1924 Silver Coin Farmers Sun Rise Set 2024 100 years old Antique Unknown Unusual

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Seller: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3,239) 99.7%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 266731755599 1924 Silver Coin Farmers Sun Rise Set 2024 100 years old Antique Unknown Unusual.                                                                     Unknown Coin 1924 I bought this coin as part of a Box of Coins from a Flea Market I don't know a lot about it It has an image of a woman with some corn amd the words "2 Zlote" The back of the coin has an Eagle the year it was minted 1924 - to make it 100 years old it is 26mm in diameter and weights 8.4 grams Would make an Excellent Gift, Collectable Keepsake or a Happy New Year Present Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!!
It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. This once belonged to my Grand Mother   I Decided to have a clear out and I hope it will find a good home In Very good  condition  its age   Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the plate  justice which looks a lot better in real life Like all my items bidding starts at 1p...with No Reserve Click Here to Check out my Other Vintage Items & Coins Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 2,000 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together  I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

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Coins are pieces of hard material used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins are usually metal or alloy metal, or sometimes made of synthetic materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes: these coins are usually worth less than banknotes: usually the highest value coin in circulation (i.e. excluding bullion coins) is worth less than the lowest-value note. In the last hundred years, the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, for example due to inflation. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, or the general public may decide to melt the coins down or hoard them (see Gresham's law). Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value also occur for some bullion coins made of silver or gold (and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector/investor coins include the British sovereign minted by the United Kingdom, the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada, and the Krugerrand, minted by South Africa. The American Gold Eagle has a face value of US$50, and the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins also have nominal (purely symbolic) face values (e.g. C$50 for 1 oz.); but the Krugerrand does not. Historically, a great quantity of coinage metals (including alloys) and other materials (e.g. porcelain) have been used to produce coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment: bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.[1] Today, the term coin can also be used in reference to digital currencies which are not issued by a state. As of 2013, examples include BitCoin and LiteCoin, among others. As coins have long been used as money, in some languages the same word is used for "coin" and "currency". Numismatics Claudius II coin (colourised).png Currency Coins · Banknotes · Forgery Community currencies Company scrip · Coal scrip · LETS · Time dollars Fictional currencies History Ancient currencies Greek · Roman · China · India Byzantine Medieval currencies Modern currencies Africa · The Americas · Europe · Asia · Oceania Production Mint · Designers · Coining · Milling · Hammering · Cast Exonumia Credit cards · Medals · Tokens · Cheques Notaphily Banknotes Scripophily Stocks · Bonds The first coins were developed independently in Iron Age Anatolia and Archaic Greece, India & China around 600-700 BC. Coins spread rapidly in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, throughout Greece and Persia, and further to the Balkans.[2] Standardized Roman currency was used throughout the Roman Empire. Important Roman gold and silver coins were continued into the Middle Ages (see Gold dinar, Solidus, Aureus, Denarius). Ancient and early medieval coins in theory had the value of their metal content, although there have been many instances throughout history of the metal content of coins being debased, so that the inferior coins were worth less in metal than their face value. Fiat money first arose in medieval China, with the jiaozi paper money. Early paper money was introduced in Europe in the later Middle Ages, but some coins continued to have the value of the gold or silver they contained throughout the Early Modern period. The penny was mint (coin)ed as a silver coin until the 17th century. The first copper pennies were minted in the United States in the 1790s.[3][citation needed] Silver content was reduced in many coins in the 19th century (use of billon), and the first coins made entirely of base metal (e.g. nickel, cupronickel, aluminium bronze), representing values higher than the value of their metal, were minted in the mid 19th century. Bronze Age predecessors[edit] An Oxhide ingot from Crete. Late Bronze Age metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an "ox-hide", suggesting that they represented standardized values. Coins were an evolution of "currency" systems of the Late Bronze Age, where standard-sized ingots, and tokens such as knife money, were used to store and transfer value. In the late Chinese Bronze Age, standardized cast tokens were made, such as those discovered in a tomb near Anyang.[4][5] These were replicas in bronze of earlier Chinese money, cowrie shells, so they were named Bronze Shell.[6][7][8] These, as well as later Chinese bronzes, were replicas of knives, spades, and hoes, but not "coins" in the narrow sense, as they did not carry a mark or marks certifying them to be of a definite exchange value.[9] Iron Age[edit] Further information: Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage 1/3rd stater from Lydia, 6th century BC. Electrum coin from Ephesus, 620-600 BC. Obverse: Forepart of stag. Reverse: Square incuse punch. Anatolian gold coin from 4th century BC Mysia. Greek drachma of Aegina. Obverse: Land Chelone / Reverse: ΑΙΓ(INA) and dolphin. The oldest Aegina Chelone coins depicted sea turtles and were minted ca. 700 BC.[10] The earliest coins are mostly associated with Iron Age Anatolia, especially with the kingdom of Lydia.[11] Early electrum coins were not standardized in weight, and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects, such as badges or medals, issued by priests.[12] Many early Lydian and Greek coins were minted under the authority of private individuals and are thus more akin to tokens or badges than to modern coins,[13] though due to their numbers it is evident that some were official state issues, with King Alyattes of Lydia being a frequently mentioned originator of coinage.[14] The first Lydian coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold that was further alloyed with added silver and copper.[15] Most of the early Lydian coins include no writing ("legend" or "inscription"), only an image of a symbolic animal. Therefore the dating of these coins relies primarily on archaeological evidence, with the most commonly cited evidence coming from excavations at the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, also called the Ephesian Artemision (which would later evolve into one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). Because the oldest lion head "coins" were discovered in that temple, and they do not appear to have been used in commerce, these objects may not have been coins but badges or medals issued by the priests of that temple. Anatolian Artemis was the Πὀτνια Θηρῶν (Potnia Thêrôn, "Mistress of Animals"), whose symbol was the stag. A small percentage of early Lydian/Greek coins have a legend.[16] A famous early electrum coin, the most ancient inscribed coin at present known, is from nearby Caria. This coin has a Greek legend reading phaenos emi sema [17] interpreted variously as "I am the badge of Phanes", or "I am the sign of light",[18] or "I am the tomb of light", or "I am the tomb of Phanes". The coins of Phanes are known to be amongst the earliest of Greek coins, a hemihekte of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos (the oldest deposit of electrum coins discovered). One assumption is that Phanes was a wealthy merchant, another that this coin is associated with Apollo-Phanes and, due to the Deer, with Artemis (twin sister of the god of light Apollo-Phaneos). Although only seven Phanes type coins were discovered, it is also notable that 20% of all early electrum coins also have the lion of Artemis and the sun burst of Apollo-Phaneos. Alternatively, Phanes may have been the Halicarnassian mercenary of Amasis mentioned by Herodotus, who escaped to the court of Cambyses, and became his guide in the invasion of Egypt in 527 or 525 BC. According to Herodotus, this Phanes was buried alive by a sandstorm, together with 50,000 Persian soldiers, while trying to conquer the temple of Amun–Zeus in Egypt.[19] The fact that the Greek word "Phanes" also means light (or lamp), and the word "sema" also means tomb makes this coin a famous and controversial one.[20] Another candidate for the site of the earliest coins is Aegina, where Chelone ("turtle") coins were first minted on 700 BC,[21] either by the local Aegina people or by Pheidon king of Argos (who first set the standards of weights and measures). In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, there is a unique electrum stater of Aegina.[10][22][unreliable source?] Coins from Athens and Corinth appeared shortly thereafter, known to exist at least since the late 6th century BC.[23] Classical Antiquity[edit] Further information: Ancient Greek coinage, Achaemenid coinage, Illyrian coinage, Roman currency, Coinage of India, Aureus, Solidus (coin), Denarius, and Antoninianus Set of three roman aurei depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. 69-96 AD. Coinage followed Greek colonization and influence first around the Mediterranean and soon after to North Africa (including Egypt), Syria, Persia, and the Balkans.[24] Coins were minted in the Achaemenid Empire, including the gold darics and silver sigloi. and with the Achemenid conquest of Gandhara under Darius the Great ca. 520 BC, the practice spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The coins of this period were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.[25] These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in Persia, which were derived from the Greek/Anatolian type; they not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra.[26] In China, early round coins appear in the 4th century BC. The first Roman coins, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued ca. 289 B Most coins presently are made of a base metal, and their value comes from their status as fiat money. This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat (law), and thus is determined by the free market only inasmuch as national currencies are used in domestic trade and also traded internationally on foreign exchange markets. Thus these coins are monetary tokens, just as paper currency is: they are usually not backed by metal, but rather by some form of government guarantee. Some have suggested that such coins not be considered to be "true coins" (see below). Thus there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value. Coins may be in circulation with fiat values lower than the value of their component metals, but they are never initially issued with such value, and the shortfall only arises over time due to inflation, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin. Examples are the pre-1965 US dime, quarter, half dollar, and dollar, US nickel, and pre-1982 US penny. As a result of the increase in the value of copper, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Since mid-1982, United States pennies are made of 97.5% zinc, with the remaining 2.5% being a coating of copper. Extreme differences between fiat values and metal values of coins causes coins to be hoarded or removed from circulation by illicit smelters in order to realise the value of their metal content. This is an example of Gresham's law. The United States Mint, in an attempt to avoid this, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of pennies and nickels.[30] Violators can be fined up to $10,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years. A coin's value as a collector's item or as an investment generally depends on its condition, specific historical significance, rarity, quality/beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is greatly lacking in all of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. The value of bullion coins is also influenced to some extent by those factors, but is largely based on the value of their gold, silver, or platinum content. Sometimes non-monetized bullion coins such as the Canadian Maple Leaf and the American Gold Eagle are minted with nominal face values less than the value of the metal in them, but as such coins are never intended for circulation, these face values have no relevance. Coins can be used as creative medium of expression – from fine art sculpture to the penny machines that can be found in most amusement parks. In the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in the United States there are some regulations specific to nickels and pennies that are informative on this topic. 31 CFR § 82.1 foroffers unauthorized persons from exporting, melting, or treating any 5 or 1 cent coins. This has been a particular problem with nickels and dimes (and with some comparable coins in other currencies) because of their relatively low face value and unstable commodity prices. For a while the copper in US pennies was worth more than one cent, so people would hoard pennies then melt them down for their metal value. It costs more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels, so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the Treasury. This was more of a problem when coins were still made of precious metals like silver and gold, so historically strict laws against alteration make more sense. 31 CFR § 82.2 goes on to state that: "(b) The prohibition contained in § 82.1 against the treatment of 5-cent coins and one-cent coins shall not apply to the treatment of these coins for educational, amusement, novelty, jewelry, and similar purposes as long as the volumes treated and the nature of the treatment makes it clear that such treatment is not intended as a means by which to profit solely from the value of the metal content of the coins." Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world[1] with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population[2][3][4]) and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi) during its height between the first and second centuries AD.[5][6][7] In its approximately 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, parts of Northern Europe, and parts of Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant throughout the Mediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the ancient world. It is often grouped into "Classical Antiquity" together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world. The Romans are still remembered today, including names such as Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Augustus. Ancient Roman society contributed greatly to government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language, society and more in the Western world. A civilization highly developed for its time, Rome professionalized and greatly expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics[8][9][10] such as the United States and France. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities. By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond: its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa. The Roman Empire emerged under the leadership of Augustus Caesar. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak. Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a common ritual for a new emperor's rise.[11][12][13] States, such as Palmyra, temporarily divided the Empire in a third-century crisis. Soldier emperors reunified it, by dividing the empire between Western and Eastern halves. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the western part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of universal history from the pre-mediaeval "Dark Ages" of Europe. The Eastern Roman Empire survived this crisis and was governed from Constantinople after the division of the Empire. It comprised Greece, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt. Despite the later loss of Syria and Egypt to the Arab-Islamic Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire continued for another millennium, until its remnants were annexed by the emerging Turkish Ottoman Empire. This eastern, Christian, medieval stage of the Empire is usually called the Byzantine Empire by historians. Ancient Rome topics Outline · Timeline Epochs Foundation · Monarchy (Revolution) · Republic · Empire (Timeline, Pax Romana, Principate, Dominate, Decline, Fall) · Western Empire / Eastern Empire Constitution History · Kingdom · Republic · Empire · Late Empire · Senate · Legislative assemblies (Curiate · Century · Tribal · Plebeian) · Executive magistrates Government Curia · Forum · Cursus honorum · Collegiality · Emperor · Legatus · Dux · Officium · Praefectus · Vicarius · Vigintisexviri · Lictor · Magister militum · Imperator · Princeps senatus · Pontifex Maximus · Augustus · Caesar · Tetrarch · Optimates · Populares · Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune · Quaestor · Aedile · Praetor · Consul · Censor · Promagistrate · Governor Extraordinary Dictator · Magister Equitum · Decemviri · Consular Tribune · Triumvir · Rex · Interrex Law Twelve Tables · Mos maiorum · Citizenship · Auctoritas · Imperium · Status · Litigation Military Borders · Establishment · Structure · Campaigns · 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Classical · Vulgar · Late · Medieval · Renaissance · New · Contemporary · Ecclesiastical Writers Apuleius · Caesar · Catullus · Cicero · Ennius · Horace · Juvenal · Livy · Lucan · Lucretius · Martial · Ovid · Petronius · Plautus · Pliny the Elder · Pliny the Younger · Propertius · Quintilian · Sallust · Seneca · Statius · Suetonius · Tacitus · Terence · Tibullus · Varro · Virgil · Vitruvius Lists Wars · Battles · Generals · Legions · Emperors · Geographers · Institutions · Laws · Consuls · Distinguished women Major cities Alexandria · Antioch · Aquileia · Bononia · Carthage · Constantinople · Leptis Magna · Londinium · Mediolanum · Pompeii · Ravenna · Rome · Smyrna Other topics Fiction set in ancient Rome (films · video games) Portal [hide] v · t · e Roman Constitution Ancient Rome History · Constitution · Senate · Assemblies (Curiate · Century · Tribal · Plebeian) · Magistrates Roman Kingdom History · Constitution · Senate · Assemblies · Magistrates Roman Republic History · Constitution (reforms of Sulla • reforms of Caesar • reforms of Augustus) · Senate · Assemblies · Magistrates Roman Empire History · (post Diocletian) · Constitution · (post Diocletian) · Senate · Assemblies · Magistrates Miscellaneous Sulla's Constitutional Reforms · Caesar's Constitutional Reforms · Conflict of the Orders · Roman law Portal Portal [hide] v · t · e Roman mythology and religion Deities Apollo · Bona Dea · Castor and Pollux · Ceres · Cupid · Diana · Dis Pater · Fauna · Faunus · Flora · Genius · Hercules · Janus · Juno · Jupiter · Lares · Liber · Mars · Mercury · Minerva · Orcus · Neptune · Penates · Pluto · Pomona · Priapus · Proserpina · Quirinus · Saturn · Silvanus · Sol · Venus · Vesta · Vulcan She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg Abstract deities Concordia · Fides · Fortuna · Pietas · Spes · Roma · Victoria · Terra Legendary founders Aeneas · Romulus and Remus · Numa Pompilius · Servius Tullius · Ancus Marcius Texts Vergil (Aeneid) · Ovid (Metamorphoses · Fasti) · Propertius · Apuleius (The Golden Ass) Concepts and practices Religion in ancient Rome · Festivals · interpretatio graeca · Imperial cult · Temples See also Glossary of ancient Roman religion · Greek mythology · myth and ritual · classical mythology [hide] v · t · e Ancient Greek and Roman wars Wars of ancient Greece Trojan War · First Messenian War · Second Messenian War · Lelantine War · Sicilian Wars · Greco-Persian Wars · Aeginetan War · Wars of the Delian League · Samian War · Peloponnesian War · Corinthian War · Sacred Wars (First, Second, Third) · Social War (357–355 BC) · Rise of Macedon · Wars of Alexander the Great · Wars over Alexander's empire · Lamian War · Chremonidean War · Cleomenean War · Social War (220–217 BC) · Cretan War · Aetolian War · War against Nabis · Maccabean Revolt Wars of the Roman Republic Roman-Latin wars (First Latin War (Battle of Lake Regillus) · Second Latin War) · Samnite Wars · Pyrrhic War · Punic Wars (First, Second, Third) · Macedonian Wars (Illyrian · First Macedonian · Second Macedonian · Seleucid · Third Macedonian · Fourth Macedonian) · Jugurthine War · Cimbrian War · Roman Servile Wars (First · Second · Third) · Social War · Civil wars of Lucius Cornelius Sulla (First · Second) · Mithridatic Wars (First · Second · Third) · Gallic Wars · Julius Caesar's civil war · End of the Republic (Post-Caesarian · Liberators' · Sicilian · Fulvia's · Final) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars (Marcomannic · Alamannic · Gothic · Visigothic) · Wars in Britain · Wars of Boudica · Armenian War · Civil War of 69 · Jewish Wars · Domitian's Dacian War · Trajan's Dacian Wars · Parthian Wars · Roman–Persian Wars · Civil Wars of the Third Century · Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history [hide] v · t · e Roman emperors Principate 27 BC – 235 AD Augustus · Tiberius · Caligula · Claudius · Nero · Galba · Otho · Vitellius · Vespasian · Titus · Domitian · Nerva · Trajan · Hadrian · Antoninus Pius · Marcus Aurelius with Lucius Verus · Commodus · Pertinax · Didius Julianus · Septimius Severus · Caracalla · Geta · Macrinus with Diadumenian · Elagabalus · Alexander Severus Crisis 235–284 Maximinus Thrax · Gordian I and Gordian II · Pupienus and Balbinus · Gordian III · Philip the Arab · Decius with Herennius Etruscus · Hostilian · Trebonianus Gallus with Volusianus · Aemilianus · Valerian · Gallienus with Saloninus · Claudius Gothicus · Quintillus · Aurelian · Tacitus · Florianus · Probus · Carus · Carinus · Numerian Dominate 284–395 Diocletian · Maximian · Constantius Chlorus · Galerius · Severus · Maxentius · Maximinus Daia · Licinius with Valerius Valens and Martinianus · Constantine the Great · Constantine II · Constans I · Constantius II with Vetranio · Julian · Jovian · Valentinian I · Valens · Gratian · Valentinian II · Theodosius I Western Empire 395–480 Honorius with Constantine III · Constantius III · Joannes · Valentinian III · Petronius Maximus · Avitus · Majorian · Libius Severus · Anthemius · Olybrius · Glycerius · Julius Nepos · Romulus Augustulus Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 395–1204 Arcadius · Theodosius II · Marcian · Leo I the Thracian · Leo II · Zeno · Basiliscus · Anastasius I · Justin I · Justinian I · Justin II · Tiberius II Constantine · Maurice · Phocas · Heraclius · Constantine III · Heraklonas · Constans II · Constantine IV · Justinian II · Leontios · Tiberios III · Philippikos · Anastasios II · Theodosios III · Leo III the Isaurian · Constantine V · Artabasdos · Leo IV the Khazar · Constantine VI · Irene · Nikephoros I · Staurakios · Michael I Rangabe · Leo V the Armenian · Michael II the Amorian · Theophilos · Michael III · Basil I the Macedonian · Leo VI the Wise · Alexander · Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos · Romanos I Lekapenos · Romanos II · Nikephoros II Phokas · John I Tzimiskes · Basil II · Constantine VIII · Zoe · Romanos III Argyros · Michael IV the Paphlagonian · Michael V Kalaphates · Constantine IX Monomachos · Theodora · Michael VI Bringas · Isaac I Komnenos · Constantine X Doukas · Romanos IV Diogenes · Michael VII Doukas · Nikephoros III Botaneiates · Alexios I Komnenos · John II Komnenos · Manuel I Komnenos · Alexios II Komnenos · Andronikos I Komnenos · Isaac II Angelos · Alexios III Angelos · Alexios IV Angelos · Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Constantine Laskaris · Theodore I Laskaris · John III Doukas Vatatzes · Theodore II Laskaris · John IV Laskaris Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 1261–1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos · Andronikos II Palaiologos · Michael IX Palaiologos · Andronikos III Palaiologos · John V Palaiologos · John VI Kantakouzenos · Matthew Kantakouzenos · Andronikos IV Palaiologos · John VII Palaiologos · Andronikos V Palaiologos · Manuel II Palaiologos · John VIII Palaiologos · Constantine XI Palaiologos Ancient Greece was a Greek civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period[citation needed] of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (ca. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era.[1] Included in ancient Greece is the period of Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the repelling of a Persian invasion by Athenian leadership. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.[ Ancient Greece Outline · Timeline Periods Cycladic civilization · Minoan civilization · Mycenaean civilization · Greek Dark Ages · Archaic period · Classical Greece · Hellenistic Greece · Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea · Aeolis · Alexandria · Antioch · Crete · Cyprus · Cappadocia · Doris · Hellespont · Ephesus · Epirus · Ionian Sea · Ionia · Macedonia · Magna Graecia · Miletus · Pergamon · Peloponnesus · Pontus · Ancient Greek colonies City states Argos · Athens · Byzantium · Chalkis · Corinth · Megalopolis · Rhodes · Syracuse · Sparta · Thebes Politics Athenian democracy (Agora · Areopagus · Ecclesia · Graphē paranómōn · Heliaia · Ostracism) · Boeotarch · Boule · 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Anaximenes · Antisthenes · Aristotle · Democritus · Diogenes of Sinope · Epicurus · Empedocles · Heraclitus · Hypatia · Leucippus · Gorgias · Parmenides · Plato · Protagoras · Pythagoras · Socrates · Thales · Zeno Authors Aeschylus · Aesop · Alcaeus · Archilochus · Aristophanes · Bacchylides · Euripides · Herodotus · Hesiod · Hipponax · Homer · Ibycus · Lucian · Menander · Mimnermus · Pindar · Plutarch · Polybius · Sappho · Simonides · Sophocles · Stesichorus · Thucydides · Theognis · Timocreon · Tyrtaeus · Xenophon Others Agesilaus II · Agis II · Alexander the Great · Alcibiades · Aratus · Archimedes · Aspasia · Demosthenes · Epaminondas · Euclid · Hipparchus · Hippocrates · Leonidas · Lycurgus · Lysander · Milo of Croton · Miltiades · Pausanias · Pericles · Philip of Macedon · Philopoemen · Ptolemy · Pyrrhus · Solon · Themistocles Groups Playwrights · Poets · Philosophers · Tyrants Cultures Ancient Greek tribes · Greeks · Thracian Greeks · Ancient Macedonians Arts Architecture · 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WikiProject WikiProject [hide] v · t · e Classical antiquity by region Europa Graecia · Italia · Gallia · Dacia · Thracia · Illyria · Hispania · Britannia · Germania Asia Scythia · Anatolia · Syria · Arabia Africa Libya · Aegyptus [hide] v · t · e Ancient Greek and Roman wars Wars of ancient Greece Trojan War · First Messenian War · Second Messenian War · Lelantine War · Sicilian Wars · Greco-Persian Wars · Aeginetan War · Wars of the Delian League · Samian War · Peloponnesian War · Corinthian War · Sacred Wars (First, Second, Third) · Social War (357–355 BC) · Rise of Macedon · Wars of Alexander the Great · Wars over Alexander's empire · Lamian War · Chremonidean War · Cleomenean War · Social War (220–217 BC) · Cretan War · Aetolian War · War against Nabis · Maccabean Revolt Wars of the Roman Republic Roman-Latin wars (First Latin War (Battle of Lake Regillus) · Second Latin War) · Samnite Wars · Pyrrhic War · Punic Wars (First, Second, Third) · Macedonian Wars (Illyrian · First Macedonian · Second Macedonian · Seleucid · Third Macedonian · Fourth Macedonian) · Jugurthine War · Cimbrian War · Roman Servile Wars (First · Second · Third) · Social War · Civil wars of Lucius Cornelius Sulla (First · Second) · Mithridatic Wars (First · Second · Third) · Gallic Wars · Julius Caesar's civil war · End of the Republic (Post-Caesarian · Liberators' · Sicilian · Fulvia's · Final) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars (Marcomannic · Alamannic · Gothic · Visigothic) · Wars in Britain · Wars of Boudica · Armenian War · Civil War of 69 · Jewish Wars · Domitian's Dacian War · Trajan's Dacian Wars · Parthian Wars · Roman–Persian Wars · Civil Wars of the Third Century · Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire A rocking horse is a child's toy, usually shaped like a horse and mounted on rockers similar to a rocking chair. There are two sorts, the one where the horse part sits rigidly attached to a pair of curved rockers that are in contact with the ground, and a second sort, where the horse hangs on a rigid frame by iron straps the horse moves only relative to the frame, which does not move. Predecessors of the rocking horse may be seen in the rocking cradle, the tilting seats used during the Middle Ages for jousting practice as well as the wheeled hobby horse. The toy in its current form did not appear before the 17th century,[1] though some conflicting sources note medieval manuscripts including references to carved rocking horses, presumably of the toy kind.[2] From the 19th century onward, rocking horses became more commonly considered as child's toy. Mostly built by hobby woodcrafters, and ranging from relatively crude to finely ornamented and the toys of future kings, it was not until the late 19th century that the production became industrialised.[2] In 2006, the Guinness Book of World Records certified Katlinel and Les Hartness of California as having the largest hand-carved wooden rocking horse on record. This rocking horse was built in 2000 and is 7 feet 8 inches (234 cm) tall and weighs 1,200 pounds (680 kg). It can be seen at renaissance faires, faerie festivals, and at private parties and events where up to 3 adults or 4-5 children can ride it together at one time. According to Les and Katlinel, the youngest rider has been six weeks old and the oldest, 94 years. Toy A variety of traditional wooden Channapatna toys from India A toy or plaything is an object that is used primarily to provide entertainment. Simple examples include toy blocks, board games, and dolls. Toys are often designed for use by children, although many are designed specifically for adults and pets. Toys can provide utilitarian benefits, including physical exercise, cultural awareness, or academic education. Additionally, utilitarian objects, especially those which are no longer needed for their original purpose, can be used as toys. Examples include children building a fort with empty cereal boxes and tissue paper spools, or a toddler playing with a broken TV remote control. The term "toy" can also be used to refer to utilitarian objects purchased for enjoyment rather than need, or for expensive necessities for which a large fraction of the cost represents its ability to provide enjoyment to the owner, such as luxury cars, high-end motorcycles, gaming computers, and flagship smartphones. Playing with toys can be an enjoyable way of training young children for life experiences. Different materials like wood, clay, paper, and plastic are used to make toys. Newer forms of toys include interactive digital entertainment and smart toys. Some toys are produced primarily as collectors' items and are intended for display only. The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults, are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children.[1] The oldest known doll toy is thought to be 4,000 years old.[2] Playing with toys is an important part of aging. Younger children use toys to discover their identity, help with cognition, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, become stronger physically, and practice skills needed in adulthood. Adults on occasion use toys to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, help in therapy, and to remember and reinforce lessons from their youth. Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has been mostly unchanged since at least classical antiquity.[1] Horse races vary widely in format, and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, and running in different gaits. In some races, horses are assigned different weights to carry to reflect differences in ability, a process known as handicapping.[2] While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport, a major part of horse racing's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it,[3] an activity that in 2019 generated a worldwide market worth around US$115 billion.