °C) several days in the coldest winter month.[163] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July.[163] Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer[165] and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.[165] Summer evening temperatures are elevated by the urban heat island effect, which causes heat absorbed during the day to be radiated back at night, raising temperatures by as much as 7 °F (4 °C) when winds are slow.[166] Manhattan receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm); this varies considerably from year to year.[165] vte Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1869–present[c] Climate data for New York Boroughscape Ten-mile Manhattan skyline panorama from 120th Street to the Battery, taken February 21, 2018, from across the Hudson River in Weehawken, New Jersey. Riverside ChurchTime Warner Center220 Central Park SouthCentral Park TowerOne57432 Park Avenue53W53Chrysler BuildingBank of America TowerConde Nast BuildingThe New York Times BuildingEmpire State BuildingManhattan Westa: 55 Hudson Yards, b: 35 Hudson Yards, c: 10 Hudson Yards, d: 15 Hudson Yards56 Leonard Street8 Spruce StreetWoolworth Building70 Pine Street30 Park Place40 Wall StreetThree World Trade CenterFour World Trade CenterOne World Trade Center Demographics Main article: Demographics of Manhattan See also: Demographics of New York City New York City's five boroughsvte Jurisdiction Population GDP Land area Density Borough County Census (2020) billions (2012 US$) square miles square km persons / mi2 persons / km2 The Bronx Bronx 1,472,654 42.695 42.2 109.3 34,920 13,482 Brooklyn Kings 2,736,074 91.559 69.4 179.7 39,438 15,227 Manhattan New York 1,694,251 600.244 22.7 58.8 74,781 28,872 Queens Queens 2,405,464 93.310 108.7 281.5 22,125 8,542 Staten Island Richmond 495,747 14.514 57.5 148.9 8,618 3,327 City of New York 8,804,190 842.343 302.64 783.83 29,095 11,234 State of New York 20,215,751 1,731.910 47,126.40 122,056.82 429 166 Sources:[170][171][172][173] and see individual borough articles Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1656 1,000 —     1698 4,937 +393.7% 1712 5,841 +18.3% 1723 7,248 +24.1% 1731 8,622 +19.0% 1746 11,717 +35.9% 1756 13,040 +11.3% 1771 21,863 +67.7% 1786 23,614 +8.0% 1790 33,131 +40.3% 1800 60,489 +82.6% 1810 96,373 +59.3% 1820 123,706 +28.4% 1830 202,589 +63.8% 1840 312,710 +54.4% 1850 515,547 +64.9% 1860 813,669 +57.8% 1870 942,292 +15.8% 1880 1,164,674 +23.6% 1890 1,441,216 +23.7% 1900 1,850,093 +28.4% 1910 2,331,542 +26.0% 1920 2,284,103 −2.0% 1930 1,867,312 −18.2% 1940 1,889,924 +1.2% 1950 1,960,101 +3.7% 1960 1,698,281 −13.4% 1970 1,539,233 −9.4% 1980 1,428,285 −7.2% 1990 1,487,536 +4.1% 2000 1,537,195 +3.3% 2010 1,585,873 +3.2% 2020 1,694,251 +6.8% Sources:[29][174][175][5] Racial composition 2020[176] 2010[177] 2000[178] 1990[179] 1950[179] 1900[179] White 50.0% 57.4% 54.3% 58.3% 79.4% 97.8%  —Non-Hispanic 46.8% 48% 45.7% 48.9% n/a n/a Black or African American 13.5% 15.6% 17.3% 22.0% 19.6% 2.0% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 23.8% 25.4% 27.1% 26.0% n/a n/a Asian 13.1% 11.3% 9.4% 7.4% 0.8% 0.3% In 2020, 1,694,251 people lived in Manhattan. At the 2010 U.S. census, there were 1,585,873 people living in Manhattan, an increase of 3.2% since 2000. Since 2010, Manhattan's population was estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased 2.7% to 1,628,706 as of 2018, representing 19.5% of New York City's population of 8,336,817 and 8.4% of New York State's population of 19,745,289.[29][180] As of the 2017 census estimates, the population density of New York County was around 72,918 people per square mile (28,154/km²), the highest population density of any county in the United States.[29] In 1910, at the height of European immigration to New York, Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 101,548 people per square mile (39,208/km²).[29][180] In 2006, the New York City Department of City Planning projected that Manhattan's population would increase by 289,000 people between 2000 and 2030, an increase of 18.8% over the period.[181] However, since then, Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, well above the overall birth rate in Manhattan, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.[182] The Financial District alone has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census.[183] The southern tip of Manhattan became the fastest growing part of New York City between 1990 and 2014.[184] According to the 2009 American Community Survey,[185] the average household size was 2.11, and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 61.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home. People of Irish ancestry make up 7.8% of the population, while Italian Americans make up 6.8% of the population. German Americans and Russian Americans make up 7.2% and 6.2% of the population respectively.[186] Manhattan is one of the highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than one million. As of 2012, Manhattan's cost of living was the highest in the United States,[187] but the borough also contained the country's most profound level of income inequality.[188] Manhattan is also the United States county with the highest per capita income, being the sole county whose per capita income exceeded $100,000 in 2010.[189] However, from 2011–2015 Census data of New York County, the per capita income was recorded in 2015 dollars as $64,993, with the median household income at $72,871, and poverty at 17.6%.[190] In 2012, The New York Times reported that inequality was higher than in most developing countries, stating, "The wealthiest fifth of Manhattanites made more than 40 times what the lowest fifth reported, a widening gap (it was 38 times, the year before) surpassed by only a few developing countries".[191] Religion In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Manhattan was the Archdiocese of New York, with 323,325 Catholics worshipping at 109 parishes, followed by 64,000 Orthodox Jews with 77 congregations, an estimated 42,545 Muslims with 21 congregations, 42,502 non-denominational adherents with 54 congregations, 26,178 TEC Episcopalians with 46 congregations, 25,048 ABC-USA Baptists with 41 congregations, 24,536 Reform Jews with 10 congregations, 23,982 Mahayana Buddhists with 35 congregations, 10,503 PC-USA Presbyterians with 30 congregations, and 10,268 RCA Presbyterians with 10 congregations. Altogether, 44.0% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.[192] In 2014, Manhattan had 703 religious organizations, the seventeenth most out of all US counties.[193] Languages As of 2010, 59.98% (902,267) of Manhattan residents, aged five and older, spoke only English at home, while 23.07% (347,033) spoke Spanish, 5.33% (80,240) Chinese, 2.03% (30,567) French, 0.78% (11,776) Japanese, 0.77% (11,517) Russian, 0.72% (10,788) Korean, 0.70% (10,496) German, 0.66% (9,868) Italian, 0.64% (9,555) Hebrew, and 0.48% (7,158) spoke African languages at home. In total, 40.02% (602,058) of Manhattan's population, aged five and older, spoke a language other than English at home.