[4] History Riderless Racers at Rome by Théodore Géricault, 1817 British nobility horse racing at Apsley House, London c. 1850s Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practised in civilisations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Babylon, Syria, and Egypt.[5] It also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine sports. Both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC[6] and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. It continued although chariot racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse, which frequently suffered serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries.[7] From the mid-fifteenth, spring carnival in Rome closed with a horse race. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, were set loose to run the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street; their time was about 2+1⁄2 minutes. In later times, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with aristocrats and royalty of British society, earning it the title "Sport of Kings".[8] Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and displayed the excellent horsemanship needed in battle. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have vanished after horses stopped being used in combat.[9] In Britain, horse racing became well-established in the 18th century. It continued to grow in popularity throughout the 18th and beyond. King Charles II (reigned 1649 to 1685) was an avid sportsman who gave Newmarket its prominence. By 1750 the Jockey Club was formed to control the Newmarket races, set the rules of the game, prevent dishonesty, and making for a level field.[10] Epsom Derby began in 1780. The five classic races began with the St Leger Stakes in 1776. The system was complete in 1814 with five annual races.[11] Newmarket and the Jockey Club set the standards but most of the racing took place for small cash prizes and enormous local prestige in landowners’ fields and in the rising towns. The system of wagering was essential to the funding and the growth of the industry, and all classes participated from the poor to royalty. High society was in control, and they made a special effort to keep the riff-raff out and the criminal element away from the wagering. With real money at stake, the system needed skilled jockeys, trainers, grooms, and experts at breeding, thereby opening new prestigious careers for working-class rural men. Every young ambitious stable boy could dream of making it big.[12] Horse racing is one of the few sports that continued during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis,[13] with Australian and Hong Kong the two main racing jurisdictions to carry on, albeit with no crowds. The USA, United Kingdom and France were some of the more prominent racing bodies to either postpone or cancel all events. Types of horse racing There are many types of horse racing, including: Flat racing, where horses gallop directly between two points around a straight or oval track. Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, where horses race over obstacles. Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky.[14] Saddle Trotting, where horses must trot from a starting point to a finishing point under saddle Endurance racing, where horses travel across country over extreme distances, generally ranging from 25 to 100 miles (40 to 161 km). Anything less than 25 miles qualifies as a limited distance ride or LD. Different breeds of horses have developed that excel in each of the specific disciplines. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, and Appaloosa.[15] Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, when in Europe, Russian and French Trotter are used with Standardbred. Light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas. There also are races for ponies: both flat and jump[16] and harness racing.[17] Flat racing Flat racing is the most common form of horse racing seen worldwide. Flat racing tracks are typically oval in shape and are generally level, although in Great Britain and Ireland there is much greater variation, including figure-of-eight tracks like Windsor and tracks with often severe gradients and changes of camber, such as Epsom Racecourse. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe and dirt more common in North America and Asia. Newly designed synthetic surfaces, such as Polytrack or Tapeta, are seen at some tracks. Individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards (400 m) up to two and a half miles (4 km), with distances between five and twelve furlongs (1.0 and 2.4 km) being most common. Short races are generally referred to as "sprints", while longer races are known as "routes" in the United States or "staying races" in Europe. Although fast acceleration ("a turn of foot") is usually required to win either type of race, in general sprints are seen as a test of speed, while long-distance races are seen as a test of stamina. The most prestigious flat races in the world, such as the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, Melbourne Cup, Japan Cup, Epsom Derby, Kentucky Derby and Dubai World Cup, are run over distances in the middle of this range and are seen as tests of both speed and stamina to some extent. In the most prestigious races, horses are generally allocated the same weight to carry for fairness, with allowances given to younger horses and female horses running against males. These races are called conditions races and offer the biggest purses. There is another category of races called handicap races where each horse is assigned a different weight to carry based on its ability.[18] Besides the weight they carry, horses' performance can also be influenced by position relative to the inside barrier, gender, jockey, and training. Jump racing Race horses hurdling at Bangor Main articles: National Hunt racing, Steeplechase (horse racing), and Hurdling (horse race) Jump (or jumps) racing in Great Britain and Ireland is known as National Hunt racing (although, confusingly, National Hunt racing also includes flat races taking place at jumps meetings; these are known as National Hunt flat races). Jump racing can be subdivided into steeplechasing and hurdling, according to the type and size of obstacles being jumped. The word "steeplechasing" can also refer collectively to any type of jump race in certain racing jurisdictions, particularly in the United States. Typically, horses progress to bigger obstacles and longer distances as they get older, so that a European jumps horse will tend to start in National Hunt flat races as a juvenile, move on to hurdling after a year or so, and then, if thought capable, move on to steeplechasing. Harness racing Main article: Harness racing A type of racing where horses go around a track while pulling a sulky and a driver behind them. In this sport, Standardbreds are used. These horses are separated into two categories, trotters and pacers. Pacers move the legs on each side of their body in tandem, while trotters move their diagonal legs together. The latter are typically faster than the former due to the gaits used.[19] Occasionally a horse will break their gait into an actual canter or gallop. This could cause the loss of a race or even a disqualification.[20] Notable races include the Breeder's Crown series.[21] Saddle trot racing Ridden trot races are more common in places such as Europe and New Zealand. These horses are trotters who race on the flat under saddle with a jockey on their backs.[22] Endurance racing Main article: Endurance riding Suffolk Downs starting gate, East Boston, Massachusetts The length of an endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while other races can be up to one hundred miles. There are a few races that are even longer than one hundred miles and last multiple days.[23] These different lengths of races are divided into five categories: pleasure rides (10–20 miles), non-competitive trail rides (21–27 miles), competitive trail rides (20–45 miles), progressive trail rides (25–60 miles), and endurance rides (40–100 miles in one day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in multiple days).[24] Because each race is very long, trails of natural terrain are generally used. Contemporary organized endurance racing began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the beginning of the Tevis Cup[25] This race was a one-hundred-mile, one-day-long ride starting in Squaw Valley, Placer County, and ending in Auburn. Founded in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference was the United States' first national endurance riding association.[24] The longest endurance race in the world is the Mongol Derby, which is 1,000 km (620 mi) long.[26] Breeds Further information: Horse breeding In most horse races, entry is restricted to certain breeds; that is, the horse must have a sire (father) and a dam (mother) who are studbook-approved individuals of whatever breed is racing.[citation needed] For example, in a normal harness race, the horse's sire and dam must both be pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quarter Horse racing, where an Appendix Quarter Horse may be considered eligible to race against (standard) Quarter Horses. The designation of "Appendix" refers to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Quarter Horse registry. An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issues a "Racing Register of Merit", which allows a horse to race on Quarter Horse tracks, but not be considered a Quarter Horse for breeding purposes (unless other requirements are met).[27] A stallion who has won many races may be put up to stud when he is retired. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer technology (allowed only in some breeds) have brought changes to the traditions and ease of breeding. Pedigrees of stallions are recorded in various books and websites, such as Weatherbys Stallion Book, the Australian Stud Book and Thoroughbred Heritage.[citation needed] Thoroughbred Main article: Thoroughbred There are three founding sires that all Thoroughbreds can trace back to in the male line: the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Arabian, and the Byerley Turk, named after their respective owners Thomas Darley, Lord Godolphin, and Captain Robert Byerly. They were taken to England, where they were mated with mares from English and imported bloodlines.[28] The resultant foals were the first generation of Thoroughbreds, and all modern Thoroughbreds trace back to them. Thoroughbreds range in height, which is measured in hands (a hand being four inches). Some are as small as 15 hands while others are over 17. Thoroughbreds can travel medium distances at fast paces, requiring a balance between speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds may be bay, black, dark bay/brown, chestnut, gray, roan, white or palomino. Artificial insemination, cloning and embryo transfer are not allowed in the Thoroughbred breed.[29] Standardbred horses harness racing Standardbred Main article: Standardbred The standardbred is a breed of horse used for a variety of purposes, but they are largely bred for harness racing. They are descended from thoroughbreds, morgans, and extinct breeds. Standardbreds are typically docile and easy to handle. They do not spook easily and are quite versatile in what they can do. They can be jumpers, dressage, and pleasure riding horses.[30] Arabian horse Main article: Arabian horse The Arabian horse was developed by the Bedouin people of the Middle East specifically for stamina over long distances, so they could outrun their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the Arabian was introduced into the United States.[31] Arabians appeared in the United States in colonial times, though were not bred as purebreds until about the time of the Civil War. Until the formation of the Arabian Horse Registry of America in 1908, Arabians were recorded with the Jockey Club in a separate subsection from Thoroughbreds. Arabians must be able to withstand traveling long distances at a moderate pace. They have an abundance of type I muscle fibers, enabling their muscles to work for extended periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabian are not nearly as massive as those of the Quarter Horse, which allow it to travel longer distances at quicker speeds. The Arabian is primarily used today in endurance racing but is also raced over traditional race tracks in many countries. Arabian Horse Racing is governed by the International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing.[32] Quarter Horse Main article: American Quarter Horse The ancestors of the Quarter Horse were prevalent in America in the early 17th century. These horses were a blend of Colonial Spanish horses crossed with English horses that were brought over in the 1700s. The native horse and the English horse were bred together, resulting in a compact, muscular horse. At this time, they were mainly used for chores such as plowing and cattle work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association in 1940.[33] In order to be successful in racing, Quarter Horses need to be able to propel themselves forward at extremely fast sprinter speed. The Quarter Horse has much larger hind limb muscles than the Arabian, which make it less suitable for endurance racing.[34] It also has more type II-b muscle fibers, which allow the Quarter Horse to accelerate rapidly. When Quarter Horse racing began, it was very expensive to lay a full mile of track so it was agreed that a straight track of four hundred meters, or one-quarter of a mile, would be laid instead.[35] It became the standard racing distance for Quarter Horses and inspired their name. With the exception of the longer, 870-yard (800 m) distance contests, Quarter Horse races are run flat out, with the horses running at top speed for the duration. There is less jockeying for position, as turns are rare, and many races end with several contestants grouped together at the wire. The track surface is similar to that of Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt. In addition to the three main racing breeds above and their crosses, horse racing may be conducted using various other breeds: Appaloosa, American Paint Horse, mules, Selle Français, AQPS[36] and Korean Jeju.[37] Horse breeds and muscle structure Muscles are bundles of contractile fibers that are attached to bones by tendons. These bundles have different types of fibers within them, and horses have adapted over the years to produce different amounts of these fibers.[38][39] Type 1 Type I muscle fibers are adapted for aerobic exercise and rely on the presence of oxygen. They are slow-twitch fibers. They allow muscles to work for longer periods of time resulting in greater endurance. Type 2 Type II muscles are adapted for anaerobic exercise because they can function in the absence of oxygen. Type II-a fibers are intermediate, representing a balance between the fast-twitch fibers and the slow-twitch fibers. They allow the muscles to generate both speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds possess more Type II-a muscle fibers than Quarter Horses or Arabians. This type of fiber allows them to propel themselves forward at great speeds and maintain it for an extended distance. Type II-b fibers are fast-twitch fibers. These fibers allow muscles to contract quickly, resulting in a great deal of power and speed. Training The Derby Pets - The Winner; painting by James Pollard, c. 1840 The conditioning program for the horses varies depending on the race length. Genetics, training, age, and skeletal soundness are all factors that contribute to a horse's performance.[40] The muscle structure and fiber type of horses depends on the breed; therefore, genetics must be considered when constructing a conditioning plan. A horse's fitness plan must be coordinated properly in order to prevent injury or lameness. If these are to occur, they may negatively affect a horse's willingness to learn.[40] Sprinting exercises are appropriate for training two-year-old racehorses, but the number is limited by psychological factors as well as physical.[40] A horse's skeletal system adapts to the exercise it receives. Because the skeletal system does not reach full maturity until the horse is at least six years of age, young racehorses often suffer injuries.[40] Horse racing by continent North America United States See also: Horse racing in the United States Horse racing at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841 Horse racing at Toledo, Ohio, 1910 Horse race in Benin, Africa) In the United States, Thoroughbred flat races are run on surfaces of either dirt, synthetic or turf. Other tracks offer Quarter Horse racing and Standardbred racing, on combinations of these three types of racing surfaces. Racing of other breeds, such as Arabian horse racing, is found on a limited basis. American Thoroughbred races are run at a wide variety of distances, most commonly from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0 to 2.4 km); with this in mind, breeders of Thoroughbred race horses attempt to breed horses that excel at a particular distance (see dosage index). Horse racing in the United States and on the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York.[41] This first racing meet in North America was supervised by New York's colonial governor, Richard Nicolls. The area is now occupied by the present Nassau County, New York, a region of Greater Westbury and East Garden City. The South Westbury section is still known as Salisbury. The first record of quarter-mile length races dated back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses, and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name from the length of the race. The American Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.[42] The Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack at the Alameda County Fairgrounds is the oldest remaining horse racing track in America,[43] dating from 1858, when it was founded by the sons of the Spaniard Don Agustín Bernal. Belmont Park is located at the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred racecourse in the world, and it has the sport's largest grandstand. One of the latest major horse tracks opened in the United States was the Meadowlands Racetrack, opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. It is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the latter track hosted the prestigious Breeders' Cup series of races in 2004. Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Hall of Fame honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers. The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Together, the Derby; the Preakness Stakes, held two weeks later at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland; and the Belmont Stakes, held three weeks after the Preakness at Belmont Park on Long Island, form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. They are all held early in the year, throughout May and the beginning of June. In recent years the Breeders' Cup races, run at the end of the year, have challenged the Triple Crown events as determiners of the three-year-old champion. The Breeders' Cup is normally held at a different track every year; however, the 2010 and 2011 editions were both held at Churchill Downs, and 2012, 2013 and 2014 races were held at Santa Anita Park. Keeneland, in Lexington, Kentucky, hosted the 2015 Breeders' Cup. The corresponding Standardbred event is the Breeders Crown. There is also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters. For Arabians, there is the Arabian Triple Crown, consisting of Drinkers of the Wind Derby in California, the Texas Six Shooter Stakes, and the Bob Magness Derby in Delaware. American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state where the race is located.[44] Simulcast betting exists across state lines with minimal oversight except the companies involved through legalized parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or "take," is removed from each betting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed.[45] One form of parimutuel gaming is Instant Racing, in which players bet on video replays of races. Advanced Deposit Wagering is a form of gambling on the outcome of horse races in which the bettor must fund his or her account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone. In contrast to ADW, credit shops allow wagers without advance funding; accounts are settled at month-end. Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a cut of ADW revenues. Canada The most famous horse from Canada is generally considered to be Northern Dancer, who after winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Queen's Plate in 1964 went on to become the most successful Thoroughbred sire of the twentieth century; his two-minute-flat Derby was the fastest on record until Secretariat in 1973. The only challenger to his title of greatest Canadian horse would be his son Nijinsky II, who is the last horse to win the English Triple Crown. Woodbine Racetrack (1956) in Toronto is home of the Queen's Plate (1860), Canada's premier Thoroughbred stakes race, and the North America Cup (1984), Canada's premier Standardbred stakes race. It is the only race track in North America which stages Thoroughbred and Standardbred (harness) meetings on the same day. The Canadian International and Woodbine Mile (1981) are Canada's most important Grade I races worth Can$1,000,000 each, and have been won by many renowned horses such as Secretariat and Wise Dan respectively. Other key races include Woodbine Oaks (1956), Prince of Wales Stakes (1929), Breeders' Stakes (1889) and Canadian Derby (1930). Horse Racing in Warsaw at Pole Mokotowskie Race Track in 1891 Europe Horse racing in Sweden, c. 1555 Belgium Horse racing in Belgium takes place at three venues – Hippodrome Wellington in Ostend (opened in 1883 in honour of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Hippodroom Waregem in Waregem in Flanders and Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons, Wallonia. Czech Republic There are 15 racecourses in the Czech Republic, most notably Pardubice Racecourse, where the country's most famous race, the Velka Pardubicka steeplechase, has been run since 1874.[46] However, the first official race was organized back in 1816 by Emperor Francis II near Kladruby nad Labem. The Czech horse racing season usually starts at the beginning of April and ends sometime in November. Racing takes place mostly at weekends and there is usually one meeting on a Saturday and one on Sunday.[47] Horse races, as well as Thoroughbred horse breeding, is organized by Jockey Club Czech Republic, founded in 1919.[48] France See also: List of French flat horse races, Category:Horse racing in France, and French flat racing Champion Jockey France has a major horse racing industry. It is home to the famous Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe held at Longchamp Racecourse, the richest race in Europe and the second richest turf race in the world after the Japan Cup, with a prize of 4 million Euros (approximately US$5.2 million). Other major races include the Grand Prix de Paris, the Prix du Jockey Club (the French Derby) and the Prix de Diane. Besides Longchamp, France's other premier flat racecourses include Chantilly and Deauville. There is also a smaller but nevertheless important jumps racing sector, with Auteil Racecourse being the best known. The sport's governing body is France Galop. Great Britain Main article: Horseracing in Great Britain See also: Horseracing in Scotland and Horseracing in Wales 1890 engraving of horses jumping the Becher's Brook fence in the Grand National. With treacherous fences combined with the distance (over 4 miles), the race has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".[49] Eclipse, an undefeated British racehorse and outstanding sire. Horse racing in Great Britain is predominantly thoroughbred flat and jumps racing. It was in Great Britain in the 17th to 19th centuries that many of the sport's rules and regulations were established. Named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, The Derby was first run in 1780. The race serves as the middle leg of the British Triple Crown, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger. The name "Derby" has since become synonymous with great races all over the world, and as such has been borrowed many times in races abroad.[50] The Grand National is the most prominent race in British culture, watched by many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.[51] Many of the sport's greatest jockeys, most notably Sir Gordon Richards, have been British. The sport is regulated by the British Horseracing Authority. The BHA's authority does not extend to Northern Ireland; racing in Ireland is governed on an All-Ireland basis. Greece Despite having an ancient tradition with well-documented history, all racetracks in Greece have ceased operation due to the Greek government-debt crisis.[52] Hungary Hungary has a long-standing horse racing tradition. The first horse racing in Pest was noted on June 6, 1827.[citation needed] Although racing in Hungary is neither as popular nor as prestigious as it is in Western Europe, the country is notable for producing some fine international racehorses. Foremost of these is Kincsem, foaled in 1874 and the most successful Thoroughbred racehorse ever, having won 54 races in 54 starts. The country also produced Overdose, a horse who won his first 12 races, including group races in Germany and Italy, and finished fourth in the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot. Ireland Main article: Horse racing in Ireland Ireland has a rich history of horse racing; point to pointing originated there, and even today, jump racing is more popular than racing on the flat. As a result, every year Irish horse racing fans travel in huge numbers to the highlight event of the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Festival, and in recent years Irish owned or bred horses have dominated the event.[citation needed] Ireland has a thriving Thoroughbred breeding industry, stimulated by favorable tax treatment.[citation needed] The world's largest Thoroughbred stud farm, Coolmore Stud, has its main site there (in addition to major operations in the U.S. and Australia). In recent years,[when?] various Irish bred and trained horses achieved victory in one or more of the British 2000 Guineas, The Derby and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, considered the three most prestigious races in Europe. In the six runnings of the Epsom Derby between 2008 and 2013, Irish horses filled 20 of the first 30 placings, winning the race 5 times.[citation needed] Italy See also: List of horse races in Italy Historically, Italy has been one of the leading European horse-racing nations, albeit in some respects behind Great Britain, Ireland, and France in size and prestige. The late Italian horse breeder Federico Tesio was particularly notable. In recent years, however, the sport in the country has suffered a major funding crisis, culminating in its 2014 expulsion from the European Pattern.[53] Netherlands This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In Wassenaar in the Hague there is a grass course at Duindigt. Poland This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) "First regular horse racing on Pola Mokotowskie in Warsaw" January Suchodolski 1849. Horse racing in Poland can be dated to 1777, when a horse owned by Polish noble Kazimierz Rzewuski beat the horse of the English chargé d'affaires, Sir Charles Whitworth, on the road from Wola to Ujazdów Castle. The first regular horse racing was organized in 1841 on Mokotów Fields in Warsaw by Towarzystwo Wyścigów Konnych i Wystawy Zwierząt Gospodarskich w Królestwie Polskim (in English, the Society of Horse Racing in Congress Poland). The main racetrack in Poland is Warsaw's Służewiec Racecourse. The industry was severely limited during the Communist era, when gambling, the major source of funding, was made illegal. Sweden See also: Harness racing in Sweden This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Harness racing (also known as trotting), is a popular sport in Sweden, with significant amounts of money wagered annually. Oceania Australia Main articles: Thoroughbred racing in Australia and Harness racing in Australia Tambo Valley Picnic Races, Victoria, Australia 2006 Horse racing in Australia was founded during the early years of settlement and the industry has grown to be among the top three leading Thoroughbred racing nations of the world.[54] The world-famous Melbourne Cup, the race that stops a nation, has recently attracted many international entries. In country racing, records indicate that Goulburn commenced racing in 1834.[55] Australia's first country racing club was established at Wallabadah in 1852 and the Wallabadah Cup is still held on New Year's Day (the current racecourse was built in 1898).[56] In Australia, the most famous racehorse was Phar Lap (bred in New Zealand), who raced from 1928 to 1932. Phar Lap carried 9 st 12 lb (62.5 kg) to win the 1930 Melbourne Cup. Australian steeplechaser Crisp is remembered for his battle with Irish champion Red Rum in the 1973 Grand National. In 2003–2005 the mare Makybe Diva (bred in Great Britain) became the only racehorse to ever win the Melbourne Cup three times, let alone in consecutive years. In harness racing, Cane Smoke had 120 wins, including 34 in a single season, Paleface Adios became a household name during the 1970s, while Cardigan Bay, a pacing horse from New Zealand, enjoyed great success at the highest levels of American harness racing in the 1960s. More recently, Blacks A Fake has won four Inter Dominion Championships, making him the only horse to complete this feat in Australasia's premier harness race.[57] Competitive endurance riding commenced in Australia in 1966, when the Tom Quilty Gold Cup was first held in the Hawkesbury district, near Sydney, New South Wales. The Quilty Cup is considered the National endurance ride and there are now over 100 endurance events contested across Australia, ranging in distances from 80 km to 400 km.[58] The world's longest endurance ride is the Shahzada 400 km Memorial Test which is conducted over five days traveling 80 kilometers a day at St Albans on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. In all endurance events, there are rigorous vet checks, conducted before, during and after the competition, in which the horses' welfare is of the utmost concern.[59] New Zealand Main articles: Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand and Harness racing in New Zealand Racing is a long-established sport in New Zealand, stretching back to colonial times. Horse racing is a significant part of the New Zealand economy which in 2004 generated 1.3% of the GDP. The indirect impact of expenditures on racing was estimated to have generated more than $1.4 billion in economic activity in 2004 and created 18,300 full-time equivalent jobs. More than 40,000 people were involved in some capacity in the New Zealand racing industry in 2004. In 2004, more than one million people attended race meetings in New Zealand.[60] There are 69 Thoroughbred and 51 harness clubs licensed in New Zealand. Racecourses are situated in 59 locations throughout New Zealand. The bloodstock industry is important to New Zealand, with the export sale of horses – mainly to Australia and Asia – generating more than $120 million a year. During the 2008–09 racing season 19 New Zealand bred horses won 22 Group One races around the world.[61] Notable thoroughbred racehorses from New Zealand include Carbine, Nightmarch, Sunline, Desert Gold and Rising Fast.[62][63] Phar Lap and Tulloch were both bred in New Zealand but did not race there. The most famous New Zealand standardbred horse is probably Cardigan Bay. Stanley Dancer drove the New Zealand bred horse, Cardigan Bay to win $1 million in stakes in 1968, the first harness horse to surpass that milestone in American history.[64] Other horses of note include Young Quinn, Christian Cullen, Lazarus and the trotter Lyell Creek. Africa Mauritius Maiden Cup 2006 - To The Line, winner of the race On 25 June 1812, the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated by The Mauritius Turf Club which was founded earlier in the same year by Colonel Edward A. Draper. The Champ de Mars is situated on a prestigious avenue in Port Louis, the capital city and is the oldest racecourse in the southern hemisphere. The Mauritius Turf Club is the second oldest active turf club in the world. Undeniably, racing is one of the most popular sports in Mauritius now attracting regular crowds of 20,000 people or more to the only racecourse of the island. A high level of professionalism has been attained in the organization of races over the last decades preserving the unique electrifying ambiance prevailing on race days at the Champ de Mars. Members of the British Royal Family, such as Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Margaret or the Queen Mother have attended or patronised races at the Champ de Mars numerous times. Champ de Mars has four classic events a year such as: Duchess of York Cup, Barbé Cup, Maiden Cup and the Duke of York Cup. Most of the horses are imported from South Africa but some are also acquired from Australia, the United Kingdom and France.