[194] Landmarks and architecture Main article: Architecture of New York City See also: List of skyscrapers in New York City The Estonian House, the main center of Estonian culture amongst Estonian Americans Points of interest on Manhattan Island include the American Museum of Natural History; the Battery; Broadway and the Theater District; Bryant Park; Central Park, Chinatown; the Chrysler Building; Columbia University; Curry Hill; the Empire State Building; Flatiron Building; the Financial District (including the New York Stock Exchange Building; Wall Street; and the South Street Seaport); Grand Central Terminal; Greenwich Village (including New York University; Washington Square Arch; and Stonewall Inn); Harlem and Spanish Harlem; the High Line; Koreatown; Lincoln Center; Little Australia; Little Italy; Madison Square Garden; Museum Mile on Fifth Avenue (including the Metropolitan Museum of Art); Penn Station, Port Authority Bus Terminal; Rockefeller Center (including Radio City Music Hall); Times Square; Trump Tower; and the World Trade Center (including the National September 11 Museum and One World Trade Center). There are also numerous iconic bridges across rivers that connect to Manhattan Island, as well as an emerging number of supertall skyscrapers. The Statue of Liberty rests on a pedestal on Liberty Island, an exclave of Manhattan, and part of Ellis Island is also an exclave of Manhattan. The borough has many energy-efficient, environmentally friendly office buildings, such as the Hearst Tower, the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center,[195] and the Bank of America Tower—the first skyscraper designed to attain a Platinum LEED Certification.[196][197] Architectural history A. T. Stewart in 1870, 9th Street, Manhattan Many tall buildings have setbacks on their facade due to the 1916 Zoning Resolution. This is exemplified at Park Avenue and 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan. The skyscraper, which has shaped Manhattan's distinctive skyline, has been closely associated with New York City's identity since the end of the 19th century. From 1890 to 1973, the title of world's tallest building resided continually in Manhattan (with a gap between 1894 and 1908, when the title was held by Philadelphia City Hall), with eight different buildings holding the title.[198] The New York World Building on Park Row, was the first to take the title in 1890, standing 309 feet (94 m) until 1955, when it was demolished to construct a new ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge.[199] The nearby Park Row Building, with its 29 stories standing 391 feet (119 m) high, became the world's tallest office building when it opened in 1899.[200] The 41-story Singer Building, constructed in 1908 as the headquarters of the eponymous sewing machine manufacturer, stood 612 feet (187 m) high until 1967, when it became the tallest building ever demolished.[201] The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, standing 700 feet (210 m) at the foot of Madison Avenue, wrested the title in 1909, with a tower reminiscent of St Mark's Campanile in Venice.[202] The Woolworth Building, and its distinctive Gothic architecture, took the title in 1913, topping off at 792 feet (241 m).[203] Structures such as the Equitable Building of 1915, which rises vertically forty stories from the sidewalk, prompted the passage of the 1916 Zoning Resolution, requiring new buildings to contain setbacks withdrawing progressively at a defined angle from the street as they rose, in order to preserve a view of the sky at street level.[204] The Roaring Twenties saw a race to the sky, with three separate buildings pursuing the world's tallest title in the span of a year. As the stock market soared in the days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, two developers publicly competed for the crown.[205] At 927 feet (283 m), 40 Wall Street, completed in May 1930 in only eleven months as the headquarters of the Bank of Manhattan, seemed to have secured the title.[206] At Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street, auto executive Walter Chrysler and his architect William Van Alen developed plans to build the structure's trademark 185-foot (56 m) spire in secret, pushing the Chrysler Building to 1,046 feet (319 m) and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929.[207] Both buildings were soon surpassed with the May 1931 completion of the 102-story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower reaching 1,250 feet (380 m) at the top of the building. The 203-foot (62 m) high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to 1,453 ft (443 m).[208][209] The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan. At 1,368 and 1,362 feet (417 and 415 m), the 110-story buildings were the world's tallest from 1972 until they were surpassed by the construction of the Willis Tower in 1974 (formerly known as the Sears Tower, located in Chicago).[210] One World Trade Center, a replacement for the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, is currently the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[211] In 1961, the Pennsylvania Railroad unveiled plans to tear down the old Penn Station and replace it with a new Madison Square Garden and office building complex. Organized protests were aimed at preserving the McKim, Mead & White-designed structure completed in 1910, widely considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style and one of the architectural jewels of New York City.[212] Despite these efforts, demolition of the structure began in October 1963. The loss of Penn Station—called "an act of irresponsible public vandalism" by historian Lewis Mumford—led directly to the enactment in 1965 of a local law establishing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which is responsible for preserving the "city's historic, aesthetic, and cultural heritage".[213] The historic preservation movement triggered by Penn Station's demise has been credited with the retention of some one million structures nationwide, including over 1,000 in New York City.[214] In 2017, a multibillion-dollar rebuilding plan was unveiled to restore the historic grandeur of Penn Station, in the process of upgrading the landmark's status as a critical transportation hub.[215] Parkland Parkland composes 17.8% of the borough, covering a total of 2,686 acres (10.87 km2). The 843-acre (3.41 km2) Central Park, the largest park comprising 30% of Manhattan's parkland, is bordered on the north by West 110th Street (Central Park North), on the west by Eighth Avenue (Central Park West), on the south by West 59th Street (Central Park South), and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, offers extensive walking tracks, two ice-skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, and several lawns and sporting areas, as well as 21 playgrounds and a 6-mile (9.7 km) road from which automobile traffic is banned.[216] While much of the park looks natural, it is almost entirely landscaped, and the construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era's most massive public works projects, with some 20,000 workers crafting the topography to create the English-style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create.[217] The remaining 70% of Manhattan's parkland includes 204 playgrounds, 251 Greenstreets, 371 basketball courts, and many other amenities.[218] The next-largest park in Manhattan is the Hudson River Park, stretches 4.5 miles (7.2 km) on the Hudson River and comprises 550 acres (220 ha).[219] Other major parks include:[220] Bowling Green Bryant Park City Hall Park DeWitt Clinton Park East River Greenway Fort Tryon Park Fort Washington Park Harlem River Park Holcombe Rucker Park Imagination Playground Inwood Hill Park Isham Park J. Hood Wright Park Jackie Robinson Park Madison Square Park Marcus Garvey Park Morningside Park Randall's Island Park Riverside Park Sara D. Roosevelt Park Seward Park St. Nicholas Park Stuyvesant Square The Battery The High Line Thomas Jefferson Park Tompkins Square Park Union Square Park Washington Square Park Economy Main article: Economy of New York City The New York Stock Exchange, by a significant margin the world's largest stock exchange per market capitalization of its listed companies,[221][222] at US$23.1 trillion as of April 2018.