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] South Africa Horse racing is a popular sport in South Africa that can be traced back to 1797. The first recorded race club meeting took place five years later in 1802.[73] The national horse racing body is known as the National Horseracing Authority and was founded in 1882. The premier event, which attracts 50,000 people to Durban, is the Durban July Handicap, which has been run since 1897 at Greyville Racecourse. It is the largest and most prestigious event on the continent, with betting running into the hundreds of millions of Rands. Several July winners have gone on to win major international races, such as Colorado King, London News, and Ipi Tombe.[74] However, the other notable major races are the Summer Cup, held at Turffontein Racecourse in Johannesburg, and The Sun Met, which is held at Kenilworth race track in Cape Town. Asia China Horse racing in one form or another has been a part of Chinese culture for millennia. Horse racing was a popular pastime for the aristocracy at least by the Zhou Dynasty – 4th century B.C. General Tian Ji's strategem for a horse race remains perhaps the best-known story about horse racing in that period. In the 18th and 19th centuries, horse racing and equestrian sports in China was dominated by Mongol influences. Thoroughbred horse racing came to China with British settlements in the middle 1800s and most notably centered around the treaty ports, including the two major race courses in Shanghai, the Shanghai Racecourse and the International Recreation Grounds (in Kiang-wan), and the racecourses of Tianjin. The Kiang-wan racecourse was destroyed in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Shanghai Race Club closed in 1954. The former Shanghai Racecourse is now People's Square and People's Park and the former club building was the Shanghai Art Museum. As Hong Kong and Macau are Special Administrative Region, they're allowed to exemption from ban of gambling on mainland China. (See below) Horse racing was banned in the Republic of China from 1945, and the People's Republic of China maintained the ban after 1949, although allowances were made for ethnic minority peoples for whom horse sports are a cultural tradition. Speed horse racing (速度赛马) was an event in the National Games of China, mainly introduced to cater to minority peoples, such as the Mongols. The racecourse was initially 5 km, but from 2005 (the 10th National Games) was extended to 12 km. The longer race led to deaths and injuries to participating horses in both 2005 and the 11th National Games in 2009. Also, with the entry into the sport of Han majority provinces such as Hubei, which are better funded and used Western, rather than traditional, breeding and training techniques, meant that the original purpose of the event to foster traditional horse racing for groups like the Mongols was at risk of being usurped. At the 2009 National Games, Hubei won both the gold and silver medals, with Inner Mongolia winning bronze. As a result of these factors, the event was abolished for the 12th National Games in 2013. Club horse racing reappeared on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, the China Speed Horse Race Open in Wuhan was organized as the qualification round for the speed horse race event at the National Games the next year, but was also seen by commentators as a step towards legalizing both horse racing and gambling on the races.[75] The Wuhan Racecourse was the only racecourse that organized races in China.[76] In 2014, the Wuhan Jockey Club organized more than 80 races. Almost all Chinese trainers and jockeys stabled in Wuhan. However, with the demise of the event at the National Games and the government not relenting from the ban on commercial racing, various racecourses built in recent years are all in a state of disuse: The Nanjing Racecourse, which previously hosted National Games equestrian events, is now used as a car park;[77] the Beijing Jockey Club was shut down in 2008. The racecourse in Inner Mongolia has not been active after 2012. Horse racing eventually returned to mainland China on the year 2014 as the one-day, five-card event for foreign horses, trainers and jockeys.[78] Hong Kong Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong at night The British tradition of horse racing left its mark with the creation of one of the most important entertainment and gambling institutions in Hong Kong. Established as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club in 1884, the non-profit organization conducts nearly 700 races every season at the two race tracks: in Happy Valley and Sha Tin. All horses are imported since there is no breeding operation.[citation needed] The sport annually draws millions of dollars of tax revenue. Off-track betting is available from overseas bookmakers. In the 1920s, the Hong Kong Jockey Club had race meetings for visitors already. Visitors were divided into public and member. The charges for these two types of visitors are different. The charge for admission to the Public Enclosure is $1 per day for all while soldiers and sailors can enjoy half price. On the other hand, members are required to show their badges to obtain admission to the Members’ Enclosure. And also the charge for admission to the Members’ Enclosure is $2 per day.[79] By comparing the lowest wage in 1929, we observe that the lowest wage is around $12 ( $0.4 per day) which has a large distance for the requirement enclosure.[80] Therefore, we can observe that the race meetings are mainly opened for upper class mostly while grass-root has a lower chance to touch horse racing activity. Nowadays, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is a cornerstone of modern Hong Kong. It donates all its profits to the Hong Kong government, charities and public institutions. It is the territory's largest taxpayer, contributing 11% of the government's revenues in 2000. In economic terms, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is an old-fashioned government-protected monopoly; all other forms of gambling are illegal in this industry.[81] Hong Kong—Sweepstakes Sweepstakes were introduced in Hong Kong during the 1920s. There are three types of sweepstakes which are the Special Cash Sweeps, the Last Race Sweep and the Ordinary Cash Sweeps. Special Cash Sweeps were at first drawn twice a year, and increased to three times a year later given its popularity. It carried the highest prize money amongst three types of sweepstakes. The Last Race Sweep commanded higher prize money then Ordinary Cash Sweeps, which were drawn for almost every race and therefore carried the lowest prize money.[82] Sweepstakes could be purchased either at sweepstakes stations or from sweepstakes vendors throughout Hong Kong. With different numbers print on each sweepstake, one sweepstake is drawn and assigned, for each horse participating in the race, and the sweepstake attached to the winning horse would win the first prize. Likewise, the number of the first runner-up and second runner-up would win the second and third prize, respectively, with the rest winning consolation prizes. With the introduction of new bet types in horse racing and the launch of the Mark Six lottery in the 1970s, the club finally stopped selling sweepstakes in 1977.[82] Macau Jockey Club of Macau was established for harness racing. It started to conduct horse races in 1989.[83] India Main article: Horse racing in India India's first racecourse was set up in Madras in 1777. Today India has nine racetracks operated by seven racing authorities.[citation needed] Japan Main article: Horseracing in Japan Nakayama Racecourse in Funabashi, Japan Japan has two governing bodies that control its horseracing – the Japan Racing Association (JRA), and National Association of Racing (NAR). Between them they conduct more than 21,000 horse races a year. The JRA is responsible for 'Chuo Keiba' (meaning 'central horse racing'), taking place on the ten main Japanese tracks. The NAR, meanwhile, is responsible for 'Chihou Keiba' (meaning 'local horse racing'). Racing in Japan is mainly flat racing, but Japan also has jump racing and a sled-pulling race known as Ban'ei (also called Draft Racing). Japan's top stakes races are run in the spring, autumn, and winter. These include the country's most prominent race – the Grade 1 Japan Cup, a 2,400 m (about 1½ mile) invitational turf race run every November at Tokyo Racecourse for a purse of ¥476 million (about US$5.6 million), one of the richest turf races in the world. Other noted stakes races include the February Stakes, Japanese Derby, Takamatsunomiya Kinen, Yasuda Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Arima Kinen, Satsuki Sho, Kikka Sho, and the Tenno Sho races run in the spring and fall. Japan's top jump race is the Nakayama Grand Jump, run every April at Nakayama Racecourse. Malaysia In Malaysia, horse racing was introduced during the British colonial era and remains to the present day as a gambling activity. There are three race courses in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Penang Turf Club, Perak Turf Club and Selangor Turf Club. Within and only within the turf clubs, betting on horse racing is a legal form of gambling. Racing in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is conducted and governed under the Rules of the Malayan Racing Association and betting in Malaysia is operated and organized by Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd. In East Malaysia, races are governed independently by the Royal Sabah Turf Club[84] and the Sarawak Turf Club.[85] Mongolia Mongolian horse racing takes place during the Naadam festival. Mongolia does not have Thoroughbred horse racing. Rather, it has its own Mongolian style of horse racing in which the horses run for at least a distance of 25 kilometers.[86] Pakistan Horse races are held in Pakistan at four clubs. In Lahore at Lahore Race Club, Rawalpindi at Chakri, in Karachi at Karachi Race Club and in Gujrat at Gujrat Race Club. Philippines Main article: Horseracing in the Philippines Horseracing in the Philippines began in 1867. The history of Philippine horseracing has three divisions according to the breeds of horses used. They are the Philippine-pony era (1867–1898), the Arabian-horse era (1898–1930), and the Thoroughbred-era (1935–present).[87] Singapore This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Horse racing was introduced to Singapore by the British during the colonial era and remained one of the legal forms of gambling after independence. It remains a highly popular form of entertainment with the local Singaporean community to this day. Races are typically held on Friday evenings and Sundays at the Singapore Turf Club in Kranji. Horse racing has also left its mark in the naming of roads in Singapore such as Race Course Road in Little India, where horse racing was first held in Singapore, and Turf Club Road in Bukit Timah where Singapore Turf Club used to be situated before moving to its current location in 1999.[citation needed] South Korea Main article: Horse racing in South Korea Horse racing in South Korea dates back to May 1898, when a foreign language institute run by the government included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it wasn't until the 1920s that modern horse racing involving betting developed. The nation's first authorised club, the Chosun Racing Club, was established in 1922 and a year later, the pari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.[88] The Korean War disrupted the development of horse racing in the country, but after the Seoul Olympics in 1988, the Olympic Equestrian Park was converted into racing facilities named Seoul Race Park, which helped the sport to develop again.[88] Turkey Main article: Jockey Club of Turkey This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Horses have been an important role in Turks' lives throughout history. After the modern Republic Of Turkey was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the number of breeding and racing Arabian and thoroughbred racehorses accelerated rapidly especially after the beginning of the 1930s. The Jockey Club of Turkey, founded in 1950, was the turning point of both the Turkish breeding and racing industries. United Arab Emirates The big race in the UAE is the Dubai World Cup, a race with a purse of US$10 million, which was the largest purse in the world until being surpassed by the Pegasus World Cup, an American race with a $12 million purse that held its first edition in 2017. The Dubai World Cup is once again the world's richest horse race. The Pegasus World Cup had its purse reduced in 2019 to make room for a new turf race.[89] Other races include the Dubai Kahayla Classic with a purse of US$250,000. The Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, reportedly the world's largest race track, opened on March 27, 2010, for the Dubai World Cup race. The race track complex contains two tracks with seating for 60,000, a hotel, restaurants, theater and museum. There is no parimutuel betting in the UAE as gambling is illegal.[90] South America Argentina In Argentina the sport is known as turf. Some of the most famous racers are Irineo Leguisamo, Vilmar Sanguinetti, Marina Lezcano, Jorge Valdivieso, Pablo Falero and Jorge Ricardo. Carlos Gardel's tango Por una cabeza is about horse racing, a sport of which he was a known fan. Gardel was a good friend of Irineo Leguisamo, who is the most recognized Uruguayan jockey, who raced numerous years in Argentine.[citation needed] Betting Main article: Betting on horse racing At many horse races, there is a gambling station, where gamblers can stake money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited at some tracks; Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renowned TD Bank Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to a 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, most tracks offer parimutuel betting where gamblers' money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction is made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, an alternative and more popular facility is provided by bookmakers who effectively make a market in odds. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' odds on a horse at a particular time (known as 'taking the price' in the UK). Parimutuel gambling on races also provides not only purse money to participants but considerable tax revenue, with over $100 billion wagered annually in 53 countries.[91] Dangers Anna Waller, a member of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of North Carolina, co-authored a four-year-long study of jockey injuries and stated to The New York Times that "For every 1,000 jockeys you have riding [for one year], over 600 will have medically treated injuries." She added that almost 20% of these were serious head or neck injuries. The study reported 6,545 injuries during the years 1993–1996.[92][93] More than 100 jockeys were killed in the United States between 1950 and 1987.[94] Horses also face dangers in racing. 1.5 horses die out of every 1,000 starts in the United States.[citation needed] The U.S. Jockey Club in New York estimates that about 600 horses died at racetracks in 2006. Another estimates there are 1,000 deaths annual in the US.[95] The Jockey Club in Hong Kong reported a far lower figure of 0.58 horses per 1,000 starts. There is speculation that drugs used in horse racing in the United States, which are banned elsewhere, are responsible for the higher death rate in the United States.[96] In the Canadian province of Ontario, a study of 1,709 racehorse deaths between 2003 and 2015 found that the majority of deaths were attributable to "damage during exercise to the horses' musculoskeletal system", including fractures, dislocations, and tendon ruptures.[97] Mortality rates were eight times higher for thoroughbreds than standardbreds, and highest amongst young horses. The study also found that the incidence of off-track deaths was twice as high for thoroughbreds. In the United Kingdom, 186 horses were killed as a direct result of racing in 2019. Of these 145 died in National Hunt (jump) racing and 41 in flat racing.[98] A report published in 2005 estimated that "around 375 horses who are entered into races each season die from their injuries, or they are killed because they are considered of no further commercial value, even though they are young enough to continue racing." It added, "Reasons for horses being destroyed include broken legs, back, neck and pelvis; fatal spinal injuries, exhaustion, heart attack, and burst blood vessels in the lungs."[99] See also icon Horses portal Sports portal Australian and New Zealand punting glossary Commercial animal cloning Fully automatic time Glossary of North American horse racing Going (horse racing) Horse length Horse racing equipment Jockey Challenge List of horse racing tracks List of jockeys Match race References  "Horse racing". Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2014.  "Horse Racing Terms". Official Horse Picks. 2020-04-10. 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Retrieved 2019-04-05.  "History of the Arabian Horse" Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Essortment.com 8 April 2009  "IFAHR – International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities". www.ifahr.net.  "Quarter Horse History" Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Essortment.com 8 April 2009  Crook, T.C., et al. "Comparative Anatomy and Muscle Architecture of Selected Hind Limb Muscles in the Quarter Horse and Arab. " Journal of Anatomy February 2008: 144–152. Academic Search Complete EBSCO. University of Arizona Library, Tucson, Arizona. 4 March 2009  "Quarter Horse Racing" HorseRacing.com. The Horse Racing Channel. 13 March 2009  Also race with thoroughbreds in Europe  "RACING_INFO | GENERAL INFOMATION". race.kra.co.kr.  "What Makes a Quarter Horse Different from a Thoroughbred"? Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. 8 April 2009  "Equine Muscle Fiber Types". eXtension. August 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2019.  Gibbs, P.G., G.D. Potter, B.D. Nielsen, D.D. Householder, and W. Moyer. Scientific Principles for Conditioning Race and Performance Horses. Archived 2011-08-06 at Wikiwix Publication. Texas A&M University Department of Animal Science Equine Sciences Program. 29 April 2009  "horse racing | sport". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-04-11.  "History of Horse Racing." WinningPonies.com. 7 April 2009.  "Alameda County Fair Horse Racing" race-track.info. retrieved 11 October 2014.  Becker, Frank (2013). Equine Law. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-615-90347-7.  "Takeout on Thoroughbred racing – Yes, it's too high!". thoroughbredracing.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01.  "Velka Pardubicka Steeplechase". Retrieved 2013-02-22.  "The Czech Racing Season". Retrieved 2013-02-22.  "Directory of the turf". Retrieved 2013-02-22.  Powell, Nick (6 April 2013). "Grand National comes home without casualties". Sky News. Retrieved 8 April 2013.  Reeves, Richard Stone (1997), Crown jewels of thoroughbred racing: original paintings (Illustrated ed.), p. 134. Eclipse Press  Grand National Betting Archived 2010-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Grandnational.org.uk. Retrieved on 15 November 2016.  "Odie.gr".  Mottershead, Lee (16 April 2014). "Italy axed from European Pattern". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.  "Racing Fact Book" (PDF). Australia Racing Board. 2007–2008. p. 72. Retrieved 2009-06-17.  Barrie, Douglas M., Turf Cavalcade, Halstead Press, Sydney, 1960  "Wallabadah". Walkabout.com.au. 2009-02-28. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  Inter Dominion Hall of Fame: Blacks A Fake Archived 2016-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-5-21  Endurance Riding Retrieved 2010-12-7  Shahzada Retrieved 2010-12-7  "Briefing for Incoming Minister Racing October 2005 p.8" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  Racetrack Sires 2009, June/August, 2009, Record season for the New Zealand breed, p.52  de Bourg, Ross, The Australian and New Zealand Thoroughbred, Nelson, West Melbourne, 1980, ISBN 0-17-005860-3  Digby, John; "Thoroughbred Families and Sires of Australian and New Zealand", AJC & VRC, 2002  Sandy Treadwell (1981-05-18). "Stanley Dancer and Cardigan Bay". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "BBC News". 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "Mauritius Villas and Hotels". Elegantdestinations.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "Mauritius Island Online". Maurinet.com. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  The Mauritius Turf Club Archived 2014-07-29 at the Wayback Machine  "Billetterie – Otayo Maurice". Archived from the original on September 16, 2008.  "Asianracing.org Asian Racing Federation". Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.  Champ de Mars Racecourse  Bigpond.com Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine  "Horse racing in South Africa". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-10.  "Durban July Handicap". Racehorseowner.com. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "China ends 60-year horse racing ban". Reuters.  "¶«·½ÉñÂí". January 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-01-25.  Caixin – Nanjing Horse Track Used as a Carpark  Third Chengdu Dubai International Cup Set for Saturday, April 2 Emirates Racing Authority  "Hong Kong Sunday Herald, 1929-05-12". Hong Kong Sunday Herald.  "Report by the Labour Officer Mr H.R. Butters on Labour and Labour Conditions in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Memory.  Suh-kyung, Yoon (29 March 2001). "Hong Kong's bookie won't bet on change". Far Eastern Economic Review. 164 (12): 32–34. ProQuest 208251238.  The Hong Kong Racing Museum.2/F, Happy Valley Stand, Happy Valley Racecourse.24 February 2019  http://www.mjc.mo/race_en/info/r_pages.php?id=41[Macau Jockey Club – Preface]  "Royal Sabah Turf Club". Retrieved 2021-03-03.  "Sarawak Turf Club". www.facebook.com.  "Mongolian horse racing". Thingsasian.com. 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "Landmark Dates". Philippine Racing Commission. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.  "Korea". Asian Racing Federation. Retrieved 27 April 2014.  Stephen, Eric (2019-01-26). "Pegasus World Cup purse down to $9 million for final race this year". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2019-04-05.  "World's Biggest Horse Track". 2010-01-28. Archived from the original on 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2010-01-28.  NTRA Wagering Technology Working Group in conjunction with Giuliani Partners LLC (August 2003). "Improving Security in the United States Pari-Mutuel Wagering System: Status Report and Recommendations" (PDF). National Thoroughbred Racing Association Web Site. National Thoroughbred Racing Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-17.  Joe DrapePublished: February 02, 2002 (2002-02-02). "On Horse Racing; Recent Spills Underline Dangers of the Sport". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  Waller, Anna E.; Daniels, JL; Weaver, NL; Robinson, P (8 March 2000). "Jockey Injuries in the United States". JAMA. 283 (10): 1326–8. doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1326. PMID 10714733.  "Safety and Health in the Horse Racing Industry". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  Battuello, Patrick (8 October 2019). "The time for horse racing has passed. It's time to outlaw it". The Washington Post. Gale A602660885. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019.  Marx, Willem (2007-02-08). "Danger Out of the Gate What's Behind the High Rate of Deaths Among U.S. Racehorses?". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013-10-01.  "Intense exercise linked to hundreds of deaths of Ontario racehorses". The Canadian Press. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.  Animal Aid, 186 race horses killed in 2019, https://www.animalaid.org.uk/186-race-horses-killed-in-2019/ Posted on the 6th February 2020, Accessed 28 March 2021  Dean Stansall,(200)This Unsporting Life https://www.animalaid.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/unsporting.pdf Accessed 28 March 2021 ISBN 0-9545115-8-1. Bibliography Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. DK. ISBN 978-1564586148. ASIN 1564586146. "Horse-racing" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horse racing.  The dictionary definition of horse racing at Wiktionary vte Equestrian sports Main articles: EquestrianismEquitation FEI disciplines, Olympic DressageEventingShow jumping FEI disciplines, non-Olympic Combined drivingEnduranceHorseballReiningTent peggingVoltigePara-equestrian Horse racing Flat racingHarness racingPalioPoint-to-pointSteeplechaseThoroughbred horse racing Team sports BuzkashiCowboy poloEquestrian drill teamEscaramuza charraFantasiaJereed (cirit)MataPatoPoloPolocrosseTeam chasing Games with horses Barrel racingCarrera de cintasCorrida de sortijaDzhigitovkaEquine agilityEr EnishGymkhana (equestrian)Keyhole raceKyz kuuMounted gamesO-Mok-SeePole bendingPotato raceSinjska alkaSkijoring Driving sports Ban'ei racingCarriage drivingChuckwagon racingDraft horse showingFine harnessHorse pullingPleasure drivingRoadsterScurry driving Working stock sports Acoso y derriboAustralian rodeoBreakaway ropingBronc ridingCalf ropingCampdraftingCharreríaChilean rodeoColeoCuttingDeporte de lazoGoat tyingJineteada gauchaRanch sortingRodeoSteer wrestlingTeam penningTeam ropingWorking cow horse Weaponry Cowboy mounted shootingJoustingMounted archery YabusamePasolaPig sticking Horse show and exhibition disciplines Classical dressageEnglish pleasureHalter (horse show)Horse showmanshipHunt seatSaddle seatShow hackShow hunterShow hunter (British)SidesaddleStunt ridingTrail (horse show)Western dressageWestern pleasureWestern riding (horse show) Regional and breed-specific disciplines Camargue equitationDoma menorquinaDoma vaqueraIcelandic equitationWorking equitation Field sports CavalcadeCompetitive trail ridingCross-countryField hunterFox huntingHunter pacingMounted orienteeringPleasure ridingTrail ridingTREC vte Racing Running Track running SprintingMiddle-distance runningLong-distance runningRelay raceHurdlingSteeplechase Commgames 2006 Mens Marathon.jpg Road running Half marathonMarathonUltramarathonEkiden Off-road running Cross country runningMountain runningFell runningTrail runningSkyrunning Other Tower runningRacewalkingBackward runningSnowshoe runningParkour Orienteering Foot orienteeringMountain bike orienteeringSki orienteeringTrail orienteeringRadio orienteeringCanoe orienteeringRogainingMountain marathonCar orienteering Bicycle racing Road bicycle racingCyclo-crossGravel racingMountain bike racingTrack cycling (Keirin)BMX racingCycle speedway Animal racing Camel racingGreyhound racingHorse racingPigeon racingSled dog racing Swimming Open water swimmingMarathon swimmingParalympic swimming Climbing Speed climbing Motor racing Auto racing Drag racingFormula racingKart racingOff-road racingPickup truck racingRallyingRally raidSports car racingStock car racingTouring car racingTruck racing David Coulthard 2008 Canada.jpg Motorcycle racing Beach racingMotocrossMotorcycle chariot racingRally raidTrack racing Motorboat racing Drag boat racingHydroplane racingJet sprint boat racingInshore powerboat racingOffshore powerboat racing Other Air racingRadio-controlled car racingSlot car racingStreet racing Board racing LongboardingSandboardingSlalom skateboardingStreet luge Winter racing Alpine skiingCross-country skiingSnowboard crossSpeed skatingSledding Multi-sport racing Adventure racingTriathlon DuathlonAquathlon List of forms of racing Authority control Edit this at Wikidata National libraries France (data)GermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Other National Archives (US) Categories: Horse racingEquestrian sports Queen Victoria Victoria Photograph of Queen Victoria, 1882 Photograph by Alexander Bassano, 1882 Queen of the United Kingdom (more ...) Reign    20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 Coronation    28 June 1838 Predecessor    William IV Successor    Edward VII Empress of India Reign    1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 Imperial Durbar    1 January 1877 Successor    Edward VII Born    Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent 24 May 1819 Kensington Palace, London, England Died    22 January 1901 (aged 81) Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England Burial    4 February 1901 Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, Windsor Spouse    Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ​ ​(m. 1840; died 1861)​ Issue    Victoria, German Empress Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg House    Hanover Father    Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Mother    Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Signature    Victoria's signature Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Victoria, a constitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond jubilees were times of public celebration. She died on the Isle of Wight in 1901. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. What is an Antique 7 What exactly is an Antique? In purist words, and based on the “official” description from the United States Customs Service, antiques have generally been viewed as things with no less than a hundred years of age under their belts. Meaning the scale slides each year since a lot more items age to suit into that particular time period. Then again, the word antique is employed rather freely from the public, and frequently lands up highlighting the age of the individual utilizing it over the definite definition. For a teenager, for instance, a home kitchen items from the 60’s appears “antique,” while a older adult may see antiques as the numerous items they utilized or spotted in the homes of their grandparents as a kid. Varying Views Among “Experts” Obviously, you may ask several different antiques “experts” what exactly an antique is and you’ll obtain a few different answers. There have already been hot discussions about this very topic when multiple antiques experts have gathered to try and define the word antique. A few experts tend to look more at high design and style whenever deeming an item antique. They view antiques as “masterpieces” of style and of merely the best quality. For this evaluation, anything from primitive furniture of all ages to faceless Amish rag dolls coming from the late twentieth century wouldn’t be regarded antique no matter the scarcity of the object. A number of other experts don’t agree with these people. A great way to view it is the dividing line drawn in which styles totally changed from the old-fashioned look toward the contemporary. Hemlines were reduced and simplified, and Art Deco design was the extremely popular throughout the 1920s stepping into the 1930s. These types of fashion and design developments having a modern curve, and the like within this transitional period, offer a stark distinction into the elegant nature of Victorian, Edwardian, as well as Colonial influences observed in the past decades to hundreds of years. Bearing this in mind, one perspective is to see things made just before 1920 as antiques and newer items as “collectibles.” The antique scale slides with regards to the real age of these items as we go on to move ahead through the calendar, however. The moment 2020 comes around these objects will be regarded as antiques by the U.S. Customs Service definition thus broadly adopted in the field. How Must You Describe Objects You’re Selling? Perhaps even the most honest sellers having the best of intentions can do a miscalculation occasionally to describe their wares. However when sellers use terms improperly, particularly if they do it over and over again, those blunders could quickly ruin their integrity. For this reason alone it’s best if you try to obtain the facts straight. Distinguishing something that is actually a collectible – anything under a hundred years old – as an antique makes smart buyers feel as if you’re simply wanting to pull one over to them. It may also cause you to look ignorant as to what you’re selling, or much worse, dishonest. If the item is clearly newer than a hundred years in age, simply refer to it as a collectible. In case you actually think that a product is over a hundred years in age after doing research, then it’s completely fine to refer to it as an antique. A few online selling sites have got particular groups to adhere to which differentiate antiques from collectibles. You’ll do better by having it right, because potential clients will examine those classes for what they’re searching for apart from depending on keyword searches. Even when you are marketing in an antique shopping mall or in a show, marking and representing your things precisely helps you well. Clients will return over and over again to find out what’s new within your booth should you do your very best to provide them great product which has been carefully investigated and properly sold. Types of Antiques As stated over and over before, antiques are items of old things like home furniture and jewelry or uncommon things which have been stored for over a hundred years old. When you are planning to enter antique collecting, then you’ll discover that this is an incredibly satisfying exercise where you can find a number of classes involved. You’ll certainly discover a rare item or thing at numerous avenues such as antique art galleries or at local flea markets and car boot sales and prior to going out and begin purchasing all that hits your curiosity you must first know the types of antique. Generally, antiques are things that where possible over a century old while they’re recognized for being rare, incredible and valuable. Here are a few types of antique items: Antique Furniture 183-144-190-Rosewood-Rococo-Parlor-set-Laminated-Pierced-carved-sofa-74in-long-50in.