[223] Manhattan is the economic engine of New York City, with its 2.3 million workers in 2007 drawn from the entire New York metropolitan area accounting for almost two-thirds of all jobs in New York City.[224] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in Manhattan (New York County) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States.[225] Manhattan's workforce is overwhelmingly focused on white collar professions, with manufacturing nearly extinct. Manhattan also has the highest per capita income of any county in the United States. In 2010, Manhattan's daytime population was swelling to 3.94 million, with commuters adding a net 1.48 million people to the population, along with visitors, tourists, and commuting students. The commuter influx of 1.61 million workers coming into Manhattan was the largest of any county or city in the country,[226] and was more than triple the 480,000 commuters who headed into second-ranked Washington, D.C.[227] Financial sector Main article: Wall Street Manhattan's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The borough's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine for Manhattan, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of private sector jobs in New York City, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of the city's tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700.[228] Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US$40 billion,[229] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as US$324,000 annually.[230] The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, seen from Brooklyn Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), at 11 Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall share trading value and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[19] The NYSE American (formerly the American Stock Exchange, AMEX), New York Board of Trade, and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) are also located downtown. In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association.[231] Corporate sector New York City is home to the most corporate headquarters of any city in the United States, the overwhelming majority based in Manhattan.[232] Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[233] making it the largest office market in the United States,[234] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[233] is the largest central business district in the world.[235] New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as "Madison Avenue". Tech and biotech Further information: Tech companies in Manhattan, Biotech companies in Manhattan, Silicon Alley, and Tech:NYC The Flatiron District is the center and birthplace of Silicon Alley[236] Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high tech industries,[237] including the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (fintech), and other fields within information technology that are supported by the area's entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.[238][239] In 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$7.3 billion in venture capital investment,[240] most based in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in Manhattan and across New York City, bolstered by the city's emergence as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship,[240] social tolerance,[241] and environmental sustainability,[242][243] as well as New York's position as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center in North America, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, the city's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity.[244] Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[245] As of October 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector,[239] with a significant proportion in Manhattan. The technology sector has been expanding across Manhattan since 2010.[246] The biotechnology sector is also growing in Manhattan based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[247] In 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg had announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[248][249] Tourism Main article: Tourism in New York City Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a major cultural venue in Manhattan, it also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world, estimated at 50 million[35] Tourism is vital to Manhattan's economy, and the landmarks of Manhattan are the focus of New York City's tourists, enumerating an eighth consecutive annual record of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017.[34] According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an increase of 11.4% from US$1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season; attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[250] As of June 2016, Manhattan had nearly 91,500 hotel rooms, a 26% increase from 2010.[251] Real estate Real estate is a major force in Manhattan's economy, and indeed the city's, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year.[252] Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation's, as well as the world's, most valuable real estate, including the Time Warner Center, which had the highest-listed market value in the city in 2006 at US$1.1 billion,[253] to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by the Waldorf Astoria New York, which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, for US$1.95 billion.[254] When 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007, for US$510 million, about US$1,589 per square foot (US$17,104/m²), it broke the barely month-old record for an American office building of US$1,476 per square foot (US$15,887/m²) based on the sale of 660 Madison Avenue.[255] In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price.[256] In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in the United States occurred in Manhattan, at a selling price of US$238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park,[257] while Central Park Tower, topped out at 1,550 feet (472 m) in 2019, is the world's tallest residential building, followed globally in height by 111 West 57th Street and 432 Park Avenue, both also located in Midtown Manhattan. Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m²) of office space in 2013,[258] making it the largest office market in the United States.[259] Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation based on office space,[260] while Lower Manhattan is the third-largest (after Chicago's Loop).[261][262] Media Main articles: Media in New York City and New Yorkers in journalism Manhattan has been described as the media capital of the world.[263][264] An integral component of this status is the significant array of media outlets and their journalists who report about international, American, business, entertainment, and New York metropolitan area-related matters from Manhattan. News The New York Times headquarters, 620 Eighth Avenue Manhattan is served by the major New York City daily news publications, including The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's "newspaper of record";[265] the New York Daily News; and the New York Post, which are all headquartered in the borough. The nation's largest newspaper by circulation, The Wall Street Journal, is also based in Manhattan. Other daily newspapers include AM New York and The Villager. The New York Amsterdam News, based in Harlem, is one of the leading Black-owned weekly newspapers in the United States. The Village Voice, historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[266] Television, radio, film See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City The television industry developed in Manhattan and is a significant employer in the borough's economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox, as well as Univision, are all headquartered in Manhattan, as are many cable channels, including CNN, MSNBC, MTV, Fox News, HBO, and Comedy Central. In 1971, WLIB became New York City's first Black-owned radio station and began broadcasts geared toward the African-American community in 1949. WQHT, also known as Hot 97, claims to be the premier hip-hop station in the United States. WNYC, comprising an AM and FM signal, has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan.[267] WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States. The oldest public-access television cable TV channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971, offers eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming.[268] NY1, Time Warner Cable's local news channel, is known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics. Education See also: Education in New York City, List of high schools in New York City, and List of colleges and universities in New York City Butler Library at Columbia University, with its notable architectural design[269] Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. Charter schools include Success Academy Harlem 1 through 5, Success Academy Upper West, and Public Prep. Some notable New York City public high schools are located in Manhattan, including Beacon High School, Stuyvesant High School, Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, High School of Fashion Industries, Eleanor Roosevelt High School, NYC Lab School, Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, Hunter College High School, and High School for Math, Science and Engineering at City College. Bard High School Early College, a hybrid school created by Bard College, serves students from around the city. Many private preparatory schools are also situated in Manhattan, including the Upper East Side's Brearley School, Dalton School, Browning School, Spence School, Chapin School, Nightingale-Bamford School, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Hewitt School, Saint David's School, Loyola School, and Regis High School. The Upper West Side is home to the Collegiate School and Trinity School. The borough is also home to Manhattan Country School, Trevor Day School, and the United Nations International School. Stuyvesant High School, in Tribeca[270] Based on data from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey, 59.9% of Manhattan residents over age 25 have a bachelor's degree.[271] As of 2005, about 60% of residents were college graduates and some 25% had earned advanced degrees, giving Manhattan one of the nation's densest concentrations of highly educated people.[272] Manhattan has various colleges and universities, including Columbia University (and its affiliate Barnard College), Cooper Union, Marymount Manhattan College, New York Institute of Technology, New York University (NYU), The Juilliard School, Pace University, Berkeley College, The New School, Yeshiva University, and a campus of Fordham University. Other schools include Bank Street College of Education, Boricua College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Manhattan School of Music, Metropolitan College of New York, Parsons School of Design, School of Visual Arts, Touro College, and Union Theological Seminary. Several other private institutions maintain a Manhattan presence, among them Mercy College, St. John's University, The College of New Rochelle, The King's College, and Pratt Institute. Cornell Tech is developing on Roosevelt Island. New York Public Library Main Branch at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue The City University of New York (CUNY), the municipal college system of New York City, is the largest urban university system in the United States, serving more than 226,000 degree students and a roughly equal number of adult, continuing and professional education students.[273] A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include: Baruch College, City College of New York, Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctorate granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College. The State University of New York is represented by the Fashion Institute of Technology, State University of New York State College of Optometry, and Stony Brook University – Manhattan. Manhattan is a world center for training and education in medicine and the life sciences.[274] The city as a whole receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities,[275] the bulk of which goes to Manhattan's research institutions, including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Cornell Medical College, and New York University School of Medicine. Manhattan is served by the New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country.[276] The five units of the Central Library—Mid-Manhattan Library, 53rd Street Library, the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, and the Science, Industry and Business Library—are all located in Manhattan.[277] More than 35 other branch libraries are located in the borough.[278] Culture and contemporary life See also: Culture of New York City Further information: Broadway theatre, LGBT culture in New York City, List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City, Met Gala, Music of New York City, and New York Fashion Week Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts The scene at Manhattan's 2015 LGBT Pride March. The annual event rivals the sister São Paulo event as the world's largest pride parade, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[279][280] The Metropolitan Museum of Art Manhattan is the borough most closely associated with New York City by non-residents; regionally, residents within the New York City metropolitan area, including natives of New York City's boroughs outside Manhattan, will often describe a trip to Manhattan as "going to the City".[281] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized the streets of Manhattan as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[282] Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched upon Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which killed 146 workers on March 25, 1911. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of women's liberation, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements.[283] The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States and introduced writers Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. Manhattan's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s was a center of the American pop art movement, which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein. The downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s included artist Andy Warhol and clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54, where he socialized. Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. Plays and musicals are staged in one of the 39 larger professional theatres with at least 500 seats, almost all in and around Times Square.[284] Off-Broadway theatres feature productions in venues with 100–500 seats.[285] Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to 12 influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections in the world, both contemporary and classical art, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Frick Collection, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Guggenheim Museum. The Upper East Side has many art galleries,[286][287] and the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is known for its more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists.[288][289] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in Manhattan.[290][291] Manhattan is the center of LGBT culture in New York City. The borough is widely acclaimed as the cradle of the modern LGBTQ rights movement, with its inception at the June 1969 Stonewall Riots in Greenwich Village, Lower Manhattan – widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[97][292][293] and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[98][294] Multiple gay villages have developed, spanning the length of the borough from the Lower East Side, East Village, and Greenwich Village, through Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen, uptown to Morningside Heights. The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village; the Manhattan parade rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[280][279] Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, produced by Heritage of Pride and enhanced through a partnership with the I ❤ NY program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.[295] Clockwise, from upper left: the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade;[296] the annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade; and the ticker-tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts The borough has a place in several American idioms. The phrase New York minute is meant to convey an extremely short time such as an instant,[297] sometimes in hyperbolic form, as in "perhaps faster than you would believe is possible," referring to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.[298][299] The expression "melting pot" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908.[300] The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase "23 skidoo" or scram, from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building.[301] The "Big Apple" dates back to the 1920s, when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City's horse racetracks and named his racing column "Around The Big Apple". Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world's jazz capital, and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term.[302] Manhattan, Kansas, a city of 53,000 people,[303] was named by New York investors after the borough and is nicknamed the "little apple".[304] Manhattan is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of higher profile parades in New York City are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[296] beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[305] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[296] Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the New York City Pride Parade in June, the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. New York Fashion Week, held at various locations in Manhattan, is a high-profile semiannual event featuring models displaying the latest wardrobes created by prominent fashion designers worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the retail marketplace. Sports Madison Square Garden is home to the Rangers and Knicks, and hosts some Liberty games The Skating Pond in Central Park, 1862 Manhattan is home to the NBA's New York Knicks and the NHL's New York Rangers, both of which play their home games at Madison Square Garden, the only major professional sports arena in the borough. The Garden was also home to the WNBA's New York Liberty through the 2017 season, but that team's primary home is now the Westchester County Center in White Plains, New York. The New York Jets proposed a West Side Stadium for their home field, but the proposal was eventually defeated in June 2005, and they now play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[306] While Manhattan does not currently have a professional baseball franchise, three of the four Major League Baseball teams to play in New York City played in Manhattan. The original New York Giants baseball team played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883—except for 1889, when they split their time between Jersey City and Staten Island, and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911—until they headed to California with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.[307] The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders, named for Hilltop Park, where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season, where they were officially christened the New York Yankees, remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.[308] The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963, their first two seasons, before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.[309] After the Mets departed, the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964, replaced by public housing.[310][311] The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[312] The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association's original teams, playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory, before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home.[313] The New York Liberty of the WNBA shared the Garden with the Knicks from their creation in 1997 as one of the league's original eight teams through the 2017 season,[314] after which the team moved nearly all of its home schedule to White Plains in Westchester County.[315] Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court, famed for its streetball style of play, where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league.[316] Although both of New York City's football teams play today across the Hudson River in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925, until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.[317] The New York Jets, originally known as the Titans of New York, started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens at Shea Stadium in 1964.[318] The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since the team's founding in the 1926–1927 season. The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans, who started play in the Garden the previous season, lasting until the team folded after the 1941–1942 NHL season, a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans.[319] The New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons, starting in 1974. The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in unsatisfactory condition, however, and as the team's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium, and then Giants Stadium. The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million, 4,754-seat Icahn Stadium, which includes an Olympic-standard 400-meter running track and, as part of Pelé's and the Cosmos' legacy, includes a FIFA-approved floodlit soccer stadium that hosts matches between the 48 youth teams of a Manhattan soccer club.[320][321] Government Main article: Government of New York City Manhattan Municipal Building Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter, which has provided for a strong mayor–council system since its revision in 1989.[322] The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[323] Since 1990, the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Manhattan's current Borough President is Gale Brewer, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 82.9% of the vote.[324] Brewer replaced Scott Stringer, who went on to become New York City Comptroller. Cyrus Vance Jr., a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of New York County since 2010.[325] Manhattan has ten City Council members, the third largest contingent among the five boroughs. It also has twelve administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. As the host of the United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[326] It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, completed in 1914, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.[327] United States presidential election results for New York County, New York[328][329][330]  Politics See also: Community boards of Manhattan James Farley Post Office The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough, constituting 9.88% of the electorate as of April 2016. Registered Republicans are more than 20% of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District as of 2016. Democrats accounted for 68.41% of those registered to vote, while 17.94% of voters were unaffiliated.[331][332] No Republican has won the presidential election in Manhattan since 1924, when Calvin Coolidge won a plurality of the New York County vote over Democrat John W. Davis, 41.20%–39.55%. Warren G. Harding was the most recent Republican presidential candidate to win a majority of the Manhattan vote, with 59.22% of the 1920 vote.[333] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 82.1% of the vote in Manhattan and Republican George W. Bush received 16.7%.[334] The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States; in 2004, it was home to six of the top seven ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions.[335] The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates, including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election.[336] Representatives in the U.S. Congress In 2018, four Democrats represented Manhattan in the United States House of Representatives.[337] Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the Lower East Side and Alphabet City. The district also covers central and western Brooklyn and a small part of Queens.[337][338][339] Jerry Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the West Side neighborhoods of Battery Park City, Chelsea, Chinatown, the Financial District, Greenwich Village, Hell's Kitchen, SoHo, Tribeca, and the Upper West Side. The district also covers southwestern Brooklyn.[337][340][341] Carolyn Maloney (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 12th congressional district, which includes the East Side neighborhoods of Gramercy Park, Kips Bay, Midtown Manhattan, Murray Hill, Roosevelt Island, Turtle Bay, Upper East Side, and most of the Lower East Side and the East Village. The district also covers western Queens.[337][342][343] Adriano Espaillat (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 13th congressional district, which includes the Upper Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem, Harlem, Inwood, Marble Hill, Washington Heights, and portions of Morningside Heights, as well as part of the northwest Bronx.[337][344][345] Federal offices The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Manhattan. The James Farley Post Office at 421 Eighth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, between 31st Street and 33rd Street, is New York City's main post office.[346] Both the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are located in Lower Manhattan's Foley Square, and the U.S. Attorney and other federal offices and agencies maintain locations in that area. Crime and public safety Main article: Crime in New York City A slum tour through the Five Points in an 1885 sketch Starting in the mid-19th century, the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries. After arriving in New York, many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood, an area between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall. By the 1820s, the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels, and was known as a dangerous place to go. In 1842, Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen.[347] The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who visited the area before his Cooper Union speech in 1860.[348] The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country's first major organized crime entities. As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs, including Al Capone, who got his start in crime with the Five Points Gang.[349] The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily and spread to the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Southern Italian emigration. Lucky Luciano established Cosa Nostra in Manhattan, forming alliances with other criminal enterprises, including the Jewish mob, led by Meyer Lansky, the leading Jewish gangster of that period.[350] From 1920–1933, Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor, upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize.[350] As in the whole of New York City, Manhattan experienced a sharp increase in crime during the 1960s and 1970s.[351] Since 1990, crime in Manhattan has plummeted in all categories tracked by the CompStat profile. A borough that saw 503 murders in 1990 has seen a drop of nearly 88% to 62 in 2008 and has continued to decline since then. Robbery and burglary are down by more than 80% during the period, and auto theft has been reduced by more than 93%. In the seven major crime categories tracked by the system, overall crime has declined by more than 75% since 1990, and year-to-date statistics through May 2009 show continuing declines.[352] Based on 2005 data, New York City has the lowest crime rate among the ten largest cities in the United States.[353] Housing During Manhattan's early history, wood construction and poor access to water supplies left the city vulnerable to fires. In 1776, shortly after the Continental Army evacuated Manhattan and left it to the British, a massive fire broke out destroying one-third of the city and some 500 houses.[354] Tenement houses in 1936 The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan, especially the Lower East Side, densely packed with recent arrivals, crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing. Tenements were usually five stories high, constructed on the then-typical 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m) lots, with "cockroach landlords" exploiting the new immigrants.[355][356] By 1929, stricter fire codes and the increased use of elevators in residential buildings, were the impetus behind a new housing code that effectively ended the tenement as a form of new construction, though many tenement buildings survive today on the East Side of the borough.[356] Conversely, there were also areas with luxury apartment developments, the first of which was the Dakota on the Upper West Side.[357] At the time of its construction, London Terrace in Chelsea was the largest apartment building in the world Manhattan offers a wide array of public and private housing options. There were 852,575 housing units in 2013[29] at an average density of 37,345 per square mile (14,419/km²). As of 2003, only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing, the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation, behind the Bronx.[358] Although the city of New York has the highest average cost for rent in the United States, it simultaneously hosts a higher average of income per capita. Because of this, rent is a lower percentage of annual income than in several other American cities.[359] Manhattan's real estate market for luxury housing continues to be among the most expensive in the world,[360] and Manhattan residential property continues to have the highest sale price per square foot in the United States.