-Tall-by-Meeks-Stanton-Hall-patt.jpg An antique furniture is a valuable interior decorations of old age. Frequently its age, uniqueness, condition, utility, or any other unique features makes a furniture piece appealing as a collectors’ item, and so called an “antique”. Antique furniture might provide the body of a human (like seating or beds), offer storage space, or carry items on horizontal surfaces on top of the ground. Storage furniture (which frequently employs doors, compartments, as well as shelves) is utilized to carry or contain little items like tools, clothes, books, as well as home items. Furniture could be a product of creative style and it is regarded a type of decorative art. Besides furniture’s useful function, it could function a emblematic or religious purpose. Domestic furniture functions to produce, along with furnishings like clocks and lighting, comfy and convenient interior spots. Furniture can be created from numerous materials, such as steel, plastic, as well as wood. Cabinets and cupboard making are terms for the set of skills utilized in the constructing of furniture. Antique Jewelry IMG_0539-copy Antique jewellery is jewellery which has hit an age of a hundred years or even more which makes it a witness of history. It’s commonly employed for second hand jewelry and for jewellery produced in earlier (style-)periods and not always pre-worn jewellery. It isn’t a dequalifying designation as numerous items of antique jewellery usually feature fine craftsmanship and superior quality gemstones, and also one-of-a-kind items. Antique jewellery consists of numerous years or eras. All of them has numerous different styles. These periods can include Early Victorian, Georgian, Mid-Victorian, Late Victorian, Crafts and arts era, Edwardian, Art Nouveau, Retro and Art Deco. Throughout the years it was royals who requested and set trends for the various fashions obediently accompanied by the upper class and bourgeoisie. The church too was a vitally important commissioner, even though more for silversmiths compared to goldsmiths. Antique Clocks maxresdefault Just as the name suggests, this object refers to mechanical clocks which were made over a hundred years ago. However, mechanical clocks have carried on to be made well into the twentieth century and still being manufactured these days. It must be observed that the majority of mechanical clocks which have been made over the past a hundred years, example the ones that aren’t antique, have been produced in a factory employing mass production methods. Mechanical antique clocks are available in many forms, both ground standing grandfather (longcase) clocks, wall dangling clocks, rack and mantle clocks as well as mount or table clocks. Antique clocks could be run both by weights working under gravity, or perhaps by springs. The two weight driven clocks as well as spring driven clocks are often wrapped by a key or crank (key) over the dial in front of the clock. Antique Kitchenware vintage-antique-kitchen-utensils-l-3ad44d78a72aee02 Aged or historic kitchen items go by many different labels from “culinary antiques” to “vintage kitchenalia”. No matter whether they’re ancient or mid-20th century “retro”, nearly all old cooking, serving, as well as storage objects attract a few collector wherever. Numerous items are simple to recognize, although not all. It’s not at all times obvious if the simple box or pot or implement had a specific title or perhaps a specific use. A set of jars (earthenware, stoneware, glass from the twentieth century) as well as boxes (wooden, tin) was required whenever food was kept at home and groceries were offered unwrapped. Homes got various beaters, paddles, as well as bats – a number of them called beetles – for functions from tenderising meat to working butter to pumping the dirt away from clothes. Basic wooden boards, mixing sticks, and big spoons had a number of uses. At times kitchen collectibles are classified based on what they’re made from. Wood (treen), copper, tinware, stoneware and many others. . Elizabeth II Head of the Commonwealth Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right Formal photograph, 1958 Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (more...) Reign 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022[a] Coronation 2 June 1953 Predecessor George VI Successor Charles III Prime ministers See list Born Princess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 Mayfair, London, England Died 8 September 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Burial 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh ​(m. 1947; died 2021)​ Issue Detail Charles III Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar Names Elizabeth Alexandra Mary House Windsor Father George VI Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Signature Elizabeth's signature in black ink Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death.[a] Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female sovereign in history. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII, making Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes. Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity.[1] Elizabeth died on 8 September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child, King Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965. Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[97] Acceleration of decolonisation In Queensland, Australia, 1970 With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972 The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[100] Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[102] In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104] A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[105] Ferrari Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Coordinates: 44.532447°N 10.864137°E Page protected with pending changes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the automobile manufacturer. For other uses, see Ferrari (disambiguation). "Ferraris" redirects here. For the surname, see Ferraris (surname). Ferrari S.p.A. Headquarters in Maranello Type Public (S.p.A.) Traded as BIT: RACE NYSE: RACE FTSE MIB component Euro Stoxx 50 component ISIN NL0011585146  Industry Automotive Founded 13 September 1939; 84 years ago in Modena, Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)[1] Founder Enzo Ferrari Headquarters Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (seat) [2] 44.532447°N 10.864137°E Area served Worldwide Key people John Elkann (Executive Chairman) Piero Ferrari (Vice Chairman) Benedetto Vigna (CEO) Products Sports cars, luxury cars Production output Increase 13,221 units shipped (2022)[3] Revenue Increase €5.095 billion (2022)[3] Operating income Increase €1.227 billion (2022)[3] Net income Increase € 939 million (2022)[3] Total assets Increase € 6.86 billion (2021)[4] Total equity Increase € 2.21 billion (2021)[4] Owners Exor N.V. (24.21%)[4] Piero Ferrari (10.30%)[4] Public (65.49%) Number of employees Increase 4,571 (2021)[4] Subsidiaries Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. Website www.ferrari.com Footnotes / references [3] [4][5] Ferrari S.p.A. (/fəˈrɑːri/; Italian: [ferˈraːri]) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company built its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and began to produce its current line of road cars in 1947. Ferrari became a public company in 1960, and from 1963 to 2014 it was a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. It was spun off from Fiat's successor entity, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, in 2016. The company currently offers a large model range which includes several supercars, grand tourers, and one SUV. Many early Ferraris, dating to the 1950s and 1960s, count among the most expensive cars ever sold at auction. Owing to a combination of its cars, enthusiast culture, and successful licensing deals, in 2019 Ferrari was labelled the world's strongest brand by the financial consultency Brand Finance.[6] As of May 2023 Ferrari is also one of the largest car manufacturers by market capitalisation, with a value of approximately US$52 billion.[7] Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where its team, Scuderia Ferrari, are the series' single oldest and most successful. Scuderia Ferrari have raced since 1929, first in Grand Prix events and later in Formula One, where since 1952 they have fielded fifteen champion drivers, won sixteen Constructors' Championships, and accumulated more race victories, 1–2 finishes, podiums, pole positions, fastest laps and points than any other team in F1 history.[8][9] Historically, Ferrari was also highly active in sports car racing, where its cars took many wins in races like the Mille Miglia, Targa Florio and 24 Hours of Le Mans, as well as several overall victories in the World Sportscar Championship. Scuderia Ferrari fans, commonly called tifosi, are known for their passion and loyalty to the team. History Main article: History of Ferrari Early history Three Scuderia Ferrari cars in 1934, all Alfa Romeo P3s. Drivers, left to right: Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, and Carlo Felice Trossi. Enzo Ferrari, formerly a salesman and racing driver for Alfa Romeo, founded Scuderia Ferrari, a racing team, in 1929. Originally intended to service gentleman drivers and other amateur racers, Alfa Romeo's withdrawal from racing in 1933, combined with Enzo's connections within the company, turned Scuderia Ferrari into its unofficial representative on the track.[10] Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, who eventually amassed some of the best drivers of the 1930s and won many races before the team's liquidation in 1937.[10][11]: 43  Late in 1937, Scuderia Ferrari was liquidated and absorbed into Alfa Romeo,[10] but Enzo's disagreements with upper management caused him to leave in 1939. He used his settlement to found his own company, where he intended to produce his own cars. He called the company "Auto Avio Costruzioni", and headquartered it in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari;[1] due to a noncompete agreement with Alfa Romeo, the company could not use the Ferrari name for another four years. The company produced a single car, the Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, which participated in only one race before the outbreak of World War II. During the war, Enzo's company produced aircraft engines and machine tools for the Italian military; the contracts for these goods were lucrative, and provided the new company with a great deal of capital. In 1943, under threat of Allied bombing raids, the company's factory was moved to Maranello. Though the new facility was nonetheless bombed twice, Ferrari remains in Maranello to this day.[1][11]: 45–47 [12] Under Enzo Ferrari Ferrari's factory in the early 1960s: everything in its production line was handmade by machinists, who followed technical drawings with extreme precision.[13] Much of this work is now done by industrial robots.[14] In 1945, Ferrari adopted its current name. Work started promptly on a new V12 engine that would power the 125 S, which was the marque's first car, and many subsequent Ferraris. The company saw success in motorsport almost as soon as it began racing: the 125 S won many races in 1947,[15][16] and several early victories, including the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans and 1951 Carrera Panamericana, helped build Ferrari's reputation as a high-quality automaker.[17][18] Ferrari won several more races in the coming years,[8][19] and early in the 1950s its road cars were already a favourite of the international elite.[20] Ferrari produced many families of interrelated cars, including the America, Monza, and 250 series, and the company's first series-produced car was the 250 GT Coupé, beginning in 1958.[21] In 1960, Ferrari was reorganized as a public company. It soon began searching for a business partner to handle its manufacturing operations: it first approached Ford in 1963, though negotiations fell through; later talks with Fiat, who bought 50% of Ferrari's shares in 1969, were more successful.[22][23] In the second half of the decade, Ferrari also produced two cars that upended its more traditional models: the 1967 Dino 206 GT, which was its first mass-produced mid-engined road car,[a] and the 1968 365 GTB/4, which possessed streamlined styling that modernised Ferrari's design language.[26][27] The Dino in particular was a decisive movement away from the company's conservative engineering approach, where every road-going Ferrari featured a V12 engine placed in the front of the car, and it presaged Ferrari's full embrace of mid-engine architecture, as well as V6 and V8 engines, in the 1970s and 1980s.[26] Contemporary Enzo Ferrari died in 1988, an event that saw Fiat expand its stake to 90%.[28] The last car that he personally approved — the F40 — expanded on the flagship supercar approach first tried by the 288 GTO four years earlier.[29] Enzo was replaced in 1991 by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, under whose 23-year-long chairmanship the company greatly expanded. Between 1991 and 2014, he increased the profitability of Ferrari's road cars nearly tenfold, both by increasing the range of cars offered and through limiting the total number produced. Montezemolo's chairmanship also saw an expansion in licensing deals, a drastic improvement in Ferrari's Formula One performance (not least through the hiring of Michael Schumacher and Jean Todt), and the production of three more flagship cars: the F50, the Enzo, and the LaFerrari. In addition to his leadership of Ferrari, Montezemolo was also the chairman of Fiat proper between 2004 and 2010.[30] After Montezemolo resigned, he was replaced in quick succession by many new chairmen and CEOs. He was succeeded first by Sergio Marchionne,[30] who would oversee Ferrari's initial public offering and subsequent spin-off from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles,[31][32] and then by Louis Camilleri as CEO and John Elkann as chairman.[33] Beginning in 2021, Camilleri was replaced as CEO by Benedetto Vigna, who has announced plans to develop Ferrari's first fully electric model.[34] During this period, Ferrari has expanded its production, owing to a global increase in wealth, while becoming more selective with its licensing deals.[35][36] Motorsport Main article: Scuderia Ferrari For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars. Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport. Through its works team, Scuderia Ferrari, it has competed in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing, though the company has also worked in partnership with other teams. Grand Prix and Formula One racing Further information: Grand Prix racing history of Scuderia Ferrari and Ferrari Grand Prix results A Ferrari F2004 Formula One car, driven by Michael Schumacher. Schumacher is one of the most decorated drivers in F1 history. The earliest Ferrari entity, Scuderia Ferrari, was created in 1929 — ten years before the founding of Ferrari proper — as a Grand Prix racing team. They were affiliated with automaker Alfa Romeo, for whom Enzo had worked in the 1920s. Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, which the team then tuned and adjusted to their desired specifications. Scuderia Ferrari were highly successful in the 1930s: between 1929 and 1937 they fielded such top drivers as Antonio Ascari, Giuseppe Campari, and Tazio Nuvolari, and won 144 out of their 225 races.[11][10] Ferrari returned to Grand Prix racing in 1947, which was at that point metamorphosing into modern-day Formula One. The team's first homebuilt Grand Prix car, the 125 F1, was first raced at the 1948 Italian Grand Prix, where its encouraging performance convinced Enzo to continue the company's costly Grand Prix racing programme.[37]: 9  Ferrari's first victory in an F1 series was at the 1951 British Grand Prix, heralding their strong performance during the 1950s and early 1960s: between 1952 and 1964, the team took home six World Drivers' Championships and one Constructors' Championship. Notable Ferrari drivers from this era include Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Phil Hill, and John Surtees.[8] Ferrari's initial fortunes ran dry after 1964, and they began to receive their titles in isolated sprees.[9] Ferrari started to slip in the late 1960s, when they were outclassed by teams using the inexpensive, well-engineered Cosworth DFV engine.[38][39] The team's performance improved markedly in the mid-1970s thanks to Niki Lauda, whose skill behind the wheel granted Ferrari a drivers' title in 1975 and 1977; similar success was accomplished in following years by the likes of Jody Scheckter and Gilles Villeneuve.[9][40] The team won another Constructors' Championship in 1983.[8] Following another drought in the 1980s and 1990s, Ferrari saw a long winning streak in the 2000s, largely through the work of Michael Schumacher. After signing onto the team in 1996, Schumacher gave Ferrari five consecutive drivers' titles between 2000 and 2004; this was accompanied by six consecutive constructors' titles, beginning in 1999. Ferrari were especially dominant in the 2004 season, where they lost only three races.[8] After Schumacher's departure, Ferrari won one more drivers' title — given in 2007 to Kimi Räikkönen — and two constructors' titles in 2007 and 2008. These are the team's most recent titles to date; as of late, Ferrari have struggled to outdo recently ascendant teams like Red Bull and Mercedes-Benz.[8][9] Ferrari Driver Academy Main article: Ferrari Driver Academy Ferrari's junior driver programme is the Ferrari Driver Academy. Begun in 2009, the initiative follows the team's successful grooming of Felipe Massa between 2003 and 2006. Drivers who are accepted into the Academy learn the rules and history of formula racing as they compete, with Ferrari's support, in feeder classes such as Formula Three and Formula 4.[41][42][43] As of 2019, 5 out of 18 programme inductees had graduated and become F1 drivers: one of these drivers, Charles Leclerc, came to race for Scuderia Ferrari, while the other four signed to other teams. Non-graduate drivers have participated in racing development, filled consultant roles, or left the Academy to continue racing in lower-tier formulae.[43] Sports car racing A 312 P, driven by Jacky Ickx, during Ferrari's final year in the World Sportscar Championship. Aside from an abortive effort in 1940, Ferrari began racing sports cars in 1947, when the 125 S won six out of the ten races it participated in.[15] Ferrari continued to see similar luck in the years to follow: by 1957, just ten years after beginning to compete, Ferrari had won three World Sportscar Championships, seven victories in the Mille Miglia, and two victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, among many other races.[19] These races were ideal environments for the development and promotion of Ferrari's earlier road cars, which were broadly similar to their racing counterparts.[44] This luck continued into the first half of the 1960s, when Ferrari won the WSC's 2000GT class three consecutive times and finished first at Le Mans for six consecutive years.[45][46] Its winning streak at Le Mans was broken by Ford in 1966,[46] and though Ferrari would win two more WSC titles — one in 1967 and another in 1972[47][48] — poor revenue allocation, combined with languishing performance in Formula One, led the company to cease competing in sports car events in 1973.[23]: 621  From that point onward, Ferrari would help prepare sports racing cars for privateer teams, but would not race them itself.[49] In 2023, Ferrari reentered sports car racing in force. For the 2023 FIA World Endurance Championship, Ferrari, in partnership with AF Corse, has fielded two 499P sports prototypes. To commemorate the company's return to the discipline, one of the cars is numbered "50," referencing the fifty years that have elapsed since a works Ferrari has competed in an endurance race.[50][51] The 499P finished first at the 2023 24 Hours of Le Mans, ending Toyota's six-year winning streak and becoming the first Ferrari in 58 years to win the race.[52] Other disciplines Ferrari formerly participated in a variety of non-F1 open-wheel series. As early as 1948, Ferrari had developed cars for Formula Two and Formula Libre events,[53] and the company's F2 programme led directly to the creation of the Dino engine, which came to power various racing and road Ferraris.[26] The final non-F1 formula in which Ferrari competed was the Tasman Series, wherein Chris Amon won the 1969 championship in a Dino 246 Tasmania.[54] At least two water speed record boats have utilized Ferrari powertrains, both of them 800kg-class hydroplanes from the early 1950s. Neither boat was built by or affiliated with Ferrari, though one of them, Arno XI, had its engine order approved directly by Enzo Ferrari. Arno XI still holds the top speed record for an 800kg hydroplane.[55][56] Race cars for other teams This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ferrari" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team. In the 1950s and '60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[57] Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008–09 season.[58] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car. Ferrari currently runs a customer GT program for a racing version of its 458 and has done so for the 458's predecessors, dating back to the 355 in the late 1990s. Such private teams as the American Risi Competizione and Italian AF Corse teams have been very successful with Ferrari GT racers over the years. This car, made for endurance sportscar racing to compete against such racing versions of the Audi R8, McLaren MP4-12C, and BMW Z4 (E89) has proven to be successful, but not as successful as its predecessor, the F430. The Ferrari Challenge is a one-make racing series for the Ferrari 458. The FXX is not road legal and is therefore only used for track events. Road cars This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2023) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. (September 2023) For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see List of Ferrari road cars. 166 Inter Touring Berlinetta The first vehicle made with the Ferrari name was the 125 S. Only two of this small two-seat sports/racing V12 car were made. In 1949, the 166 Inter was introduced marking the company's significant move into the grand touring road car market. The first 166 Inter was a four-seat (2+2) berlinetta coupe with body work designed by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Road cars quickly became the bulk of Ferrari sales. The early Ferrari cars typically featured bodywork designed and customised by independent coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Zagato, Vignale and Bertone. The original road cars were typically two-seat front-engined V12s. This platform served Ferrari very well through the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Dino was introduced as the first two-seat rear mid-engined Ferrari. The Dino was produced primarily with a V6 engine, however, a V8 model was also developed. This rear mid-engine layout would go on to be used in many Ferraris of the 1980s, 1990s and to the present day. Current road cars typically use V8 or V12 engines, with V8 models making up well over half of the marque's total production. Historically, Ferrari has also produced flat 12 engines. For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.[citation needed] Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa (also mid-engined 12 cylinders) remains one of the most popular and famous Ferrari road cars of all time. The company has also produced several front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the recent V12 model Lusso and V8 models Roma, Portofino and Lusso T. The California is credited with initiating the popular current model line of V8 front-engined 2+2 grand touring performance sports cars.[citation needed] Starting in the early 2010s with the LaFerrari, the focus was shifted away from the use of independent coach builders to what is now the standard, Ferrari relying on in-house design from the Centro Stile Ferrari for the design of all its road cars. Current models Model Calendar year introduced Current model Vehicle description Introduction Update/facelift 812 Superfast 2017 2017 – Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer. Monza SP1 2019 2019 – Limited production single-seater sports car, part of the new Icona range. Monza SP2 2019 2019 – Limited production two-seater sports car, part of the new Icona range. F8 2019 2019 – Mid-engine sports car that replaced the Ferrari 488. SF90 Stradale 2019 2019 – Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid sports car. Roma 2020 2020 – Grand tourer sports car. 296 GTB 2022 2022 – Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid sports car. Daytona SP3 2022 2022 – Limited production mid-engine sports car, part of the new Icona range. Purosangue 2022 2023 – Ferrari's first SUV; uses the same platform as the Roma. Customisation In the 1950s and 1960s, clients often personalized their vehicles as they came straight from the factory.[59] This philosophy added to the mystique of the brand. Every Ferrari that comes out of Maranello is built to an individual customer's specification. In this sense, each vehicle is a unique result of a specific client's desire. Ferrari formalized this concept with its earlier Carrozzeria Scaglietti programme. The options offered here were more typical such as racing seats, rearview cameras, and other special trim. In late 2011, Ferrari announced a significant update of this philosophy. The Tailor Made programme allows clients to work with designers in Maranello to make decisions at every step of the process. Through this program almost any trim, any exterior color or any interior material is possible. The program carries on the original tradition and emphasizes the idea of each car being unique.[59] Supercars Mythos Enzo Ferrari The 1984 288 GTO may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars. This pedigree extends through the Enzo Ferrari to the LaFerrari. In February 2019, at the 89th Geneva International Motor Show, Ferrari revealed its latest mid-engine V8 supercar, the F8 Tributo.[60] Ferrari SF90 Stradale is the first-ever Ferrari to feature PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) architecture which sees the internal combustion engine integrated with three electric motors, two of which are independent and located on the front axle, with the third at the rear between the engine and the gearbox.[61] Concept cars and specials Ferrari has produced a number of concept cars, such as the Mythos. While some of these were quite radical (such as the Modulo) and never intended for production, others such as the Mythos have shown styling elements that were later incorporated into production models. The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Millechili. A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, commissioned to coachbuilders by wealthy owners. Recent examples include the P4/5[62] and the 612 Kappa. Ferrari Special Projects The Special Projects programme, also called the Portfolio Coachbuilding Programme, was launched in 2008 as a way to revive the tradition of past one-off and limited production coachbuilt Ferrari models, allowing clients to work with Ferrari and top Italian coachbuilders to create bespoke bodied models based on modern Ferrari road cars.[63][64] Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and the vehicles receive full homologation to be road legal.[64] Since the creation of Ferrari's in-house styling centre in 2010 though, the focus has shifted away somewhat from outside coachbuilders and more towards creating new in-house designs for clients.[65][66] The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008 SP1, commissioned by a Japanese business executive. The second was the P540 Superfast Aperta, commissioned by an American collector.[64] The following is a list of Special Projects cars that have been made public: Name Picture Year Based on Commissioned by Notes SP1 2008 F430[67] Junichiro Hiramatsu[67] Design by Leonardo Fioravanti, inspired by the 1998 F100 concept by Fioravanti.[67] P540 Superfast Aperta 2009 599 GTB[68] Edward Walson[68] Inspired by a similarly gold-painted and open-topped one-off built by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on a Ferrari 330 LMB chassis.[64][68] Design by Pininfarina Superamerica 45 2011 599 GTB[69] Peter Kalikow[69] Rotating targa top;[69] design by Ferrari Styling Centre SP12 EC 2012 458 Italia[70] Eric Clapton[70] Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, in homage to the 512 BB.[70] SP30 2013[71] 599 GTO[71] Cheerag Arya[71] SP FFX 2014 FF[72] Shin Okamoto[72] Design by Pininfarina[72] Ferrari F12 TRS 2014 F12berlinetta[73] — Barchetta body, inspired by the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. Design by Ferrari Styling Centre.[73] Ferrari SP America 2014 F12berlinetta Danny Wegman[74] Design by Pininfarina Ferrari 458 MM Speciale 2016 458 Speciale[75] — Design by Ferrari Styling Centre.[75] SP275 RW Competizione 2016 F12tdf Rick Workman[76] Inspired by the 1964 275 GTB/C Speciale. Design by Pininfarina in collaboration with Ferrari Styling Centre.[77] J50 2017 488 Spider — Design by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni.[78] SP38 2018 488 GTB — Inspired by the F40 and 308.[79] SP3JC 2018 F12tdf John Collins[80] Designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre. Two matching cars ordered, one in LHD, the other in RHD with different liveries.[81] Took 3.5 years to complete. Presented in 2018. P80/C 2019 488 GT3 — One-off track-only car inspired by the 330 P3, 330 P4 and the Dino 206 S. Omologata 2020 812 Superfast Design by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni[82] BR20 2021 GTC4Lusso Fastback coupé instead of a shooting brake. Inspired by the 410 Superamerica and 500 Superfast[83] SP48 Unica 2022 F8 Tributo [84] KC23 2023 488 GT3 Evo [85] Bio-fuel and hybrid cars An F430 Spider that runs on ethanol was displayed at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship 599. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 HP.[86] Also in mid-2014, the flagship LaFerrari was put into production. Naming conventions From the beginning, the Ferrari naming convention consisted of a three-digit unitary displacement of an engine cylinder with an additional suffix representing the purpose of a vehicle. Therefore, Ferrari 125 S had 1.5 L (1,496.77 cc) V12 engine with a unitary displacement of 124.73 cc; whilst S-suffix represented Sport. Other race cars also received names invoking particular races like Ferrari 166 MM for Mille Miglia. With the introduction of road-going models, the suffix Inter was added, inspired by the Scuderia Inter racing team of Igor Troubetzkoy. Popular at that time 166-series had 2.0 L (1,995.02 cc) engines with 166.25 cc of unitary displacement and a very diverse 250-series had 3.0 L (2,953.21 cc) of total displacement and 246.10 cc of unitary. Later series of road cars were renamed Europa and top-of-the-line series America and Superamerica. Until the early 1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement and a number of cylinders: V6 and V8 models used the total displacement (in decilitres) for the first two digits and the number of cylinders as the third. Thus, the 206 was a 2.0 L V6 powered vehicle, while the 348 used a 3.4 L V8, although, for the F355, the last digit refers to 5 valves per cylinder. Upon introduction of the 360 Modena, the digits for V8 models (which now carried a name as well as a number) refer only to total engine displacement. The numerical indication aspect of this name carried on to the F430; the F430's replacement, the 458 Italia, uses the same naming as the 206 and 348. The 488 uses the system formerly used by the V12 cars. V12 models used the displacement (in cubic centimetres) of one cylinder. Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4,390 cc (268 cu in) V12. However, some newer V12-engined Ferraris, such as the 599, have three-number designations that refer only to total engine displacement or boxer-style designations such as the [nominally] six-litre, V12 612. Flat 12 models used the displacement in litres for the first digit and the number of cylinders for the next two digits. Therefore, the 512 BB was five-litre flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). However, the original Berlinetta Boxer was the 365 GT4 BB, which was named in a similar manner to the V12 models. Flagship models (aka "halo cars") use the letter F followed by the anniversary in years, such as the F40 and F50. The Enzo skipped this rule, although the F60 name was applied to a Ferrari Formula One car and is sometimes attached to the Enzo. Some models, such as the 1980 Mondial and 1984 Testarossa did not follow a three-number naming scheme. 612 Scaglietti Sessanta Edition Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used: M ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512 M and 575 M Maranello). GTB ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed Berlinettas, or coupés. GTS ("Gran Turismo Scoperta") this suffix can be seen in older spiders, or convertibles (see 365 GTS/4). Now the convertible models use the suffix "Spider" (spelt "i") (see F355 Spider, and 360 Spider). In more recent models, this suffix is used for targa top models (see Dino 246 GTS, and F355 GTS), which is an absolutely correct use of the suffix since "scoperta" means "uncovered". An increasing number of people tend to refer to GTS as "Gran Turismo Spyder", which creates the false assumption that Ferrari does not know the difference between "spyder" and "targa". The 348 TS, which is the only targa named differently, is an exception. GTO ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor. It designates a model that has been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being street legal. Only three models bear those three letters: the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288 GTO of 1984, and the 599 GTO of 2010. This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.[87] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365 GTB/4 run by NART (who raced Ferraris in America) ran second, behind a Porsche 911.[88] The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers – for all intents and purposes they are Ferraris. In the mid-1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430, but not with its successor, the Ferrari 458). Identity The "Prancing Horse" Main article: Prancing Horse Tifosi flying Prancing Horse flags at the 2003 Italian Grand Prix. Ferrari's symbol is the "Prancing Horse" (Italian: Cavallino Rampante, lit. 'little prancing horse'), a prancing black horse on a yellow background. Minor details of its appearance have changed many times, but its shape has remained consistent: it is always presented either as a shield, with the Italian tricolour above the horse and the initials SF ("Scuderia Ferrari") below; or as a rectangle, replacing "SF" with the word "Ferrari" rendered in the company's trademark typeface.[89] Enzo Ferrari offered an account of the horse's origins. In his story, after a 1923 victory in Ravenna, the family of Francesco Baracca, a deceased flying ace who painted the emblem on his airplane, paid him a visit. Paolina de Biancoli, Francesco's mother, suggested that Ferrari adopt the horse as a good luck charm: he accepted the request, and the Prancing Horse was first used by his racing team in 1932, applied to their Alfa Romeo 8C with the addition of a canary yellow background — the "colour of Modena", Enzo's hometown.[89][11]: 43  The rectangular Prancing Horse has been used since 1947, when the Ferrari 125 S — also the first Ferrari-branded sports car — became the first to wear it.[89] Colour Main article: Rosso corsa A Ferrari 550 painted in rosso corsa. Both varieties of the Prancing Horse logo are present: the shield is located in front of the door, the rectangle is on the bonnet. The horse alone can also be found on the wheels, grille, and seats. For many years, rosso corsa ('racing red')[90] was the required colour of all Italian racing cars. It is also closely associated with Ferrari: even after livery regulations changed, allowing race teams to deviate from their national colours, Scuderia Ferrari continued to paint its cars bright red, as it does to this day.[91] On Ferrari's road-going cars, the colour has always been among the company's most popular choices: in 2012, 40 per cent of Ferraris left the factory painted red, while in the early 1990s the figure was even higher, at 85 per cent.[90][92] Some Ferrari vehicles, like the 288 GTO, have only been made available in red.[90] Although rosso corsa is the colour most associated with Ferrari,[90][93] it has not always been the colour of choice. Ferraris raced by privateers have run in a rainbow of colours, and one 250 GT SWB, used as a test mule for the 250 GTO, was a rare non-red factory-backed car: it raced in blue.[94][95] In a particularly noteworthy case from 1964, while protesting the FIA's homologation requirements, the company moved its racing assets to the North American Racing Team, an affiliated team based in the United States. As a result, Ferrari and the driver John Surtees won the 1964 Formula One season in American colours — blue, with a white racing stripe.[96][97] By the early 2010s, red had also become less common on Ferrari's road cars, fighting with newly popular colours like yellow, silver, and white.[92][93] Speaking to both the popularity of rosso corsa and the power of the Ferrari brand, Enzo Ferrari is reported to have once said the following: "Ask a child to draw a car, and he will certainly paint it red."[90] Brand image Ferrari meticulously manages its brand image and public perception: it goes to great lengths to protect its trademarks, and its customers are expected to honour its rules and guidelines when caring for their cars. The company is noted for its frequent and diverse lawsuits, which have centred around such subjects as the shape of the Ferrari 250 GTO's bodywork,[98] exclusive rights to model names (including "Testarossa" and "Purosangue"),[99][100] replica vehicles, and several unsanctioned owner modifications.[101] A pink Ferrari 360. Ferrari offers no pink paint from the factory, and has discouraged its customers from customising their cars in a manner contrary to the company's brand image. Ferrari aims to cultivate an image of exclusivity and refined luxury. To facilitate this, vehicle production is deliberately limited to below customer demand, and purchasers are internally ranked based on their desirability and loyalty.[102] Some cars may only be purchased by customers who have already owned multiple Ferraris,[103] and the company's most exclusive supercars, such as the LaFerrari, have wait lists many times in excess of total production, with only the most loyal customers selected to purchase one.[104] In 2015, the company's head of sales stated that the purpose of this strategy was to maintain the brand's value, and to "keep alive this [sic] dream that is called Ferrari."[102] Sometimes, Ferrari's desire to maintain its brand perception goes against the wishes of its clientele. In one case, the company sued the fashion designer Philipp Plein over "distasteful" Instagram posts featuring his personal 812 Superfast. The posts, which showcased two models in suggestive positions atop the car, were seen by Ferrari as "unlawfully appropriating" the Ferrari brand to promote Plein's clothing, and as being outside Ferrari's intended brand perception.[105] Furthermore, the company places restrictions on what owners may do with their cars: they are not allowed to undertake certain modifications,[101] and the company's right of first refusal contract, designed to discourage speculation and flipping, prohibits unauthorised sales within the first two years of ownership.[106][unreliable source?] Purchasers who break these rules are placed on a "blacklist", and may not be permitted to buy a Ferrari vehicle through official means.[107] These owner restrictions came to high profile in 2014, when the musician Deadmau5 was sent a cease and desist letter regarding his highly customised 458 Italia: the car, which he dubbed the "Purrari", possessed custom badges and a Nyan Cat-themed wrap, and was put up for sale on Craigslist.[101][108] Ferrari does encourage its buyers to personalise their cars, but only through official channels, which include its Tailor Made programme for bespoke trim packages and special coachbuilding initiatives for more demanding commissions.[109] The customisation options offered through these channels are extensive, though they are always in line with Ferrari's desired branding — for example, the company offers no pink paint for its cars. In 2017, the CEO of the company's Australasia branch commented that this and similar customisations are "against the company's ethos," and that such a stance is "a brand rule. No pink. No Pokémon Ferraris!"[110] Corporate affairs In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the Ford Motor Company about a possible buy out.[111] Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to stay at the helm of the company racing program. Henry Ford II consequently directed his racing division to negotiate with Lotus, Lola, and Cooper to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of the Ford GT40 in 1964. As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10% share, which is currently owned by his son Piero Lardi Ferrari. Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licences many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and laptop computers. Ferrari also runs a museum, the Museo Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.[112][113] Formula Uomo programme In 1997, Ferrari launched a long term master planned effort to improve overall corporate efficiency, production and employee happiness. The program was called Formula Uomo and became a case study in social sustainability.[114] It took over ten years to fully implement and included over €200 million (2008) in investment.[115] Technical partnerships Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with Shell Oil. It is a technical partnership with Ferrari and Ducati to test as well as supply fuel and oils to the Formula One, MotoGP and World Superbike racing teams. For example, the Shell V-Power premium gasoline fuel has been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari.[116] Ferrari has had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply the Alfa Romeo and Haas F1 F1 teams. Sales history As of the end of 2019, the total of Ferrari built and sold cars in their whole company history is 219,062.[117] In October 2023, Ferrari started accepting payment in cryptocurrency for its vehicles in the US with intentions to expand the scheme to Europe in 2024. The cryptocurrency payments will be immediately traded into traditional currency to avoid price swings.[118] [119] Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles) Year Sales 1947[120] ‡3 1948[120] ‡5 1949[120] ‡21 1950[120] ‡25 1951[120] ‡33 1952[120] ‡44 1953[120] ‡57 1954[120] ‡58 1955[120] ‡61 1956[120] ‡81 1957[120] ‡113 1958[120] ‡183 1959[120] ‡248 1960[120] ‡306 1961[120] ‡441 1962[120] ‡493 1963[120] ‡598 1964[120] ‡654 1965[120] ‡619 1966[120] ‡928     Year Sales 1967[120] ‡706 1968[120] ‡729 1969[120] ‡619 1970[120] ‡928 1971[120] ‡1,246 1972[120] ‡1,844 1973[120] ‡1,772 1974[120] ‡1,436 1975[120] ‡1,337 1976[120] ‡1,426 1977[121] ‡1,798 1978[120] ‡1,939 1979[120] ‡2,221 1980[120] ‡2,470 1981[120] ‡2,565 1982[120] ‡2,209 1983[122] ‡2,366 1984[123] ‡2,856 1985[121] 3,051 1986[121] 3,663     Year Sales 1987[124] 3,942 1988[125] 4,001 1989[125] 3,821 1990[126] 4,293 1991[126] 4,487 1992[126] 3,384 1993[126] 2,345 1994[126] 2,671 1995[126] 3,144 1996[127] 3,350 1997[127] 3,581 1998[128] 3,652 1999[128] 3,775 2000[129] 4,070 2001[130] 4,289 2002[131] 4,236 2003[132] 4,238 2004[133] 4,975 2005[134] 5,409 2006[135] 5,671     Year Sales 2007[136] 6,465 2008[137] 6,587 2009[138] 6,250 2010[139] 6,461 2011[140] 7,001 2012[141] 7,318 2013[142] 6,922 2014[143] †7,255 2015[144] †7,664 2016[145] †8,014 2017[146] †8,398 2018[147] †9,251 2019[148] †10,131 2020[149] †9,119 2021[150] 11,115 2022[3] 13,221   ‡ Figure refers to units produced rather than to units sold. † Figure refers to units shipped rather than to units sold. Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)  Recalls In January 2020, the Italian carmaker said it will recall 982 vehicles for passenger airbags due to the Takata airbag recalls.[151] If the inflator explodes, the airbag will spew metal shrapnel at passengers, which can cause severe injury.[151][152] Every car involved will get a new passenger-side airbag assembly, complete with a new inflator without the dangerous propellant.[151] On 8 August 2022, the company recalled almost every car it's sold in the US since 2005 over a potential for brake failure.[153][154] According to an NHTSA recall filing, 23,555 Ferrari models sold in America are fitted with a potentially faulty brake fluid reservoir cap that may not vent pressure adequately.[153] The fix is simple.[153] Stores and attractions Roughly thirty Ferrari boutiques exist worldwide, with two owned by Ferrari and the rest operating as franchises. The stores sell branded clothes,[155] accessories and racing memorabilia; some stores also feature racing simulators where visitors can drive virtual Ferrari vehicles. Clothing includes upscale and lower-priced collections for men, women, and children [156][157] There are also two Ferrari-themed amusement parks. Opened in 2010, Ferrari World Abu Dhabi is the first Ferrari-branded theme park in the world and boasts 37 rides and attractions. Located on Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, it is home to the world's fastest roller coaster - Formula Rossa, and a dynamic coaster with one of the world's tallest loop - Flying Aces.[158] Opened in 2017, Ferrari Land, located in PortAventura World resort, is the second such Ferrari-themed amusement park in the world, after Ferrari World Abu Dhabi. 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Opus. 2011. ISBN 978-1-905794-34-8.  "Il fatturato Ferrari vola a mille miliardi", La Repubblica (in Italian), 16 May 1998, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 11 September 2015  "Fiat Group 1999 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2000 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2001 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2002 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2003 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2004 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2005 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 59. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2006 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2007 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 76. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 95. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  "Fiat Group 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.  Holloway, Hilton. "Ferrari profits rise despite fewer sales in 2013". Autocar.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.  FCA Full Year 2014 results (PDF), Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, 28 January 2015, p. 6, archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2015, retrieved 11 March 2015  Ferrari FY 2015 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2016, p. 20, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2016, retrieved 3 February 2016  Ferrari Full Year 2016 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2016, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2017, retrieved 7 February 2017  Ferrari Full Year 2017 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2017, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018, retrieved 16 February 2018  Ferrari Full Year 2018 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 26 February 2018, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2019, retrieved 9 June 2019  Ferrari Full Year 2019 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 18 February 2020, p. 16, retrieved 12 June 2020  Ferrari Full Year 2020 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 26 February 2021, p. 304, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2021, retrieved 26 January 2022  Ferrari Full Year 2021 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 25 February 2022, p. 26, retrieved 29 April 2022  Sean Szymkowski (15 January 2020). "Takata airbag recall hits Ferrari California, 458 Italia". CNET.  "Urgent Takata Airbag Recall". Ferrari Official Website.  Chris Perkins (8 August 2022). "Ferrari Recalls Nearly Every Car It's Made Since 2005 For Possible Brake Failure". Road & Track.  Evan Simko-Bednarski (9 August 2022). "Ferrari recalls 17 years worth of luxury cars over possible brake failure". New York Post.  "Ferrari Roars Into the Fashion World". GQ. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2022.  Valle, Natalí (15 June 2021). "Ferrari Now Triumphs In The Runway: Their Latest Fashion Drop". www.vanityteen.com. Retrieved 30 March 2022.  Martens, Cynthia (16 March 2015). "Ferrari Opens New Flagship Store". WWD. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.  Merlin, Lalla (1 September 2020). "Taking the guest experience up a gear at Ferrari World Abu Dhabi". Blooloop. Retrieved 29 October 2020.  "Red Force - Ferrari Land Attractions". PortAventura World. Retrieved 29 October 2020. General references Gustafson, Eric, "Cavallino Rampante", Sports Car International (Oct/Nov 2000): 94. Adler, Dennis, Ferrari: The Road from Maranello. Random House, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4000-6463-2. External links Ferrari at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Official website Edit this at Wikidata Ferrari Official Car Configurator Ferrari Past Models on auto.ferrari.com Ferrari Single-seaters on formula1.ferrari.com Ferrari Special Projects listing on Coachbuild.com Business data for Ferrari: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo! vte Ferrari History Personnel Current John Elkann (president)Benedetto Vigna (chief executive officer)Piero Ferrari (vice chairman)Flavio Manzoni Former Enzo Ferrari (founder)Mario AlmondoDany BaharVittorio BellentaniNuccio BertoneGiotto BizzarriniAldo BrovaroneGiuseppe BussoLouis C. CamilleriJason CastriotaLuigi ChinettiGiampaolo DallaraMarco FainelloBattista FarinaAmedeo FelisaAlfredo "Dino" FerrariLeonardo FioravantiPier Ugo GobbatoAurelio LamprediSergio MarchionnePaolo MartinAlberto MassiminoNicola MaterazziMarco MattiacciTom MeadeGiovanni MichelottiLuca Cordero di MontezemoloKen OkuyamaGerald RoushFrank Stephenson Cars Current 812Portofino MRomaMonza SP1Monza SP2F8SF90 Stradale296Daytona SP3Purosangue Past Auto Avio Costruzioni 815125 C125 S159 S166 S/SC166 MM166 Inter195 S195 Inter212 Export212 InterAmerica225 S375 MM250250 S250 MM250 Monza250 GT Coupé250 GT California Spyder250 GT Lusso250 GTOP275330365365 GT 2+2Daytona365 GTC/4GT4Berlinetta Boxer308 GTB/GTSMondial288 GTOTestarossa328F40348F355F50360400/412456550Enzo Ferrari575M MaranelloF430612 Scaglietti599California458FFF12berlinettaLaFerrariCalifornia T488GTC4LussoPortofino Concepts 365 P BerlinettaSigma Grand Prix512 S Berlinetta408 4RMModuloMythosPininFZ93RossaGG50MillechiliVision Gran Turismo Engines Current F140F154F160F163F1 V6 turbo-hybrid Past ColomboLamprediF1 V12JanoDinoF1 V8Flat-12F1 V6 turboF116/F133F136V10 Locations Museums Museo FerrariMuseo Casa Enzo Ferrari Amusement parks Ferrari World Abu DhabiFerrari Land Infrastructure Ferrari factoryFiorano CircuitMugello Circuit Media Films La Passione (1996)The Snake and the Stallion (2002)Ferrari (2003)Ford v Ferrari (2019)Ferrari (2023) Video games Out Run (1986)F355 Challenge (1999)Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli (2008)Ferrari GT: Evolution (2008)Ferrari Virtual Academy (2010)Ferrari: The Race Experience (2010)Ferrari GT 3: World Track (2012)Test Drive: Ferrari Racing Legends (2012) Motorsport Racing teams AF CorseNorth American Racing TeamRisi CompetizioneScuderia Ferrari Championships Ferrari ChallengeFlorida Winter Series Related Fandom CavallinoFerrari Club of AmericaPalm Beach Cavallino ClassicTifosi Others Arno XIThe Kiss of DeathManettino dialPrancing HorseXX Programmes  Category Commons Links to related articles vte Exor N.V. 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For other uses, see F1 (disambiguation), Formula One (disambiguation), and List of FIA championships. Formula One Formula One logo since 2018 Category Open-wheel single-seater Formula auto racing Country International Inaugural season 1950 Drivers 20 Teams 10 Chassis manufacturers 10 Engine manufacturers Ferrari Honda RBPT Mercedes Renault Tyre suppliers Pirelli Drivers' champion Netherlands Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT) Constructors' champion Austria Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT Official website Official website  Current season Formula One Current season Related articles Lists Records Organisations vte Formula One (more commonly known as Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform.[1] A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix. Grands Prix take place in multiple countries and continents around the world on either purpose-built circuits or closed public roads. A points system is used at Grands Prix to determine two annual World Championships: one for the drivers, and one for the constructors (the teams). Each driver must hold a valid Super Licence, the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA,[2] and the races must be held on tracks graded "1", the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA for tracks.[2] Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through generating large amounts of aerodynamic downforce. Much of this downforce is generated by front and rear wings, which have the side effect of causing severe turbulence behind each car. The turbulence reduces the downforce generated by the cars following directly behind, making it hard to overtake. Major changes made to the cars for the 2022 season have resulted in greater use of ground effect aerodynamics and modified wings to reduce the turbulence behind the cars, with the goal of making overtaking easier.[3] The cars are dependent on electronics, aerodynamics, suspension and tyres. Traction control, launch control, and automatic shifting, plus other electronic driving aids, were first banned in 1994. They were briefly reintroduced in 2001, and have more recently been banned since 2004 and 2008, respectively.[4] With the average annual cost of running a team – designing, building, and maintaining cars, pay, transport – being approximately £220,000,000 (or $265,000,000),[5] its financial and political battles are widely reported. On 23 January 2017, Liberty Media completed its acquisition of the Formula One Group, from private-equity firm CVC Capital Partners for £6.4bn ($8bn).[6][7] History Main article: History of Formula One Formula One originated from the European Motor Racing Championships of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula consists of a set of rules that all participants' cars must follow. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon during 1946 with the first non-championship races taking place during that year. The first Formula One Grand Prix was the 1946 Turin Grand Prix. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a motor racing world championship before World War II, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship did not become formalised until 1947. The first world championship race took place at Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom on 13 May 1950.[8] Giuseppe Farina, competing for Alfa Romeo, won the first Drivers' World Championship, narrowly defeating his teammate Juan Manuel Fangio. Fangio went on to win the championship in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.[9] This set the record for the most World Championships won by a single driver, a record that stood for 46 years until Michael Schumacher won his sixth championship in 2003.[9] Juan Manuel Fangio's 1951 title-winning Alfa Romeo 159 A Constructors' Championship was added in the 1958 season. Stirling Moss, despite being regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, never won the Formula One championship.[10] Between 1955 and 1961, Moss finished second place in the championship four times and in third place the other three times.[11][12] Fangio won 24 of the 52 races he entered – still the record for the highest Formula One wins percentage by an individual driver.[13] National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held by promoters for many years. Due to the increasing cost of competition, the last of these was held in 1983.[14] This era featured teams managed by road-car manufacturers, such as: Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Maserati. The first seasons featured pre-war cars like Alfa's 158. They were front-engined, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre supercharged or 4.5-litre naturally aspirated engines. The 1952 and 1953 seasons were run to Formula Two regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the lack of Formula One cars available.[15][16] When a new Formula One formula for engines limited to 2.5 litres was reinstated to the world championship for 1954, Mercedes-Benz introduced their W196. The W196 featured things never seen on Formula One cars before, such as: desmodromic valves, fuel injection and enclosed streamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for the next two years, before the team withdrew from all motorsport competitions due to the 1955 Le Mans disaster.[17] Technological developments Stirling Moss's Lotus 18 at the Nürburgring during 1961 The first major technological development in the sport was Bugatti's introduction of mid-engined cars. Jack Brabham, the world champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966, soon proved the mid-engine's superiority over all other engines. By 1961 all teams had switched to mid-engined cars. The Ferguson P99, a four-wheel drive design, was the last front-engined Formula One car to enter a world championship race. It was entered in the 1961 British Grand Prix, the only front-engined car to compete that year.[18] During 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional space-frame design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars. In 1968 sponsorship was introduced to the sport. Team Gunston became the first team to run cigarette sponsorship on their Brabham cars, which privately entered in orange, brown and gold colours of Gunston cigarettes in the 1968 South African Grand Prix on 1 January 1968.[19] Five months later, Lotus as the first works team followed this example when they entered their cars painted in the red, gold and white colours of the Imperial Tobacco's Gold Leaf livery at the 1968 Spanish Grand Prix. Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design with the appearance of aerofoils during the 1968 season. During the late 1970s, Lotus introduced ground-effect aerodynamics, previously used on Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J in 1970, that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds. The aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track were up to five times the car's weight. As a result, extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid. This meant that the drivers were depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface.[20] Big business Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the multibillion-dollar business it now is.[21][22] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971, he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors' Association and during 1978, he became its president.[23] Previously, the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually; however, Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.[22] He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package, which they could take or leave. In return for the package, almost all that was required was to surrender trackside advertising.[21] The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) during 1979 set off the FISA–FOCA war, during which FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre argued repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.[24] The Guardian said that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "used [FOCA] to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view". FOCA threatened to establish a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew its sanction from races.[21] The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement, which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.[25] Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA.[26] FISA imposed a ban on ground-effect aerodynamics during 1983.[27] By then, however, turbocharged engines, which Renault had pioneered in 1977, were producing over 520 kW (700 bhp) and were essential to be competitive. By 1986, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5 bar (80 psi) pressure, estimated[who?] to be over 970 kW (1,300 bhp) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. The next year, power in race trim reached around 820 kW (1,100 bhp), with boost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar.[28] These cars were the most powerful open-wheel circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984, and boost pressures in 1988, before banning turbocharged engines completely in 1989.[29] The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of active suspension, which first appeared during 1983 on the Lotus 92.[30] By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill, banned many such aids for the 1994 season. This resulted in cars that were previously dependent on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive. Observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only, as they "proved difficult to police effectively".[31] The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997.[32] Stefan Johansson driving for Ferrari at the 1985 European Grand Prix On the track, the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s. Brabham were also being competitive during the early part of the 1980s, winning two Drivers' Championships with Nelson Piquet. Powered by Porsche, Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen championships (seven constructors' and nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from Ford, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteen titles (nine constructors' and seven drivers'). The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1's central focus during 1988 and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993. Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also died in an accident during Saturday qualifying. No driver died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years until the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, where Jules Bianchi collided with a recovery vehicle after aquaplaning off the circuit, dying nine months later from his injuries. Since 1994, three track marshals have died, one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[33] the second at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix[33] and the third at the 2013 Canadian Grand Prix. Since the deaths of Senna and Ratzenberger, the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes that otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams – most notably the changes introduced for 1998. This so-called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall, and the introduction of grooved tyres to reduce mechanical grip. The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rainy conditions by enforcing a smaller contact patch between tyre and track. This, according to the FIA, was to reduce cornering speeds in the interest of safety.[34] Damon Hill driving for Williams at the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix Results were mixed, as the lack of mechanical grip resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip. This resulted in pushing more force onto the tyres through wings and aerodynamic devices, which in turn resulted in less overtaking as these devices tended to make the wake behind the car turbulent or 'dirty'. This prevented other cars from following closely due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound to be able to hold the grooved tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure, as the harder compound could not grip the track as well. Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton), and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", won every World Championship from 1984 to 2008. The teams won every Constructors' Championship from 1979 to 2008, as well as placing themselves as the top four teams in the Constructors' Championship in every season between 1989 and 1997, and winning every race but one (the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix) between 1988 and 1997. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically, thus increasing financial burdens. This, combined with the dominance of four teams (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive but to stay in business. This effectively forced several teams to withdraw. Manufacturers' return Michael Schumacher (pictured here in 2001) won five consecutive titles with Ferrari. Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won five consecutive Drivers' Championships (2000–2004) and six consecutive Constructors' Championships (1999–2004). Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91, since beaten by Lewis Hamilton), wins in a season (thirteen, since beaten by Max Verstappen), and most Drivers' Championships (seven, tied with Lewis Hamilton as of 2021).[35] Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005, when Renault driver Fernando Alonso became Formula One's youngest champion at that time (until Lewis Hamilton in 2008 and followed by Sebastian Vettel in 2010). During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for the newly formed Mercedes works team, following the rebrand of Brawn GP. During this period, the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs.[36] Team orders, legal since the championship started during 1950, were banned during 2002, after several incidents, in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. Other changes included the qualifying format, the points scoring system, the technical regulations, and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A "tyre war" between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall, although, at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis, seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use, leading to Bridgestone becoming the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season by default. Bridgestone then went on to sign a contract on 20 December 2007 that officially made them the exclusive tyre supplier for the next three seasons.[37] During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a "green" future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor.[38] Starting in 2000, with Ford's purchase of Stewart Grand Prix to form the Jaguar Racing team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams – Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda, and Ferrari – dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the Constructors' Championship. The sole exception was McLaren, which at the time was part-owned by Mercedes-Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA), the manufacturers negotiated a larger share of Formula One's commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.[39] Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers In 2008 and 2009, Honda, BMW, and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with Ross Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP laid off hundreds of employees, but eventually won the year's world championships. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team, Peter Sauber. The Lotus F1 Team[40] were another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that reverted to "privateer" ownership, together with the buy-out of the Renault team by Genii Capital investors. A link with their previous owners still survived, however, with their car continuing to be powered by a Renault engine until 2014. The three teams that debuted in 2010 (Hispania Racing F1 Team/HRT Formula 1 Team, Lotus Racing/Team Lotus/Caterham F1 Team, and Virgin Racing/Marussia Virgin Racing/Marussia F1 Team/Manor Marussia F1 Team/Manor Racing MRT) all disappeared within seven years of their debuts. McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes-Benz (McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari). Hence, during the 2010 season, Mercedes-Benz re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase of Brawn GP and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team. During the 2009 season of Formula One, the sport was gripped by the FIA–FOTA dispute. The FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost-cutting measures for the following season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;[41] teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a rev limiter.[41] The Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a 'two-tier' championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. However, talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with the exception of Williams and Force India,[42][43] that 'they had no choice' but to form a breakaway championship series.[43] Bernie Ecclestone, the former Chief executive of the Formula One Group On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing body and the teams to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were not specified,[44] and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to the FIA presidency in October.[45] Following further disagreements, after Max Mosley suggested he would stand for re-election,[46] FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season,[47] and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.[48] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.[49] To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams, four new teams were accepted entry into the 2010 season ahead of a much anticipated 'cost-cap'. Entrants included a reborn Team Lotus – which was led by a Malaysian consortium including Tony Fernandes, the boss of Air Asia; Hispania Racing – the first Spanish Formula One team; as well as Virgin Racing – Richard Branson's entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before. They were also joined by the US F1 Team, which planned to run out of the United States as the only non-European-based team in the sport. Financial issues befell the squad before they even made the grid. Despite the entry of these new teams, the proposed cost-cap was repealed and these teams – who did not have the budgets of the midfield and top-order teams – ran around at the back of the field until they inevitably collapsed; HRT in 2012, Caterham (formerly Lotus) in 2014 and Manor (formerly Virgin then Marussia), having survived falling into administration in 2014, went under at the end of 2016. Hybrid era A major rule shake-up in 2014 saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced by 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid power units. This prompted Honda to return to the sport in 2015 as the championship's fourth power unit manufacturer. Mercedes emerged as the dominant force after the rule shake-up, with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and teammate, Nico Rosberg, with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season. The team continued this form in the following two seasons, again winning 16 races in 2015 before taking a record 19 wins in 2016, with Hamilton claiming the title in the former year and Rosberg winning it in the latter by five points. The 2016 season also saw a new team, Haas, join the grid, while Max Verstappen became the youngest-ever race winner at the age of 18 in Spain.[50] Mercedes won eight consecutive constructors' titles and Lewis Hamilton won six drivers' titles during the beginning of the hybrid era. After revised aerodynamic regulations were introduced, the 2017 and 2018 seasons featured a title battle between Mercedes and Ferrari.[51][52][53][54] However, Mercedes ultimately won the titles with multiple races to spare and continued to experience dominance in the next two years,[55] eventually winning seven consecutive Drivers' Championships from 2014 to 2020 and eight consecutive Constructors' titles from 2014 to 2021. During this eight-year period between 2014 and 2021, 111 of the 160 races were won by a Mercedes driver,[56] with Hamilton winning 81 of these races and taking six Drivers' Championships during this period to equal Schumacher's record of seven titles.[57][58][59] In 2021, the Honda-powered Red Bull team began to seriously challenge Mercedes, with their driver Max Verstappen beating Hamilton to the Drivers' Championship after a season-long battle that saw the pair exchange the championship lead multiple times. This era has seen an increase in car manufacturer presence in the sport. After Honda's return as an engine manufacturer in 2015, Renault came back as a team in 2016 after buying back the Lotus F1 team. In 2018, Aston Martin and Alfa Romeo became Red Bull and Sauber's title sponsors, respectively. Sauber was rebranded as Alfa Romeo Racing for the 2019 season, while Racing Point part-owner Lawrence Stroll bought a stake in Aston Martin to rebrand the Racing Point team as Aston Martin for 2021. In August 2020, a new Concorde Agreement was signed by all ten F1 teams committing them to the sport until 2025, including a $145M budget cap for car development to support equal competition and sustainable development in the future.[60][61] The COVID-19 pandemic forced the sport to adapt to budgetary and logistical limitations. A significant overhaul of the technical regulations intended to be introduced in the 2021 season was pushed back to 2022,[62] with constructors instead using their 2020 chassis for two seasons and a token system limiting which parts could be modified was introduced.[63] The start of the 2020 season was delayed by several months,[64] and both it and 2021 seasons were subject to several postponements, cancellations and rescheduling of races due to the shifting restrictions on international travel. Many races took place behind closed doors and with only essential personnel present to maintain social distancing.[65] In 2022, a major rule and car design change was announced by the F1 governing body, intended to promote closer racing through the use of ground effects, new aerodynamics, larger wheels with low-profile tires, and redesigned nose and wing regulations.[66][67] The 2022 Constructors' and Drivers' Championships were won by Red Bull and Verstappen, respectively.[68][69] Racing and strategy Main articles: Formula One racing, Formula One tyres, Racing flags, and Formula One regulations A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It typically begins with two free practice sessions on Friday, and one free practice on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.[70][71] Tyre rules The 2023 Pirelli tyres include (from left to right) the three slicks – called the hards, mediums, and softs – intermediates, and full wets. Each driver may use no more than thirteen sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of intermediate tyres, and three sets of wet-weather tyres during a race weekend.[72] Qualifying For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more sessions in which to set their fastest time, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, with the fastest getting first place on the grid, referred to as pole position. From 1996 to 2002, the format was a one-hour shootout. This approach lasted until the end of 2002 before the rules were changed again because the teams were not running in the early part of the session to take advantage of better track conditions later on.[73] Grids were generally limited to 26 cars – if the race had more entries, qualification would also decide which drivers would start the race. During the early 1990s, the number of entries was so high that the worst-performing teams had to enter a pre-qualifying session, with the fastest cars allowed through to the main qualifying session. The qualifying format began to change in the early 2000s, with the FIA experimenting with limiting the number of laps, determining the aggregate time over two sessions, and allowing each driver only one qualifying lap. The current qualifying system was adopted in the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is split into three periods, known as Q1, Q2, and Q3. In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" of qualification (but not necessarily the race) at the end of the period and their grid positions set within the rearmost five based on their best lap times. Drivers are allowed as many laps as they wish within each period. After each period, all times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed and will count toward that driver's placement. The number of cars eliminated in each period is dependent on the total number of cars entered into the championship.[74] Currently, with 20 cars, Q1 runs for 18 minutes, and eliminates the slowest five drivers. During this period, any driver whose best lap takes longer than 107% of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards. Otherwise, all drivers proceed to the race albeit in the worst starting positions. This rule does not affect drivers in Q2 or Q3. In Q2, the 15 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period. Finally, Q3 lasts 12 minutes and sees the remaining ten drivers decide the first ten grid positions. At the beginning of the 2016 Formula 1 season, the FIA introduced a new qualifying format, whereby drivers were knocked out every 90 seconds after a certain amount of time had passed in each session. The aim was to mix up grid positions for the race, but due to unpopularity, the FIA reverted to the above qualifying format for the Chinese GP, after running the format for only two races.[74] Each car is allocated one set of the softest tyres for use in Q3. The cars that qualify for Q3 must return them after Q3; the cars that do not qualify for Q3 can use them during the race.[75] As of 2022, all drivers are given a free choice of tyre to use at the start of the Grand Prix,[76] whereas in previous years only the drivers that did not participate in Q3 had free tyre choice for the start of the race. Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying. Grid penalties can be applied for driving infractions in the previous or current Grand Prix, or for changing a gearbox or engine component. If a car fails scrutineering, the driver will be excluded from qualifying but will be allowed to start the race from the back of the grid at the race steward's discretion. 2021 saw the trialling of a 'sprint qualifying' race on the Saturday of three race weekends, with the intention of testing the new approach to qualifying. The traditional qualifying would determine the starting order for the sprint, and the result of the sprint would then determine the start order for the Grand Prix.[77] The system returned for the 2022 season, now titled the 'sprint'.[78] From 2023, sprint races no longer impacted the start order for the main race, which would be determined by traditional qualifying. Sprints would have their own qualifying session, titled the 'sprint shootout';[79] such a system made its debut at the 2023 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and is set to be used throughout all sprint sessions in place of the traditional second free practice session. Sprint qualifying sessions are run much shorter than traditional qualifying, and each session required teams to fit new tyres - mediums for SQ1 and SQ2, and softs for SQ3 - otherwise they cannot participate in the session.[80] Race The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction and grip, and also gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid for the race start. Jacques Villeneuve qualifying at the 2005 United States Grand Prix in his Sauber C24 Once all the cars have formed on the grid, after the medical car positions itself behind the pack, a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid or on the track in an unsafe position, signalled by raising their arm. If this happens, the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if race control feels a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavy rainfall. As of the 2019 season, there will always be a standing restart. If due to heavy rainfall a start behind the safety car is necessary, then after the track has dried sufficiently, drivers will form up for a standing start. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[81] Under normal circumstances, the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps. Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather or if the safety car is deployed during the race. When a situation justifies pausing the race without terminating it, the red flag is deployed; since 2005, a ten-minute warning is given before the race is resumed behind the safety car, which leads the field for a lap before it returns to the pit lane (before then the race resumed in race order from the penultimate lap before the red flag was shown). In the 1950s, race distances varied from 300 km (190 mi) to 600 km (370 mi). The maximum race length was reduced to 400 km (250 mi) in 1966 and 325 km (202 mi) in 1971. The race length was standardised to the current 305 km (190 mi) in 1989. However, street races like Monaco have shorter distances, to keep under the two-hour limit. Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race. If a leader comes across a backmarker (slower car) who has completed fewer laps, the back marker is shown a blue flag[82] telling them that they are obliged to allow the leader to overtake them. The slower car is said to be "lapped" and, once the leader finishes the race, is classified as finishing the race "one lap down". A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any car in front of them. A driver who fails to complete more than 90% of the race distance is shown as "not classified" in the results. Throughout the race, drivers may make pit stops to change tyres and repair damage (from 1994 to 2009 inclusive, they could also refuel). Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order to maximise their car's potential. Three dry tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Over the course of a race, drivers must use two of the three available compounds. The different compounds have different levels of performance and choosing when to use which compound is a key tactical decision to make. Different tyres have different colours on their sidewalls; this allows spectators to understand the strategies. Under wet conditions, drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves (one "intermediate", for mild wet conditions, such as after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in or immediately after rain). A driver must make at least one stop to use two tyre compounds; up to three stops are typically made, although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditions change. If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry tyres. Race director This role involves generally managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspecting cars in parc fermé before a race, enforcing FIA rules, and controlling the lights which start each race. As the head of the race officials, the race director also plays a large role in sorting disputes among teams and drivers. Penalties, such as drive-through penalties (and stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications, and fines can all be handed out should parties break regulations. As of 2022, the race directors are Niels Wittich and Eduardo Freitas on an alternating basis, with Herbie Blash as a permanent advisor.[83] Safety car The Mercedes-AMG GT R safety car at the 2019 Hungarian Grand Prix In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race marshals, race officials may choose to deploy the safety car. This in effect suspends the race, with drivers following the safety car around the track at its speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. Cars that have been lapped may, during the safety car period and depending on circumstances permitted by the race director, be allowed to un-lap themselves in order to ensure a smoother restart and to avoid blue flags being immediately thrown upon the resumption of the race with many of the cars in very close proximity to each other. The safety car circulates until the danger is cleared; after it comes in, the race restarts with a "rolling start". Pit stops are permitted under the safety car. Since 2000, the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver Bernd Mayländer.[84] On the lap in which the safety car returns to the pits, the leading car takes over the role of the safety car until the timing line. After crossing this line, drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more. Mercedes-Benz supplies Mercedes-AMG models to Formula One to use as the safety cars. From 2021 onwards, Aston Martin supplies the Vantage to Formula One to use as the safety car, sharing the duty with Mercedes-Benz.[85] Flags Main article: Racing flags Flags specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H of the FIA's International Sporting Code.[86] Flag Name Meaning SC Board (Safety Car) Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the Safety Car is on track. Full course yellow flag applies. Drivers must hold position and slow down. VSC Board (Virtual Safety Car) Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the virtual safety car is in use. During this time, the drivers are given minimum sector times that they must stay above. Full course double yellow flag applies. The car's time relative to this set time is measured at each marshalling post (approximately every 50 m), and the difference is referred to as the car's "delta" time. This delta time is reported to the driver, and must remain positive throughout the VSC period else the driver will be penalised.[87] Yellow Indicates a hazard on or near the track (waved yellows indicate a hazard on the track, frozen yellows indicate a hazard near the track). Double waved yellows inform drivers that they must slow down as marshals are working on or near to the track and drivers should be prepared to stop. Green Normal racing conditions apply. This is usually shown following a yellow flag to indicate that the hazard has been passed. A green flag is shown at all stations for the lap following the end of a full-course yellow (or safety car). A green flag is also shown at the start of a session. Yellow and red striped Slippery track, due to oil, water, or loose debris. Can be seen 'rocked' from side to side (not waved) to indicate a small animal on track. Blue A blue flag indicates that the driver in front must let faster cars behind them pass because they are being lapped. If the flag is missed 3 times, the driver could be penalised. Accompanied by the driver's number. White Indicates that there is a slow car ahead, either a race car or a course vehicle. Often waved at the end of the pit lane when a car is about to leave the pits. Black and orange circle Car is damaged or has a mechanical problem, must return to the pit lane immediately. Will be accompanied by driver's number Half black half white Warns a driver for poor sportsmanship or dangerous behaviour. Can be followed by a Black flag upon further infringement. Accompanied by the driver's number. Black Driver is disqualified. Will be accompanied by the driver's number. This can be issued after a Half Black Half White flag. Red A red flag immediately halts a race or session when conditions become too dangerous to continue. Chequered flag End of the practice, qualifying, or racing session. The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes have revolved around what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver would be allowed to continue a race in their teammate's car should theirs develop a problem – in the modern era, cars are so carefully fitted to drivers that this has become impossible. In recent years, the emphasis has been on changing refuelling and tyre change regulations. Since the 2010 season, refuelling – which was reintroduced in 1994 – has not been allowed, to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns. The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007, again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to be completed on time for a growing international live television audience. Points system Main article: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th FL* 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 1 *A driver must finish within the top ten to receive a point for setting the fastest lap of the race. If the driver who set the fastest lap finishes outside of the top ten, then the point for fastest lap will not be awarded for that race.[88] The Formula One trophy given to the drivers' champion at the end of the year Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. The current system, in place since 2010, awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, with the winner receiving 25 points. All points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions. Regardless of whether a driver stays with the same team throughout the season, or switches teams, all points earned by them count for the Drivers' Championship.[89] A driver must be classified in order to receive points, as of 2022, a driver must complete at least 90% of the race distance in order to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.[90] From some time between the 1977 and 1980 seasons to the end of the 2021 season if less than 75% of the race laps were completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table were awarded to the drivers and constructors. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the 1984 season. The last occurrence was at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix when the race was called off after just three laps behind a safety car due to torrential rain.[91][92] The half points rule was replaced by a distance-dependent gradual scale system for 2022.[93] Constructors See also: List of Formula One constructors, List of Formula One engine constructors, and List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions Ferrari (pictured with Charles Leclerc) have competed in every season. A Formula One constructor is the entity credited for designing the chassis and the engine.[94] If both are designed by the same company, that company receives sole credit as the constructor (e.g., Ferrari). If they are designed by different companies, both are credited, and the name of the chassis designer is placed before that of the engine designer (e.g., McLaren-Mercedes). All constructors are scored individually, even if they share either chassis or engine with another constructor (e.g., Williams-Ford, Williams-Honda in 1983).[95] Since 1981,[96] Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, and consequently the distinction between the terms "team" and "constructor" became less pronounced, though engines may still be produced by a different entity. This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Series which allows teams to purchase chassis, and "spec series" such as Formula 2 which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. It also effectively prohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s. The sport's debut season, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs, many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team, the only still-active team which competed in 1950. McLaren won all but one race in 1988 with engine partner Honda. Renault (pictured here with Nico Hülkenberg) has had an active role in Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier since 1977. Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (sixteen). Companies such as Climax, Repco, Cosworth, Hart, Judd and Supertec, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them. In the early years, independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines, though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Toyota, whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive. Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier.[97] It is estimated the major teams spend between €100 and €200 million ($125–$225 million) per year per manufacturer on engines alone.[98] In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1981 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams. Super Aguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing RA106 chassis (used by Honda the previous year), while Scuderia Toro Rosso used the same chassis used by the parent Red Bull Racing team, which was formally designed by a separate subsidiary. The usage of these loopholes was ended for 2010 with the publication of new technical regulations, which require each constructor to own the intellectual property rights to their chassis,[99][100] The regulations continue to allow a team to subcontract the design and construction of the chassis to a third-party, an option used by the HRT team in 2010 and Haas currently. Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66 million to US$400 million each.[101] Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a $200 million up-front payment to the FIA, which is then shared equally among the existing teams.[102] As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: BAR's purchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue. Seven out of the ten teams competing in Formula One are based close to London in an area centred around Oxford. Ferrari have both their chassis and engine assembly in Maranello, Italy. The AlphaTauri team are based close to Ferrari in Faenza, whilst the Alfa Romeo team are based near Zurich in Switzerland.[103][104] Drivers See also: List of Formula One drivers, List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions, and List of Formula One driver numbers 2005 Canadian Grand Prix: Kimi Räikkönen leading Michael Schumacher, with Jarno Trulli (Toyota) and Takuma Sato (BAR-Honda) fighting for position Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in a season.[71] A team may also run two additional drivers in Free Practice sessions,[71] which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienced drivers to evaluate the car.[105][106] Most drivers are contracted for at least the duration of a season, with driver changes taking place in-between seasons, in comparison to early years when drivers often competed on an ad hoc basis from race to race. Each competitor must be in the possession of a FIA Super Licence to compete in a Grand Prix,[107] which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and having achieved 300 kilometres (190 mi) of running in a Formula One car. Drivers may also be issued a Super Licence by the World Motor Sport Council if they fail to meet the criteria.[107] Although most drivers earn their seat on ability, commercial considerations also come into play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands. Teams also contract test and reserve drivers to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a simulator,[108] such as rFactor Pro,[109][110] which is used by most of the F1 teams.[111][112] Each driver chooses an unassigned number from 2 to 99 (excluding 17 which was retired following the death of Jules Bianchi)[113] upon entering Formula One and keeps that number during their time in the series. The number one is reserved for the reigning Drivers' Champion, who retains their previous number and may choose to use it instead of the number one.[114] At the onset of the championship, numbers were allocated by race organisers on an ad hoc basis from race to race.[115] Permanent numbers were introduced in 1973 to take effect in 1974, when teams were allocated numbers in ascending order based on the Constructors' Championship standings at the end of the 1973 season. The teams would hold those numbers from season to season with the exception of the team with the World Drivers' Champion, which would swap its numbers with the one and two of the previous champion's team. New entrants were allocated spare numbers, with the exception of the number 13 which had been unused since 1976.[116] As teams kept their numbers for long periods of time, car numbers became associated with a team, such as Ferrari's 27 and 28.[115] A different system was used from 1996 to 2013: at the start of each season, the current Drivers' Champion was designated number one, their teammate number two, and the rest of the teams assigned ascending numbers according to previous season's Constructors' Championship order.[117] As of the conclusion of the 2022 Championship, a total of 34 separate drivers have won the World Drivers' Championship, with Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton holding the record for most championships with seven. Lewis Hamilton achieved the most race wins, too, in 2020. Jochen Rindt is the only posthumous World Champion, after his points total was not surpassed despite his fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix, with 4 races still remaining in the season. Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport, with 18 championships among 10 drivers, and 308 wins. Feeder series FIA Formula 2 Championship, the main F1 feeder series since 2017 FIA Formula 3 Championship, the main F1 and F2 feeder series since 2019 Most F1 drivers start in kart racing competitions, and then come up through traditional European single-seater series like Formula Ford and Formula Renault to Formula 3, and finally the GP2 Series. GP2 started in 2005, replacing Formula 3000, which itself had replaced Formula Two as the last major stepping-stone into F1. GP2 was rebranded as the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017. Most champions from this level graduate into F1, but 2006 GP2 champion Lewis Hamilton became the first F2, F3000 or GP2 champion to win the Formula One drivers' title in 2008.[118] Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One. British F3 has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions, including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One, and Max Verstappen made his F1 debut following a single season in European F3. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.[119] American open-wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid. CART champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven races in F1. Other CART (also known as ChampCar) champions, like Michael Andretti and Alessandro Zanardi won no races in F1. Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill raced motorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars, albeit after climbing through the junior single-seater ranks. Former F1 driver Paul di Resta raced in DTM until he was signed with Force India in 2011. Grands Prix See also: List of Formula One Grands Prix World map showing the location of Formula 1 Grands Prix: countries marked in green are on the current race schedule, those in dark grey have hosted a Formula One race in the past. (De facto status of the territories is shown.) The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. The inaugural 1950 world championship season comprised only seven races, while the 2019 season contained 21 races. There were no more than 11 Grands Prix per season during the early decades of the championship, although a large number of non-championship Formula One events also took place. The number of Grands Prix increased to an average of 16 to 17 by the late 1970s, while non-championship events ended in 1983. More Grands Prix began to be held in the 2000s, and recent seasons have seen an average of 19 races. In 2021 and 2022, the calendar peaked at 22 events, the highest number of world championship races in one season.[120] Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500, which was held to different regulations and later replaced by the United States Grand Prix. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries. Argentina hosted the first South American Grand Prix in 1953, and Morocco hosted the first African World Championship race in 1958. Asia and Oceania followed (Japan in 1976 and Australia in 1985), and the first race in the Middle East was held in 2004. The 19 races of the 2014 season were spread over every populated continent except for Africa, with 10 Grands Prix held outside Europe. Some of the Grands Prix pre-date the formation of the World Championship, such as the French Grand Prix and were incorporated into the championship as Formula One races in 1950. The British and Italian Grands Prix are the only events to have been held every Formula One season; other long-running races include the Belgian, German, and French Grands Prix. The Monaco Grand Prix was first held in 1929 and has run continuously since 1955 (with the exception of 2020) and is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world.[121] All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day, until the inaugural Singapore Grand Prix hosted the first Formula One night race in 2008,[122] which was followed by the day–night Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in 2009 and the Bahrain Grand Prix which converted to a night race in 2014. Other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience.[123] Returning additions (2008–present) Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2023 season. European Grand Prix at Valencia Street Circuit (2008–2012) United States Grand Prix at Circuit of the Americas (2012–2019, 2021–present) Austrian Grand Prix at Red Bull Ring (2014–present) Mexican Grand Prix at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez (2015–2019); renamed Mexico City Grand Prix (2021–present)[124] European Grand Prix at Baku City Circuit (2016; renamed the Azerbaijan Grand Prix for 2017–2019, 2021–present) French Grand Prix at Circuit Paul Ricard (2018–2019, 2021–2022) Portuguese Grand Prix at Algarve International Circuit (2020–2021)[a] Imola Circuit with the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix (2020–present; previously hosted the Italian Grand Prix and the San Marino Grand Prix)[b] Dutch Grand Prix at Circuit Zandvoort (2021–present) New Locations Initiative (2008–present) Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2023 season. Since 2008, the Formula One Group has been targeting new "destination cities" to expand its global reach, with the aim to produce races from countries that have not previously been involved in the sport. This initiative started with the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix.[125] Race Years Circuit Notes Singapore Singapore Grand Prix 2008–2019, 2022– Marina Bay Street Circuit First race to take place outside of daylight hours. 2020 and 2021 races cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 2009– Yas Marina Circuit South Korea Korean Grand Prix 2010–2013 Korea International Circuit Discontinued due to poor attendance figures. India Indian Grand Prix 2011–2013 Buddh International Circuit Discontinued due to local government tax classification dispute. Russia Russian Grand Prix 2014–2021 Sochi Autodrom The Russian Grand Prix was due to move to Igora Drive from 2023. This move, and the 2022 Russian Grand Prix were cancelled following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[126] Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Grand Prix 2017–2019, 2021– Baku City Circuit Previously called the European Grand Prix in 2016. 2020 race cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 2021– Jeddah Corniche Circuit Qatar Qatar Grand Prix 2021, 2023– Losail International Circuit Called in last minute to replace the Australian Grand Prix. Has a ten-year contract from 2023. Was originally due to be held at a new venue from 2023 onwards, although this did not transpire. United States Miami Grand Prix 2022– Miami International Autodrome United States Las Vegas Grand Prix 2023– Las Vegas Street Circuit Future Grands Prix Below is a list for Grands Prix contracted to join or return to the calendar in upcoming seasons. Race Years Circuit Target calendar entry Current status United States Las Vegas Grand Prix 2023 Las Vegas Street Circuit 2023 Confirmed[127] Circuits See also: List of Formula One circuits The Autodromo Nazionale Monza, home to the Italian Grand Prix, is the oldest purpose-built track still in use today. Sochi Autodrom, host venue for the Russian Grand Prix from 2014 to 2021 A typical circuit features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated. The pit lane, where the drivers stop for tyres, aerodynamic adjustments and minor repairs (such as changing the car's nose due to front wing damage) during the race, retirements from the race, and where the teams work on the cars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that run anticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal. A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5,000 visitors.[128] Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition. The current street circuits are Monaco, Melbourne, Singapore, Baku, Miami and Jeddah although races in other urban locations come and go (Las Vegas and Detroit, for example) and proposals for such races are often discussed – most recently Las Vegas. The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use, even though it does not meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World champion Nelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room".[129] Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by the Bahrain International Circuit, added in 2004 and designed – like most of F1's new circuits – by Hermann Tilke. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. These newer circuits, however, are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones. The Circuit of the Americas in Austin, the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi and the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012. In 2020, Algarve International Circuit debuted on the F1 calendar as the venue of the Portuguese Grand Prix, with the country having last hosted a race in 1996.[a] In 2021, Circuit Zandvoort returned to the F1 calendar as the Dutch Grand Prix, having last hosted a race in 1985. Cars and technology Main articles: Formula One car, Formula One engines, and Formula One tyres Jenson Button in the Brawn BGP 001 Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined, hybrid, semi-open cockpit, open-wheel single-seaters. The chassis is made largely of carbon-fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including the driver but not fuel, weighs only 795 kg (1,753 lb) – the minimum weight set by the regulations.[130] If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum, it can be ballasted up to add the necessary weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer.[131] The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic downforce that they generate, which pushes the car down onto the track. This is provided by "wings" mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle, and by ground effect created by low air pressure under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance. The previous generation of cars sported a large number of small winglets, "barge boards", and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over, under, and around the car. The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the tyres. From 1998 to 2008, the tyres in Formula One were not "slicks" (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuit racing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars.[132] Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the 2009 season. Suspension is double wishbone or multilink front and rear, with pushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis – one exception being that of the 2009 specification Red Bull Racing car (RB5) which used pullrod suspension at the rear, the first car to do so since the Minardi PS01 in 2001. Ferrari used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their 2012 car.[133] Both Ferrari (F138) and McLaren (MP4-28) of the 2013 season used a pullrod suspension at both the front and the rear. In 2022, McLaren (MCL36) and Red Bull Racing (RB18) switched to a pullrod front suspension and push rod rear suspension.[134][135] Carbon-carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element that provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula. In 2022, the technical regulations changed considerably in order to reduce the turbulence (commonly referred to as "dirty air") produced by the aerodynamics of the car. This includes a redesigned front and rear wing, larger wheels with a lower tyre profile, wheel covers, small winglets, the banning of barge boards, and the reintroduction of Ground effect downforce production. These have been changed to promote racing, meaning cars lose less downforce when following another car. It allows cars to follow another at a much closer distance, without extending the gap due to the turbulent air.[136] (See 2022 Formula One World Championship Technical regulations) Formula One cars must have four wheels made of the same metallic material, which must be one of two magnesium alloys specified by the FIA.[137] Magnesium alloy wheels made by forging are used to achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction.[138] As of 2022, the wheels are covered with "spec" (Standardised) Wheel Covers, the wheel diametre has increased from 13 inches to 18 inches (reducing the "tyre profile"), and small winglets have been placed over the front tyres.[139] A BMW Sauber P86 V8 engine, which powered their 2006 F1.06 Starting with the 2014 Formula 1 season, the engines have changed from a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 to turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 "power-units".[140] These get a significant amount of their power from electric motors. In addition, they include a lot of energy recovery technology. Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol.[141] The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water. The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 rpm and produced over 580 kW (780 bhp).[142] For 2007, engines were restricted to 19,000 rpm with limited development areas allowed, following the engine specification freeze since the end of 2006.[143] For the 2009 Formula One season the engines were further restricted to 18,000 rpm.[144] A wide variety of technologies – including active suspension[145] are banned under the current regulations. Despite this the current generation of cars can reach speeds in excess of 350 km/h (220 mph) at some circuits.[146] The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph), set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix.[147] A BAR-Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave Desert achieved a top speed of 415 km/h (258 mph) in 2006. According to Honda, the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations.[148] Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at 160 km/h (99 mph) aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car, and the oft-repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to "drive on the ceiling", while possible in principle, has never been put to the test. Downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed. The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in cornering.[149] Consequently, the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of 20 kg in corners. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to complete the race. A high-performance road car like the Enzo Ferrari only achieves around 1g.[150] As of 2019, each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time.[151] Each driver may use no more than four engines during a championship season unless they drive for more than one team. If more engines are used, they drop ten places on the starting grid of the event at which an additional engine is used. The only exception is where the engine is provided by a manufacturer or supplier taking part in its first championship season, in which case up to five may be used by a driver.[152] Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for six consecutive events; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the grid unless they failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team's control.[153] As of 2019, each driver is limited to three power units per season, before incurring grid penalties. Revenue and profits This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs update to account for the ban in private testing and cost caps.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) Estimated budget split of a Formula One team based on the 2006 season In March 2007, F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams.[154] The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US. This was broken down as follows: Toyota $418.5 million, Ferrari $406.5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380.5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault $324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195.5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, and Super Aguri $57 million. Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari were estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million.[155] In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations banned all performance-related engine development.[156] Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000, plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors' Championship. Formula One drivers pay a FIA Super Licence fee, which in 2013 was €10,000 plus €1,000 per point.[157] There have been controversies with the way profits are shared among the teams. The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared, favouring established top teams. In September 2015, Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful.[158] The cost of building a brand-new permanent circuit can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road, such as Albert Park, into a temporary circuit is much less. Permanent circuits, however, can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races, such as MotoGP. The Shanghai International Circuit cost over $300 million[159] and the Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build.[160] A number of Formula One drivers earn the highest salary of any drivers in auto racing. The highest-paid driver in 2021 is Lewis Hamilton, who received $55 million in salary from Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 – a record for any driver.[161] The very top Formula One drivers get paid more than IndyCar or NASCAR drivers; however, the earnings immediately fall off after the top three F1 drivers, and the majority of NASCAR racers will make more money than their F1 counterparts.[162] Most top IndyCar drivers are paid around a tenth of their Formula One counterparts.[161] In the second quarter of 2020, Formula One reported a loss revenue of $122 million and an income of $24 million. This was a result of the delay of the racing championship start as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The company grossed revenues of $620 million for the same quarter the previous year.[163] Future A sign announcing that the safety car (SC) is deployed The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport.[164][165] Following their purchase of the commercial rights to the sport in 2017, Liberty Media announced their vision for the future of Formula One at the 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix. The proposal identified five key areas, including streamlining the governance of the sport, emphasising cost-effectiveness, maintaining the sport's relevance to road cars and encouraging new manufacturers to enter the championship whilst enabling them to be competitive.[166] Liberty cited 2021 as their target date as it coincided with the need to renew commercial agreements with the teams and the end of the seven-year cycle[original research?] of engine development that started in 2014. On 19 August 2020, it was announced that all 10 teams had signed the new Concorde Agreement.[167] This came into effect at the start of the 2021 season and changed how prize money and TV revenue is distributed.[168] Responsibility towards the environment When I get out of the car, of course I'm thinking as well: 'Is this something we should do, travel the world, wasting resources?' —Sebastian Vettel, former champion voicing concerns on Formula One's impact on climate change.[169] Formula One has launched a plan to become carbon neutral by 2030. By 2025, all events should become "sustainable", including eliminating single-use plastics and ensuring all waste is reused, recycled or composted.[170] A report conducted by Formula One estimated that the series was responsible for 256,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions in the 2019 season, finding that 45% of emissions were from logistics and only 0.7% were from emissions from the cars themselves.[171][172] In January 2020, FIA and Formula One signed the United Nations "Sports for Climate Action" framework. After the signing was announced, FIA President Jean Todt said: "As an international Federation comprising 244 members in 140 countries and the leader in motor sport and mobility development, we are fully committed to global environmental protection. The signing of this UN Sports for Climate Action Framework reinforces the momentum that has been growing in our Federation for many years. Since the introduction of the hybrid power unit in F1 to the creation of the Environment and Sustainability Commission, the entire FIA community has been investing time, energy and financial resources to the benefit of environmental innovations. We aim to inspire greater awareness and best practice in sustainability motor sport standards."[173] From the 2021–22 season, all cars will increase the bio-component of their fuel, using E10 fuel, rather than the 5.75% of ethanol currently used. This percentage is expected to grow again in the future.[174] In December 2020, the FIA claimed that it had developed a fuel with 100% sustainability, to be used in Formula One from either 2025 or 2026, when new engine regulations come into force.[175] Responsibility towards social inequities in the sport Prior to the beginning of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, F1 announced and launched the #WeRaceAsOne initiative.[176] The initiative primarily focuses on visible displays of solidarity in the fight against racism on Grand Prix Weekends, as well as the creation of a Formula 1 Task Force that will "listen to people from across the paddock [...] and make conclusions on the actions required to improve the diversity and opportunity in Formula 1 at all levels".[176] The move spurs from the growing questions about racism and global inequalities perpetuated by the sport. The 70-year history of the World Championship has been dominated by European and white drivers, with the first (and only) black driver, Lewis Hamilton, participating in the world championship since 2007.[177] In addition to organization-wide measures, individual teams have also acknowledged deficiencies in the sport's cultural and political activism. During the 2020 season, the Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team conducted a study of its racial composition and found that approximately 95% of its workforce was white.[178] Due to the results of the study, the team changed the car's livery to promote anti-racism messages and also launched the Accelerate 25 programme. The program vows that approximately 25% of all new hires to the team will come from underrepresented minorities in the sport until 2025.[179] The 20 drivers on the grid have also stood in solidarity on multiple occasions in the fight against racism both on and off the track. Following the murder of George Floyd in the summer of 2020, all twenty drivers wore "End Racism" shirts and took part in an organised anti-racism protest during the pre-race formalities.[180] In the year since, Lewis Hamilton has remained vocal in his pre-race attire, with other drivers occasionally wearing change-demanding clothing. Media coverage See also: List of Formula One broadcasters Formula One can be seen live, or tape delayed in almost every country and territory and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race.[181] The cumulative television audience was calculated to be 54 billion for the 2001 season, broadcast to 200 territories.[182] During the early 1990s, Formula One Group created a number of trademarks, an official logo, an official TV graphics package and in 2003, an official website for the sport in an attempt to give it a corporate identity. TV stations all take what is known as the "World Feed", either produced historically by the "host broadcaster" or by Formula One Management (FOM). The host broadcaster either had one feed for all, or two separate feeds – a feed for local viewers and a feed for international viewers. The one size fits all approach meant that there was bias to a certain team or driver during the event, which led to viewers missing out on more important action and incidents, while the two-feed approach meant that replays (for when returning from an ad break) and local bias action could be overlaid on the local feed while the international feed was left unaffected. The only station that differed from this set up was "DF1" (re-branded to "Premiere" then to "Sky Deutschland") – a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as the onboard and pit-lane channels. This service was purchased by Bernie Ecclestone at the end of 1996 and became F1 Digital Plus, which was made more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the cost of the digital interactive service was thought too much. On 12 January 2011, F1 announced that it would adopt the HD format for the 2011 season.[183] It was announced on 29 July 2011, that Sky Sports and the BBC would team up to show the races in F1 from 2012 to 2018. Sky launched a dedicated channel, Sky Sports F1 which covered all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions, along with F1 programming, including interviews, archive action and magazine shows.[184] In 2012 the BBC broadcast live coverage of half of the races in the season.[185] The BBC ended its television contract after the 2015 season, three years earlier than planned.[186] The free-to-air TV rights were picked up by Channel 4 until the end of the 2018 season.[187] Sky Sports F1 coverage remained unaffected and BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Sports Extra coverage was extended until 2021.[188] As of 2022, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Sports Extra has rights to such coverage until 2024.[189] While Sky Sports and Channel 4 are the two major broadcasters of Formula 1, other countries show Formula One races. Many use commentary from either Sky Sports or Channel 4. In most of Asia (excluding China), the two main broadcasters of Formula one includes the Fox network and Star Sports (in India). In the United States, ESPN holds the official rights to broadcast the sport while ABC also holds free-to-air rights for some races under the ESPN on ABC banner. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the two main broadcasters are RTL Germany and n-TV. In China, there are multiple channels that broadcast Formula One which include CCTV, Tencent, Guangdong TV and Shanghai TV.[190] Currently in France, the only channel that broadcasts Formula one is the pay TV channel Canal+, having renewed its broadcasting rights until 2024.[191] The official Formula One website has live timing charts that can be used during the race to follow the leaderboard in real time. An official application has been available for the Apple App Store since 2009,[192] and on Google Play since 2011,[193] that shows users a real-time feed of driver positions, timing and commentary.[194] On 26 November 2017 Formula One unveiled a new logo, which replaced the previous "flying one" in use since 1993.[195] In March 2018, FOM announced the launch of F1 TV, an over-the-top (OTT) streaming platform that lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous video feeds and timing screens in addition to traditional directed race footage and commentary.[196] Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races Currently, the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous. Since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been run to Formula One regulations. However, the two terms are not interchangeable. The first Formula One race was held in 1946,[197] whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950.[197] In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races that did not count for the World Championship[198] (e.g., in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship).[197] The number of non-championship Formula One events decreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, to the point where the last non-championship Formula One race was the 1983 Race of Champions.[198] The World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events: The World Championship was originally established as the "World Championship for Drivers", i.e., without the term "Formula One" in the title. It only officially became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981. From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 race counted towards the World Championship.[198] This race was run to American Automobile Association, and later United States Automobile Club, Championship Car regulations, rather than to Formula One regulations. Only one of the World Championship regulars, Alberto Ascari in 1952, started at Indianapolis during this period.[199] From 1952 to 1953, all races counting towards the World Championship (except the Indianapolis 500) were run to Formula Two regulations.[198] Formula One was not changed to Formula Two during this period; the Formula One regulations remained the same, and numerous non-championship Formula One races were staged during this time.[200][201] The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and all-time lists. For example, in the List of Formula One drivers, Clemente Biondetti is shown with a single race against his name. Biondetti actually competed in four Formula One races in 1950,[202] but only one of these counted for the World Championship. Similarly, several Indianapolis 500 winners technically won their first World Championship race, though most record books ignore this and instead only record regular World Championship participants.[citation needed] In the earlier history of Formula One, many races took place outside the World Championship, and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not always suitable for the World Championship and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the championship.[14] European non-championship racing In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship, these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship; in 1950 a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship.[197] In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run to Formula Two regulations, non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place. Some races, particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park International Gold Cup and the International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders. Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as the Syracuse and Danish Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.[14] These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams-Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan.[14] South African Formula One championship Main article: South African Formula One Championship South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. British Formula One Championship Main article: British Formula One Championship The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One championship possible between 1978 and 1980. As in South Africa a decade before, secondhand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3.[203] See also icon Formula One portal Formula One video games Notes  The Portuguese Grand Prix featured on the 2020 calendar following the cancellation of events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It featured on the 2021 calendar for reasons unrelated to the pandemic.  The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix featured on the 2020 calendar following the cancellation of events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was later extended until 2025. 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Retrieved 20 November 2017.  "Google Play Store". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.  "F1 Launches Live Timing in Dedicated App". Formula 1. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.  "Formula One unveils new logo". ESPN. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.  "Formula 1 to launch F1 TV, a live Grand Prix subscription service". F1. F1. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.  "Timeline of Formula One". ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "The Formula One Archives". www.silhouet.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "Alberto Ascari". historicracing.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "1952 Non-World Championship Grands Prix". www.silhouet.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "1953 Non-World Championship Grands Prix". www.silhouet.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "Clemente Biondetti Formula One race entries". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2016.  "Desiré Wilson". f1rejects.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2007. Further reading Arron, Simon & Hughes, Mark (2003). The Complete Book of Formula One. Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-1688-0. Gross, Nigel et al. (1999). "Grand Prix Motor Racing". In, 100 Years of Change: Speed and Power (pp. 55–84). Parragon. Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition). Haynes, Sparkford, UK. ISBN 1-84425-223-X. Higham, Peter (2003). The international motor racing guide. David Bull, Phoenix, AZ, USA. ISBN 1-893618-20-X. "Inside F1". Formula1.