[21] Manhattan's apartments cost $1,773 per square foot ($19,080/m2), compared to San Francisco housing at $1,185 per square foot ($12,760/m2), Boston housing at $751 per square foot ($8,080/m2), and Los Angeles housing at $451 per square foot ($4,850/m2).[361] Infrastructure Transportation See also: Transportation in New York City Public transportation Grand Central Terminal is a National Historic Landmark. Ferries departing Battery Park City and helicopters flying above Manhattan The Staten Island Ferry, seen from the Battery, crosses Upper New York Bay, providing free public transportation between Staten Island and Manhattan. Manhattan is unique in the U.S. for intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While 88% of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs, with only 5% using public transport, mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan, with 72% of borough residents using public transport to get to work, while only 18% drove.[362][363] According to the 2000 United States Census, 77.5% of Manhattan households do not own a car.[364] In 2008, Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a congestion pricing system to regulate entering Manhattan south of 60th Street. The state legislature rejected the proposal in June 2008.[365] The New York City Subway, the largest subway system in the world by number of stations, is the primary means of travel within the city, linking every borough except Staten Island. There are 151 subway stations in Manhattan, out of the 472 stations.[366] A second subway, the PATH system, connects six stations in Manhattan to northern New Jersey. Passengers pay fares with pay-per-ride MetroCards, which are valid on all city buses and subways, as well as on PATH trains.[367][368] There are 7-day and 30-day MetroCards that allow unlimited trips on all subways (except PATH) and MTA bus routes (except for express buses).[369] The PATH QuickCard is being phased out, having been replaced by the SmartLink. The MTA is testing "smart card" payment systems to replace the MetroCard.[370] Commuter rail services operating to and from Manhattan are the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island; the Metro-North Railroad, which connects Manhattan to Upstate New York and Southwestern Connecticut; and NJ Transit trains, which run to various points in New Jersey. The US$11.1 billion East Side Access project, which will bring LIRR trains to Grand Central Terminal, is under construction and is scheduled to open in 2022; this project will create a new train tunnel beneath the East River, connecting the East Side of Manhattan with Long Island City, Queens.[371][372] Four multi-billion-dollar projects were completed in the mid-2010s: the $1.4 billion Fulton Center in November 2014,[373] the $2.4 billion 7 Subway Extension in September 2015,[374] the $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub in March 2016,[375][376] and Phase 1 of the $4.5 billion Second Avenue Subway in January 2017.[377][378] MTA New York City Transit offers a wide variety of local buses within Manhattan under the brand New York City Bus. An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan.[379] The bus system served 784 million passengers citywide in 2011, placing the bus system's ridership as the highest in the nation, and more than double the ridership of the second-place Los Angeles system.[380] The Roosevelt Island Tramway, one of two commuter cable car systems in North America, whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes, and has been serving the island since 1978. (The other system in North America is the Portland Aerial Tram.)[381][382] The Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 21 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each weekday, five vessels transport about 65,000 passengers on 109 boat trips.[383][384] The ferry has been fare-free since 1997, when the then-50-cent fare was eliminated.[385] In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[386][387] The first routes of NYC Ferry opened in 2017.[388][389] All of the system's routes have termini in Manhattan, and the Lower East Side and Soundview routes also have intermediate stops on the East River.[390] The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one-third of users of mass transit and two-thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs.[391] Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.; Upstate New York and New England; cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal; and destinations in the Southern and Midwestern United States. Major highways  I-78  I-95  I-278  I-478  I-495  US 9  NY 9A  NY 495 Taxis Main article: Taxicabs of New York City New York's iconic yellow taxicabs, which number 13,087 city-wide and must have the requisite medallion authorizing the pick up of street hails, are ubiquitous in the borough.[392] Various private vehicle for hire companies provide significant competition for taxicab drivers in Manhattan.[393] Bicycles Main article: Cycling in New York City Manhattan also has tens of thousands of bicycle commuters. Streets and roads The Brooklyn Bridge in the foreground and the Manhattan Bridge beyond it, are two of the three bridges that connect Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn over the East River. Eighth Avenue, looking northward ("Uptown"), in the rain; most streets and avenues in Manhattan's grid plan incorporate a one-way traffic configuration Tourists looking westward at sunset to observe the July 12, 2016 Manhattanhenge See also: List of numbered streets in Manhattan and List of eponymous streets in New York City The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 called for twelve numbered avenues running north and south roughly parallel to the shore of the Hudson River, each 100 feet (30 m) wide, with First Avenue on the east side and Twelfth Avenue on the west side. There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue, including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City in Manhattan's East Village. The numbered streets in Manhattan run east-west, and are generally 60 feet (18 m) wide, with about 200 feet (61 m) between each pair of streets. With each combined street and block adding up to about 260 feet (79 m), there are almost exactly 20 blocks per mile. The typical block in Manhattan is 250 by 600 feet (76 by 183 m). According to the original Commissioner's Plan, there were 155 numbered crosstown streets,[394] but later the grid was extended up to the northernmost corner of Manhattan, where the last numbered street is 220th Street. Moreover, the numbering system continues even in The Bronx, north of Manhattan, despite the fact that the grid plan is not as regular in that borough, whose last numbered street is 263rd Street.[395] Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet (30 m) wide, including 34th, 42nd, 57th and 125th Streets,[396] which became some of the borough's most significant transportation and shopping venues. Broadway is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid, starting at Bowling Green in Lower Manhattan and continuing north into the Bronx at Manhattan's northern tip. In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid, creating major named intersections at Union Square (Park Avenue South/Fourth Avenue and 14th Street), Madison Square (Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street), Herald Square (Sixth Avenue and 34th Street), Times Square (Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street), and Columbus Circle (Eighth Avenue/Central Park West and 59th Street). "Crosstown traffic" refers primarily to vehicular traffic between Manhattan's East Side and West Side. The trip is notoriously frustrating for drivers because of heavy congestion on narrow local streets laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, absence of express roads other than the Trans-Manhattan Expressway at the far north end of Manhattan Island; and restricted to very limited crosstown automobile travel within Central Park. Proposals in the mid-1900s to build express roads through the city's densest neighborhoods, namely the Mid-Manhattan Expressway and Lower Manhattan Expressway, did not go forward. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present, significantly shaping traffic patterns in Manhattan.[397] Another consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge).[398] On separate occasions in late May and early July, the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.[398][399] A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December. The FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive, both designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses,[400] comprise a single, long limited-access parkway skirting the east side of Manhattan along the East River and Harlem River south of Dyckman Street. The Henry Hudson Parkway is the corresponding parkway on the West Side north of 57th Street. River crossings Ferry service departing Battery Park City towards New Jersey, see from Paulus Hook Being primarily an island, Manhattan is linked to New York City's outer boroughs by numerous bridges, of various sizes. Manhattan has fixed highway connections with New Jersey to its west by way of the George Washington Bridge, the Holland Tunnel, and the Lincoln Tunnel, and to three of the four other New York City boroughs—the Bronx to the northeast, and Brooklyn and Queens (both on Long Island) to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough, Staten Island, is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor, which is free of charge. The ferry terminal is located near Battery Park at Manhattan's southern tip. It is also possible to travel on land to Staten Island by way of Brooklyn, via the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. The George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[401][402] connects Washington Heights, in Upper Manhattan, to Bergen County, in New Jersey. There are numerous bridges to the Bronx across the Harlem River, and five (listed north to south)—the Triborough (known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), Ed Koch Queensboro (also known as the 59th Street Bridge), Williamsburg, Manhattan, and Brooklyn Bridges—that cross the East River to connect Manhattan to Long Island. Several tunnels also link Manhattan Island to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[403] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sail through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel.[404] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940;[405] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[406] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. Several ferry services operate between New Jersey and Manhattan.[407] These ferries mainly serve midtown (at W. 39th St.), Battery Park City (WFC at Brookfield Place), and Wall Street (Pier 11). Heliports Manhattan has three public heliports: the East 34th Street Heliport (also known as the Atlantic Metroport) at East 34th Street, owned by New York City and run by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC); the Port Authority Downtown Manhattan/Wall Street Heliport, owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and run by the NYCEDC; and the West 30th Street Heliport, a privately owned heliport that is owned by the Hudson River Park Trust.[408] US Helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, before going out of business in 2009.[409] Utilities Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the first investor-owned electric utility. The company started service on September 4, 1882, using one generator to provide 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers with 800 light bulbs, in a one-square-mile area of Lower Manhattan from his Pearl Street Station.[410] Con Edison operates the world's largest district steam system, which consists of 105 miles (169 km) of steam pipes, providing steam for heating, hot water, and air conditioning[411] by some 1,800 Manhattan customers.[412] Cable service is provided by Time Warner Cable and telephone service is provided by Verizon Communications, although AT&T is available as well. Manhattan witnessed the doubling of the natural gas supply delivered to the borough when a new gas pipeline opened on November 1, 2013.[413] The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal.[414] The bulk of the city's trash ultimately is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina and Ohio (via transfer stations in New Jersey, Brooklyn and Queens) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.[415] A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste-to-energy facilities. Like New York City, New Jersey and much of Greater New York relies on exporting its trash to far-flung areas. New York City has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet, which also operates in Manhattan, in the country. It also has some of the first hybrid taxis, most of which operate in Manhattan.[416] Health care Main article: List of hospitals in New York City § Manhattan There are many hospitals in Manhattan, including two of the 25 largest in the United States (as of 2017):[417] Bellevue Hospital Lenox Hill Hospital Lower Manhattan Hospital Metropolitan Hospital Center Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital Mount Sinai Hospital NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem NYU Langone Medical Center Water purity and availability Main articles: Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[418] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[419] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[420] Manhattan, surrounded by two brackish rivers, had a limited supply of fresh water. To satisfy its growing population, the City of New York acquired land in adjacent Westchester County and constructed the old Croton Aqueduct system there, which went into service in 1842 and was superseded by the new Croton Aqueduct, which opened in 1890. This, however, was interrupted in 2008 for the ongoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant that can supply an estimated 290 million gallons daily when completed, representing an almost 20% addition to the city's availability of water, with this addition going to Manhattan and the Bronx.[421] Water comes to Manhattan through the tunnels 1 and 2, completed in 1917 and 1935, and in future through Tunnel No. 3, begun in 1970.[422] Address algorithm Main article: Manhattan address algorithm The address algorithm of Manhattan refers to the formulas used to estimate the closest east–west cross street for building numbers on north–south avenues. It is commonly noted in telephone directories, New York City travel guides, and MTA Manhattan bus maps. See also flag New York City portal flag New York (state) portal History of New York City List of Manhattan neighborhoods List of people from Manhattan Manhattanhenge Manhattanization Manhattoe National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan Sawing-off of Manhattan Island Timeline of New York City
  • Type: Photograph
  • Subject: New York
  • Original/Licensed Reprint: Original
  • Year of Production: 1947

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