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011. Jones, Bruce (1997). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One. Hodder & Stoughton. Jones, Bruce (1998). Formula One: The Complete Stats and Records of Grand Prix Racing. Parragon. Jones, Bruce (2003). The Official ITV Sport Guide: Formula One Grand Prix 2003. Carlton. Includes foreword by Martin Brundle. ISBN 1-84222-813-7. Jones, Bruce (2005). The Guide to 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship: The World's Bestselling Grand Prix Guide. Carlton. ISBN 1-84442-508-8. Lang, Mike (1981–1992). Grand Prix! volumes 1–4. Haynes, Sparkford, UK. Menard, Pierre (2006). The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1, 5th edition. Chronosport, Switzerland. ISBN 2-84707-051-6 Miltner, Harry (2007). Race Travel Guide 2007. egoth: Vienna, Austria. ISBN 978-3-902480-34-7 Small, Steve (2000). Grand Prix Who's Who (3rd edition). Travel Publishing, UK. ISBN 1-902007-46-8. Tremayne, David & Hughes, Mark (1999). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One. Parragon Twite, Mike. "Formula Regulations: Categories for International Racing" in Northey, Tom, ed. The World Of Automobiles, Volume 6, pp. 701–3. London: Phoebus, 1978. External links Official website Edit this at Wikidata  Media related to Formula One at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles vte Formula One teams Teams and drivers that have competed in the 2023 Formula One World Championship Alfa Romeo-Ferrari AlphaTauri-Honda RBPT Alpine-Renault Aston Martin Aramco-Mercedes Ferrari 24. Zhou Guanyu 77. Valtteri Bottas 21. Nyck de Vries 3. Daniel Ricciardo 40. Liam Lawson 22. Yuki Tsunoda 10. Pierre Gasly 31. Esteban Ocon 14. Fernando Alonso 18. Lance Stroll 16. Charles Leclerc 55. Carlos Sainz Jr. Haas-Ferrari McLaren-Mercedes Mercedes Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT Williams-Mercedes 20. Kevin Magnussen 27. Nico Hülkenberg 4. Lando Norris 81. Oscar Piastri 44. Lewis Hamilton 63. George Russell 1. Max Verstappen 11. Sergio Pérez 2. Logan Sargeant 23. Alexander Albon vte Formula One seasons 195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 vte Formula One Grands Prix Current (2023) BahrainSaudi ArabianAustralianAzerbaijanMiamiMonacoSpanishCanadianAustrianBritishHungarianBelgianDutchItalianSingaporeJapaneseQatarUnited StatesMexico CitySão PauloLas VegasAbu Dhabi Returning (2024) ChineseEmilia Romagna Former 70th AnniversaryArgentineBrazilianCaesars PalaceDallasDetroitEifelEuropeanFrenchGermanIndianIndianapolis 500KoreanLuxembourgMalaysianMexicanMoroccanPacificPescaraPortugueseRussianSakhirSan MarinoSouth AfricanStyrianSwedishSwissTurkishTuscanUnited States West vte Formula One circuits (1950–present) Current (2023) SakhirJeddahMelbourneBakuMiamiMonte CarloCatalunyaMontrealSpielbergSilverstoneHungaroringSpa-FrancorchampsZandvoortMonzaSingaporeSuzukaLusailAustinMexico CityInterlagosLas VegasYas Marina Returning (2024) ImolaShanghai Former AdelaideAida (Okayama)Ain-DiabAintreeAlgarveAnderstorpAVUSBoavistaBrands HatchBremgartenBuddhBuenos AiresCaesars PalaceClermont-FerrandDallasDetroitDijonDonington ParkEast LondonEstorilFujiHockenheimringIndianapolisIstanbulJacarepaguáJaramaJerezKyalamiLe Mans BugattiLong BeachMagny-CoursMonsantoMontjuïcMont-TremblantMosportMugelloNivelles-BaulersNürburgringPaul RicardPedralbesPescaraPhoenixReimsRiversideRouenSebringSepangSochiValenciaWatkins GlenYeongamZeltwegZolder vte Formula One constructors 2023 season Alfa Romeo (results)AlphaTauriAlpineAston MartinFerrari (results)HaasMcLaren (results)Mercedes (results)Red Bull (results)Williams (results) Former AFMAGSAltaAmonAndrea ModaApollonArrows (results)Arzani-VolpiniAston-ButterworthATS (Italy)ATS (Germany)BARBehra-PorscheBellasiBenetton (results)BMW (results)BoroBrabham (results)BrawnBRM (results)BRPBugatti (results)CaterhamCisitaliaColoniConnaughtConnewCooper (results)DallaraDe TomasoDerrington-FrancisEagleEifellandEmerysonEMWENBEnsignERAEuroBrunFergusonFittipaldiFondmetalFootworkForce India (results)Force India (Racing Point)Forti (results)Frazer NashFryGilbyGordiniGreifzuHeskethHillHonda (results)HRTHWMJaguarJBWJordan (results)KauhsenKlenkKojimaKurtis KraftLanciaLarrousseLDSLECLeyton HouseLifeLigierLolaLola (Haas)Lola (MasterCard)Lotus (1958–1994) (results)Lotus (2010–2011)Lotus (2012–2015)LyncarMakiMarch (results)MartiniMarussiaMaserati (results)MatraMBMMcGuireMerzarioMidlandMilanoMinardiModenaMRTOnyxOSCAOsellaPacificParnelliPenske (results)Porsche (results)ProstProtosRacing PointRAMRealphaRebaqueRenault (results)ReynardRialSauber (results)ScarabSciroccoShadowShannonSimtekSpiritSpykerStebroStewartSuper AguriSurteesSVATalbot-LagoTec-MecTecnoTheodoreToro Rosso (results)TokenTolemanToyotaTrojanTyrrell (results)VanwallVeritasVirginWilliams (FWRC)WolfZakspeed Proposed Andretti-CadillacAudiBravo F1DAMSDirexivDomeFIRSTHitech GPPhoenixProdriveStefanUS F1 Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity. Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed. vte Formula One drivers by country ArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBelgiumBrazilCanadaChileChinaColombiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEast GermanyFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIrelandItalyJapanLiechtensteinMalaysiaMexicoMonacoMoroccoNetherlandsNeutralNew ZealandPolandPortugalRhodesiaRussiaSouth AfricaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandThailandUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayVenezuela vte Formula One World Drivers' Champions     1950  G. Farina 1951  J. M. Fangio 1952  A. Ascari 1953  A. Ascari 1954  J. M. Fangio 1955  J. M. Fangio 1956  J. M. Fangio 1957  J. M. Fangio 1958  M. Hawthorn 1959  J. Brabham 1960  J. Brabham 1961  P. Hill 1962  G. Hill 1963  J. Clark 1964  J. Surtees 1965  J. Clark 1966  J. Brabham 1967  D. Hulme 1968  G. Hill 1969  J. Stewart 1970  J. Rindt 1971  J. Stewart 1972  E. Fittipaldi 1973  J. Stewart 1974  E. Fittipaldi 1975  N. Lauda 1976  J. Hunt 1977  N. Lauda 1978  M. Andretti 1979  J. Scheckter 1980  A. Jones 1981  N. Piquet 1982  K. Rosberg 1983  N. Piquet 1984  N. Lauda 1985  A. Prost 1986  A. Prost 1987  N. Piquet 1988  A. Senna 1989  A. Prost 1990  A. Senna 1991  A. Senna 1992  N. Mansell 1993  A. Prost 1994  M. Schumacher 1995  M. Schumacher 1996  D. Hill 1997  J. Villeneuve 1998  M. Häkkinen 1999  M. Häkkinen 2000  M. Schumacher 2001  M. Schumacher 2002  M. Schumacher 2003  M. Schumacher 2004  M. Schumacher 2005  F. Alonso 2006  F. Alonso 2007  K. Räikkönen 2008  L. Hamilton 2009  J. Button 2010  S. Vettel 2011  S. Vettel 2012  S. Vettel 2013  S. Vettel 2014  L. Hamilton 2015  L. Hamilton 2016  N. Rosberg 2017  L. Hamilton 2018  L. Hamilton 2019  L. Hamilton 2020  L. Hamilton 2021  M. Verstappen 2022  M. Verstappen 2023  M. Verstappen vte Formula One World Constructors' Champions                     1958: Vanwall 1959: Cooper-Climax 1960: Cooper-Climax 1961: Ferrari 1962: BRM 1963: Lotus-Climax 1964: Ferrari 1965: Lotus-Climax 1966: Brabham-Repco 1967: Brabham-Repco 1968: Lotus-Ford 1969: Matra-Ford 1970: Lotus-Ford 1971: Tyrrell-Ford 1972: Lotus-Ford 1973: Lotus-Ford 1974: McLaren-Ford 1975: Ferrari 1976: Ferrari 1977: Ferrari 1978: Lotus-Ford 1979: Ferrari 1980: Williams-Ford 1981: Williams-Ford 1982: Ferrari 1983: Ferrari 1984: McLaren-TAG 1985: McLaren-TAG 1986: Williams-Honda 1987: Williams-Honda 1988: McLaren-Honda 1989: McLaren-Honda 1990: McLaren-Honda 1991: McLaren-Honda 1992: Williams-Renault 1993: Williams-Renault 1994: Williams-Renault 1995: Benetton-Renault 1996: Williams-Renault 1997: Williams-Renault 1998: McLaren-Mercedes 1999: Ferrari 2000: Ferrari 2001: Ferrari 2002: Ferrari 2003: Ferrari 2004: Ferrari 2005: Renault 2006: Renault 2007: Ferrari 2008: Ferrari 2009: Brawn-Mercedes 2010: Red Bull-Renault 2011: Red Bull-Renault 2012: Red Bull-Renault 2013: Red Bull-Renault 2014: Mercedes 2015: Mercedes 2016: Mercedes 2017: Mercedes 2018: Mercedes 2019: Mercedes 2020: Mercedes 2021: Mercedes 2022: Red Bull-RBPT 2023: Red Bull-Honda RBPT vte FIA FIA World Motor Sport CouncilFIA Hall of FameCommission Internationale de KartingFIA Institute Young Driver Excellence AcademyFIA Contract Recognition BoardFIA Foundation for the Automobile and SocietyInternational Sporting Code FIA World Championships Formula One Formula 2Formula 3Formula EWorld Endurance ChampionshipWorld Rally Championship WRC2WRC3Junior WRCWorld Rallycross ChampionshipWorld Rally-Raid Championship World Cup for Cross-Country BajasWorld Karting Championship FIA European Championships Formula Regional European ChampionshipMasters Historic Formula One ChampionshipEuropean Rally ChampionshipEuropean Rallycross ChampionshipEuropean Autocross ChampionshipEuropean Hill Climb ChampionshipEuropean Truck Racing ChampionshipEuropean Drag Racing ChampionshipEuropean Cup for Cross-Country BajasEuropean Karting Championship Presidents Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt (1904–1931)Robert de Vogüé (1931–1936)Jehan de Rohan-Chabot (1936–1958)Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort (1958–1963)Filippo Caracciolo di Castagneto (1963–1965)Wilfred Andrews (1965–1971)Amaury de Merode (1971–1975)Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg (1975–1985)Jean-Marie Balestre (1985–1993)Max Mosley (1993–2009)Jean Todt (2009–2021)Mohammed Ben Sulayem (2021–present) FIA Drivers' Categorisation PlatinumGoldSilverBronze FIA Motorsport Games 2019202020212022 Others List of FIA championshipsList of FIA member organisationsFIA Super LicenceFIA Global PathwayFIA Heritage CertificateFIA Historic Technical Passport vte Classes of auto racing Formula racing Active F1F2F3F4F600Formula 1000Formula AtlanticFormula Car ChallengeFormula ContinentalFormula EFormula EnterprisesFormula FordFF1600Formula RegionalGB3Formula VeeIndyCarSuper FormulaS5000SupermodifiedBOSS GPMonoposto Racing ClubV de V Challenge Monoplace Defunct F3000F5000Formula A (SCCA)Formula B (SCCA)Formula C (SCCA)FCJFormula DreamFormula HoldenFormula JuniorFormula LibreFormula MondialFormula PacificFormula Super VeeAustralian National FormulaGrand Prix MastersGrand Prix motor racingTasman Series One-make formulae Active Ferrari ChallengeFormula Car ChallengeFormula EnterpriseGlobal MX-5 CupIndy NXTLamborghini Super TrofeoMRF ChallengePorsche Carrera CupSRFUSF2000USF JuniorsFIA Formula Championship 23S5000 Defunct A1GPADAC Formel MastersAudi LMSAuto GPBarber ProCFGPFA1Formula AsiaFormula AbarthAlfaBMWChryslerKönigLGB SwiftHyundaiLightningMarutiMasters ChinaRussiaMazdaNissanOpel/VauxhallPalmer AudiRUSRolonFormula Renault 2.0LGrand Prix MastersGP2GP3International Formula MasterToyota Racing SeriesTrofeo MaseratiSuperleague FormulaW Series Karting KF1KF2KF3KZ1KZ2SuperkartElectric Touring car racing Active BTCCNGTC (TCN-1)TCR (TCN-2)Stock Car BrasilStock Car LightSupercarsTurismo NacionalTurismo Nacional BRTC2000 Defunct Appendix JBTC-TGroup 1Group 2Group 5Group AGroup CGroup EGroup FGroup GGroup HGroup N AusGroup SClass 1Class 2Super 2000Diesel 2000DTMETCRSuperstarsV8StarWTCCWTCR Stock car racing Active ARCAAllison Legacy SeriesIMCA Sport CompactLate modelLegendsModifiedsNASCAR CupXfinityTruckPinty'sWhelen Euro SeriesMexicoSRXSuper StockStreet StockTurismo Carretera Defunct ASCARAUSCARIROC Oval BriSCA F1BriSCA F2V8 HotstoxHot RodsSuperstocksSprint car racingMidget car racingQuarter Midget racing Rallying Active Groups Rally Group Rally1Group Rally2Group Rally3Group Rally4Group Rally5Group R-GT Defunct Group 1Group 2Group 4Group AGroup BGroup SGroup NGroup RR5Super 1600Super 2000World Rally Car Sports prototypes Active LMDhLMHLMP LMP2LMP3Clubmans Defunct DP DPiGroup 3Group 4Group 5Group 6Group 7Group AGroup CGroup CNGC GC-21IMSA GTP (1981—1993 era)LMP LMP1LMPCS2000 Grand touring Active LM GTEGT3SRO GT2GT4GT500GT300Trans-Am Defunct Group 3Group 4Group 5Group BGroup DGT1 (1993–1999)GT1 (2000-2012)GT2 (1993–1999)GT2 (2005–2010)IMSA AAGTGTOGTSGTUGTXAppendix KGroup D GT Cars Drag racing Active Top Fuel Dragster (TF/D)Funny Car (TF/FC)Top Alcohol Dragster (TA/D)Funny Car (TA/FC)Pro Stock (PS)Pro Modified (Pro Mod)GasSuper StockSuper Comp/Quick RodTop DoorslammerAlteredCompetition Defunct Top GasModifiedPro FWD Off-road Baja BugDune buggyRallycrossAutocrossTrophy truckGroup T1Group T2Group T3Group T4Group T5TruggySide by Side (UTV) vte World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football menmen's clubwomenwomen's clubBaseball menwomenBasketball menwomen3x3 basketballclubBeach volleyballCurling mixed doublesmixedField hockey menwomenHandball menwomenIce hockey menwomenRugby 7sSoftball menwomenVolleyball menmen's clubwomenwomen's clubWater polo menwomen Individual ArcheryAquatic sportsAthletics outdoorrace walkingBadminton menwomenmixedindividualBiathlonBobsleigh and skeletonBoxing (amateur)Canoeing slalomsprintCycling BMXmountain bikingroadtrackurbanDance sport breakdancingEquestrianism dressageeventingshow jumpingFencingGolf menwomenGymnastics artisticrhythmictrampolineIce skating figureshort trackspeedJudoLuge artificial tracknatural trackModern pentathlonRowingSailing Olympic Class Combined WorldsShootingSkateboardingSkiing alpineNordicfreestylesnowboardingSport climbingSurfingTable tennisTaekwondoTennis menwomenTriathlon mixed relayWeightliftingWrestling Discontinued Basque pelotaCroquet singlesteamKarateLacrosse menwomenPoloRacketsReal tennisTug of war outdoorindoor Paralympic sports Team Blind footballPara Ice Hockey MenWomenWheelchair basketballWheelchair handballWheelchair rugbyWheelchair curling mixed teamGoalballSitting volleyball Individual ArcheryAthleticsBadmintonBobsleigh and skeletonClimbingCycling track cyclingroad cyclingPowerliftingShootingSnowboardSkiing alpineNordicSwimmingTable tennis Combat sports KendoKickboxing (amateur)MuaythaiSamboSumoWrestling beach wrestlingWushu Cue sports Carom billiards Three-cushion menwomenteamFive-pins individualteamartisticEnglish billiards amateurswomenPool blackballchinese eight balleight-ballmen nine-ballwomen nine-ballteam nine-ballpyramidten-ballstraight poolSnooker menwomenteamamateurssix-red Mind sports BackgammonBridgeChess openwomenteamDraughts menwomencheckersdraughts-64draughts-64 womenGoPuzzlesScrabbleSudokuXiangqi Motorsport Auto racing Formula EFormula OneHill climbKartingRallying Rally2Rally3RallycrossRally raid BajasSports Car EnduranceTouring Car Motorcycle sports EnduranceEnduro SuperEnduroHard Enduroteam enduranceIce racing individualteamGrand Prix MotoGPMoto2Moto3MotoEMotocross individual womennationsSupercrossSuperMotocrossSidecarcrossSnowcrossProduction SuperbikeSupersportSupersport 300Rally raid BajasSidecarSpeedway individualteamlong trackteam long trackflat trackSupermoto teamTrial nationsindoor nationsE-Bike crossenduro Other Aeroplane sport AerobaticAerobatic GPPowerboating AquabikeF1F4soffshoreRadio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road1:8 nitro off-roadTank biathlon Discontinued Air racingGrand Touring Car Sprint Other sports Team American football menwomenAustralian footballBaseball5Ball hockeyBandy menmen's clubwomenwomen's clubCricket TestODI (men)ODI (women)T20 (men)T20 (women)Beach handballBeach soccerBeach tennisCanoe poloDancesport Formation LatinDodgeballFistballFlag footballFloorball menwomenFutsal menwomenmen's clubwomenIndoor hockey menwomenInline hockeyKabaddiKorfballLacrosse indoorLife savingMinifootballNetballPadel tennisQuidditch/QuadballRingetteRogainingRoll BallRoller derby menwomenRoller hockey menwomenRugby league menmen's clubwomenRugby union menwomenSailing YachtsDinghiesSepaktakrawSoccaSynchronized skatingTchoukballUnderwater hockeyUnderwater rugby Individual Air sports ballooningglidingparachutingparaglidingAquatics water skiingArmwrestlingArchery indoor3DfieldAthletics cross countryhalf marathonindoorrelays100 kmmountain runninglong distance mountain runningsnowshoe runningskyrunningtrail runningBowling TenpinNinepin (singles, team)Bowls indooroutdoorBrazilian Jiu-JitsuCanoeing marathonocean racewildwaterSUPcanoe sailingfreestylewaveskiCrokinoleCycling cyclo-crossindoormountain bike marathontrialsDarts BDOPDCteamFinswimmingFishing freshwaterfly fishingGymnastics acrobaticaerobicparkourIce ClimbingModern pentathlon biathletriathlelaser runMounted gamesOrienteering footskimountain biketrailPétanquePowerlifting menwomenRacquetballRoller Sports artistic skatinginline alpineinline downhillinline speed skatingroller freestylescooterRowing coastalindoorShooting practical handgunpractical riflepractical shotgunSkiing flyingspeedski mountaineeringtelemarkingSquash individualdoublesteamSummer biathlonSurfing short boardlong boardbig waveSUP/paddleboardSwimming short courseTeqballTriathlon AquathlonDuathlonIronmanIronman 70.3crosscross duathlonlong distancelong distance duathlonsprintwinterYo-yo Esports Call of DutyCounter-StrikeDota 2eSailingFIFAFortniteLeague of LegendsMobile Legends: Bang BangNES TetrisOverwatchPro Evolution SoccerRainbow Six SiegeRocket LeagueSmiteStarCraft IIValorant See also: World cups Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International VIAF National FranceBnF dataGermanyUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Categories: Formula One1950 establishments in EuropeFormula racing seriesFormula racingGames and sports introduced in 1947Open wheel racing Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. (Italian: [skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri]) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing. The team is also known by the nickname "The Prancing Horse" (Italian: il Cavallino Rampante or simply il Cavallino), in reference to their logo. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season.[6] The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo. By 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24 Hours of Spa, 24 Hours of Daytona, 12 Hours of Sebring, Bathurst 12 Hour, races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio, the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana. The team is also known for its passionate support base, known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the team's home race. As a constructor in Formula One, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors' Championships. Their most recent Constructors' Championship was won in 2008. The team also holds the record for the most Drivers' Championships with 15, won by nine different drivers: Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen.[7] Räikkönen's title in 2007 is the most recent for the team. The 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix marked Ferrari's 1000th Grand Prix in Formula One. Michael Schumacher is the team's most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and driving for them until his first retirement in 2006, he won five consecutive drivers' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, and the team won consecutive constructors' titles between 1999 and 2004, marking the era as the most successful period in the team's history. The team's drivers for the 2023 Formula 1 season are Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. Full name Scuderia Ferrari Base Maranello, Province of Modena, Italy 44.533124°N 10.863097°E Team principal(s) Frédéric Vasseur[1] Diego Ioverno (Racing Director & Head of Track Area) Technical Directors Enrico Cardile (Head of Chassis Area) Enrico Gualtieri (Head of Power Unit Area) Fabio Montecchi (Concept of Vehicle & Project of Chassis) Enrico Racca (Head of Supply Chain & Manufacturing) Founder(s) Enzo Ferrari Website www.ferrari.com/formula1 2023 Formula One World Championship Race drivers 16. Monaco Charles Leclerc[2] 55. Spain Carlos Sainz Jr.[3] Test drivers Italy Antonio Giovinazzi Italy Antonio Fuoco Italy Davide Rigon Israel Robert Shwartzman[4] Chassis SF-23 Engine Ferrari 066/10 Tyres Pirelli Formula One World Championship career First entry 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Last entry 2023 Mexico City Grand Prix Races entered 1073[a] (1070 starts[b]) Engines Ferrari Constructors' Championships 16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008) Drivers' Championships 15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) Race victories 242[c] Podiums 800[d] Pole positions 248 Fastest laps 258[e] 2022 position 2nd (554 pts) Ferrari as a Formula One chassis constructor Formula One World Championship career Engines Ferrari, Jaguar[5] Entrants Scuderia Ferrari, NART, numerous minor teams and privateers between 1950 and 1966 First entry 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Last entry 2023 Mexico City Grand Prix Races entered 1073 (1071 starts[f]) Race victories 243[g] Constructors' Championships 16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008) Drivers' Championships 15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) Points WCC: 9615 WDC: 10516.77[i] Pole positions 248 Fastest laps 259[h] Ferrari as a Formula One engine manufacturer Formula One World Championship career First entry 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Last entry 2023 Mexico City Grand Prix Races entered 1077 (1073 starts) Chassis Ferrari, Kurtis Kraft, Cooper, De Tomaso, Minardi, Dallara, Lola, Red Bull, Toro Rosso, Spyker, Force India, Sauber, Marussia, Haas, Alfa Romeo Constructors' Championships 16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008) Drivers' Championships 15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) Race victories 244 Podiums 811 Points WCC: 10633 WDC: 11225.79 Pole positions 250 Fastest laps 267 Drivers' Champions Italy Alberto Ascari (1952, 1953) Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio (1956) United Kingdom Mike Hawthorn (1958) United States Phil Hill (1961) United Kingdom John Surtees (1964) Austria Niki Lauda (1975, 1977) South Africa Jody Scheckter (1979) Germany Michael Schumacher (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004) Finland Kimi Räikkönen (2007)[52] Team principals / sporting directors This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Italy Federico Giberti (1950–1951) Italy Nello Ugolini (1952–1955) Italy Eraldo Sculati (1956) Italy Mino Amorotti (1957) Italy Romolo Tavoni (1958–1961) Italy Eugenio Dragoni (1962–1966) Italy Franco Lini (1967) Italy Franco Gozzi (1968–1970) Switzerland Peter Schetty (1971–1972) Italy Alessandro Colombo (1973) Italy Luca Cordero di Montezemolo (1974–1975) Italy Daniele Audetto (1976) Italy Roberto Nosetto (1977) Monaco Marco Piccinini (1978–1988) Italy Cesare Fiorio (1989–1991) Italy Claudio Lombardi (1991) Italy Sante Ghedini (1992–1993) France Jean Todt (1993–2007) Italy Stefano Domenicali (2008–2014)[53] Italy Marco Mattiacci (2014)[53] Italy Maurizio Arrivabene (2015–2018)[54] Italy Mattia Binotto (2019–2022)[55] France Frédéric Vasseur (2023–)[56] The logo of the luxury automaker Ferrari is the Prancing Horse (Italian: Cavallino Rampante, lit. 'little prancing horse'), a prancing black horse on a yellow background. The design was originally created by Francesco Baracca, an Italian flying ace during World War I, as an insignia to be displayed on his aeroplane; the Baracca family later gave Enzo Ferrari permission to use the design. The logo has been used by Scuderia Ferrari — Ferrari's racing team, subsidiary, and immediate predecessor — since 1932, and was applied to the company's sports cars beginning in 1947. Description The Prancing Horse is generally presented in one of two ways: either as a shield, with the Italian tricolour above the horse and the initials SF ("Scuderia Ferrari") below; or as a rectangle, replacing "SF" with the word "Ferrari". The shield variant of the logo is strongly associated with Ferrari's racing activities.[1] Francesco Baracca's original design is different from the version used by Ferrari, and features the horse atop a white background.[2]: 37  The logo attained its modern form in 1932, the point at which Scuderia Ferrari systematically adopted it: the team made several adjustments to its design including adding the Italian tricolour, changing the position of the horse's legs and tail, and placing it inside a canary yellow shield — the "colour of Modena," Enzo's hometown.[1][2]: 43 [3] The rectangular version of the design has been in use, alongside the shield, since 1947; no major changes to the logo have occurred since then.[1] History Use by Francesco Baracca Francesco Baracca, originator of the Prancing Horse. His original design is displayed to his right, painted on the side of his SPAD S.XIII aeroplane. Francesco Baracca, a highly successful Italian flying ace, first used the Prancing Horse in 1917, when his squadron permitted its aviators to apply personal symbols to their aeroplanes. In a letter to his mother dated 27 April 1918, he claimed to have adopted the horse in tribute to a cavalry regiment he once belonged to, which had used a similar symbol since 1692.[2]: 37–38 [4] Many additions to the story circulate, however, including claims that the horse stems from Baracca's equestrian hobby, that it references a specific stallion he owned, or that it was originally red, only painted black after Baracca's death in an act of mourning by his squadron mates.[2]: 38 [5] In defiance to the final claim, the Museo Francesco Baracca has found evidence that the horse was black during Baracca's lifetime.[4] One version of the story claims that the emblem originated as a kill mark, applied after Baracca shot down a German pilot from Stuttgart, a city whose coat of arms depicts a similar horse. If true, this would make the Prancing Horse distantly related to the horse found on Porsche's logo, itself derived from the arms of Stuttgart.[1] Though this claim is plausible — it was common at the time for aces to paint an opponent's coat of arms on their planes — it does not appear to have any supporting evidence, and the Museo Francesco Baracca holds no documents that support the idea.[2]: 38  Adoption by Ferrari In his autobiography, Enzo Ferrari offered an account of how he acquired permission to use the design. After a 1923 victory in Ravenna, the Baracca family paid him a visit, and Paolina de Biancoli, Francesco's mother, suggested that he adopt the horse as a good luck charm; Enzo accepted the request, and the Prancing Horse was first used by his racing team, Scuderia Ferrari, at the 1932 Spa 24 Hours.[2]: 43  In 1947, the Ferrari 125 S became the first car to utilize the rectangular version of the logo.[1][3] Enzo was on good terms with the Baraccas, who were patrons of the Alfa Romeo dealer where he worked, and they considered each other friends. However, it is unknown exactly why the Baracca family gave him permission to use the symbol. Many explanations focus on their intersecting life experiences, which include Baracca's studies at the Military Academy of Modena, and Enzo's older brother having volunteered for Baracca's squadron's ground crew.[2]: 35–36  Enzo's own rationale for adopting the design was based around a personal admiration for Baracca dating to his adolescence, as well as his love of La cavalla storna [it], a poem written by Giovanni Pascoli.[4] Ferrari's adoption of the Prancing Horse was concordant with the cultural landscape of Fascist Italy, which, drawing from the Futurist art movement, idolised speed, machinery, and military sacrifice. Baracca's activities during World War I were mythologised by the Italian right wing, and things associated with him were positively received by the general public.[2]: 39–40  Ferrari's use of the symbol, among other things, allowed it to establish an image that appealed to populist political values; this would later help it procure military contracts during World War II. After the war, Ferrari denied any involvement with fascism and downplayed the symbol's connection to Baracca, choosing instead to focus on its association with the company's racing heritage. Within general consciousness, this re-orientation effectively obliterated Baracca's connection to the Prancing Horse.[2]: 46–48  Other users Taglioni's horse on the front of a Ducati racing motorcycle. Fabio Taglioni, an influential engineer within Ducati, applied the same emblem to many of his motorcycles. Similar to Ferrari, he did this in tribute to Francesco Baracca: Taglioni's father had fought alongside the ace in World War I, and the two families remained in friendship with one another afterwards. As Taglioni rose in prominence within Ducati, Francesco's mother, the same woman who gave Enzo Ferrari permission to use the horse, also allowed him to do so. Rather than using Baracca's original horse, Taglioni elected to use the redesigned version created by Ferrari. Ducati stopped using the emblem after 1961.[2]: 48 [6] Steinwinter [de], a specialty automaker from Germany, used a prancing horse logo similar to Ferrari's. Like Porsche, the logo is in fact derived from Stuttgart's coat of arms.[7] A "prancing moose" emblem imitating the Ferrari logo is popular among Volvo enthusiasts. The emblem was created by Dave Barton in 2005 and copyrighted in 2007. Barton has also produced similar moose designs copying the Porsche and Lamborghini logos.[8] See also Flying Aces (roller coaster) Identity of Ferrari References  "Prances With Horse: The History of the Ferrari Logo". Motor Trend. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2023.  Aversa, Paolo; Schreiter, Katrin; Guerrini, Filippo (26 July 2021). "The Birth of a Business Icon through Cultural Branding: Ferrari and the Prancing Horse, 1923–1947". Enterprise & Society. 24 (1): 28–58. doi:10.1017/eso.2021.22. eISSN 1467-2235. ISSN 1467-2227.  "The Début of the Prancing Horse". Ferrari Magazine. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2023.  "The prancing horse". Museo Francesco Baracca. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.  "Ferrari's Prancing Horse – Il Cavallino Rampante". Ferrari of San Francisco. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2023.  Siahaan, Troy (22 July 2022). "Insider Stories From The Ducati Museum". Motorcycle.com. Retrieved 13 March 2023. Fabio Taglioni was family friends with the Baracca family, as Fabio's father fought alongside Baracca in the war. When the younger Taglioni grew to prominence at Ducati, Baracca's mother granted Taglioni permission to use the prancing horse symbol, which wasn't something she granted lightly.  Strohl, Daniel (23 September 2009). "As for Jetto's truck..." Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 20 March 2023.  Strohl, Daniel (10 September 2018). "Prancing moose creator sent cease and desist letter by Volvo". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 12 April 2023. vte Ferrari History Personnel Current John Elkann (president)Benedetto Vigna (chief executive officer)Piero Ferrari (vice chairman)Flavio Manzoni Former Enzo Ferrari (founder)Mario AlmondoDany BaharVittorio BellentaniNuccio BertoneGiotto BizzarriniAldo BrovaroneGiuseppe BussoLouis C. 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Monaco Charles Leclerc55. Spain Carlos Sainz Jr. Test and reserve drivers 99. Italy Antonio Giovinazzi (reserve)Israel Robert Shwartzman (test) Ferrari Driver Academy Monaco Arthur LeclercSweden Dino BeganovicAustralia James WhartonBelgium Maya WeugUnited Kingdom Oliver BearmanBrazil Rafael CâmaraSpain Laura Camps TorrasItaly David TonizzaUnited Kingdom Brendon LeighItaly Giovanni de Salvo F1 world champions Italy Alberto AscariArgentina Juan Manuel FangioUnited Kingdom Mike HawthornUnited States Phil HillUnited Kingdom John SurteesAustria Niki LaudaSouth Africa Jody ScheckterGermany Michael SchumacherFinland Kimi Räikkönen F1 race winners José Froilán GonzálezAlberto AscariPiero TaruffiMike HawthornGiuseppe FarinaMaurice TrintignantJuan Manuel FangioLuigi MussoPeter CollinsTony BrooksPhil HillWolfgang von TripsGiancarlo BaghettiJohn SurteesLorenzo BandiniLudovico ScarfiottiJacky IckxClay RegazzoniMario AndrettiNiki LaudaCarlos ReutemannGilles VilleneuveJody ScheckterDidier PironiPatrick TambayRené ArnouxMichele AlboretoGerhard BergerNigel MansellAlain ProstJean AlesiMichael SchumacherEddie IrvineRubens BarrichelloFelipe MassaKimi RäikkönenFernando AlonsoSebastian VettelCharles LeclercCarlos Sainz Jr. Personnel Current John Elkann (president)Benedetto Vigna (chief executive officer)Piero Ferrari (vice chairman)Frédéric Vasseur (team principal)Riccardo AdamiLoïc BigoisEnrico CardileJock ClearDiego IovernoRavin JainXavier Marcos PadrosFabio MontecchiIñaki RuedaMatteo Togninalli Former Enzo Ferrari (founder)Ben AgathangelouJames AllisonMario AlmondoMaurizio ArrivabeneGiorgio AscanelliDaniele AudettoLuca BadoerLuca BaldisserriJohn BarnardDario BenuzziMattia BinottoRoss BrawnGustav BrunnerMarcin BudkowskiRuth BuscombeRory ByrneLouis C. 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  • Condition: In Very Good Condition for its age 100 years old
  • Year of Issue: 1924
  • Collections/ Bulk Lots: 1924
  • Fineness: 0.5
  • Country: Unknown
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Unknown
  • Colour: Silver

PicClick Insights - 1924 Silver Coin Farmers Sun Rise Set 2024 100 years old Antique Unknown Unusual PicClick Exclusive

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