1910 Hebrew JEWISH TEXTBOOK Illustrated POLISH PRZEMYSL Judaica CHILDREN BOOK

£91.06 Buy It Now or Best Offer, £19.79 Shipping, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: judaica-bookstore ✉️ (2,805) 100%, Location: TEL AVIV, IL, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276313717060 1910 Hebrew JEWISH TEXTBOOK Illustrated POLISH PRZEMYSL Judaica CHILDREN BOOK. DESCRIPTION    Up for auction is an ULTRA RARE over 110 years old Jewish - Hebrew - Polish CHILDREN BOOK which was published in 1910 in PRZEMISL in POLAND . The CHILDREN BOOK is actualy a TEXTBOOK - TEACHING BOOK for the study of the HEBREW LANGUAGE. RICHLY ILLUSTRATED. A profusion of ANTIQUE JEWISH RELATED illustrations. The boook is named "SFATENU" - Our language - Hebrew. Original illustrated HC. Cloth spine. 9" x 6". 128 throughout illustrated PP . Very good used condition for age. Tightly bound. Quite clean. Slight age tanning of leaves. Cover somewhat worn and stained.    ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ). Book will be sent inside a protective rigid packaging.

PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal & All credit cards .

SHIPPMENT : SHIPP worldwide via  registered airmail is $ 25  . Book will be sent inside a protective packaging . Will be sent around 5-10 days after payment .  Przemyśl (Polish: [ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] (listen); Yiddish: פשעמישל, romanized: Pshemishl; Ukrainian: Перемишль, romanized: Peremyshl; German: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021.[1] In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship. Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transportation, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemyśl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.[2] Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2.3 Part of Austrian Poland 2.3.1 World War I (Przemyśl Fortress) 2.4 Inter-war years 2.4.1 World War II 2.5 Post-war years 3 Climate 4 Main sights 5 Education 6 Sport 7 Politics 7.1 Krosno/Przemyśl constituency 7.1.1 Law and Justice 7.1.2 Civic Coalition 7.1.3 Polish People's Party 8 Twin towns 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Names Different names in various languages have identified the city throughout its history. Selected languages include: Czech: Přemyšl; German: Premissel, Prömsel, Premslen; Latin: Premislia; Ukrainian: Перемишль (Peremyshlj) and Пшемисль (Pshemyslj); and Yiddish: פּשעמישל (Pshemishl). History Origins Foundations of a Lendian gord, and of a Latin rotunda chapel and palatium complex built by Bolesław I the Brave of Poland in the 11th century,[3] along with an Orthodox tserkva built in the 12th century. Przemyśl is the second-oldest city (after Kraków) in southern Poland, dating back to the 8th century.[4] It was the site of a fortified gord belonging to the Ledzianie (Lendians),[5] a West Slavic tribe. In the 9th century, the fortified settlement and the surrounding region became part of Great Moravia. Most likely, the city's name dates back to the Moravian period.[citation needed] Also, archeological remains testify to the presence of a Christian monastic settlement as early as the 9th century.[citation needed] Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the local Lendians declared allegiance to the Hungarians.[citation needed] The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus and Hungary beginning in at least the 9th century, with Przemyśl along with other Cherven Grods, falling under the control of the Polans (Polanie), who would in the 10th century under the rule of Mieszko I establish the Polish state. When Mieszko I annexed the tribal area of Lendians in 970–980, Przemyśl became an important local centre on the eastern frontier of Piast's realm.[6][7] The city was mentioned by Nestor the Chronicler, when in 981 it was captured by Vladimir I of Rus.[8][9] In 1018, Przemyśl returned to Poland, and in 1031 it was retaken by Rus. Around the year 1069, Przemyśl again returned to Poland, after Bolesław II the Generous retook the town and temporarily made it his residence. In 1085, the town became the capital of a semi-independence Principality of Peremyshl under the lordship of Rus. The palatium complex including a Latin rotunda was built during the rule of the Polish king Bolesław I the Brave in the 11th century.[10] Sometime before 1218, an Orthodox eparchy was founded in the city.[11] Przemyśl later became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, from 1246 under Mongol suzerainty. Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Przemyśl Castle built by king Casimir III the Great of Poland in 1340 In 1340, Przemyśl was retaken by the king Casimir III of Poland and again became part of the Kingdom of Poland as result of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. Around this time, the first Latin Catholic diocese was founded in the city,[11] and Przemyśl was granted a city charter based on Magdeburg rights, confirmed in 1389 by the king Władysław II Jagiełło. The city prospered as an important trade centre during the 16th century. Like nearby Lwów, the city's population consisted of a great number of nationalities, including Poles, Jews, Germans, Czechs, Armenians and Ruthenians. The long period of prosperity enabled the construction of public buildings such as the Renaissance town hall and the Old Synagogue of 1559. Also, a Jesuit college was founded in the city in 1617.[11] Early 17th century graphic depicting Przemyśl during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth era. The prosperity came to an end in the middle of the 17th century, caused by the invading Swedish army during the Deluge, and a general decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city decline lasted for over a hundred years, and only at the end of the 18th century did it recover its former levels of population. In 1754, the Latin Catholic bishop founded Przemyśl's first public library, which was only the second public library in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with Warsaw's Załuski Library founded 7 years earlier. Przemyśl's importance at that time was such that when Austria annexed eastern Galicia in 1772 the Austrians considered making Przemyśl their provincial capital, before deciding on Lwów.[11] In the mid-18th century, Jews constituted 55.6% (1,692) of the population, Latin Catholic Poles 39.5% (1,202), and Greek Catholic Ruthenians 4.8% (147).[12] Part of Austrian Poland In 1772, as a consequence of the First Partition of Poland, Przemyśl became part of the Austrian Empire, in what the Austrians called the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. According to the Austrian census of 1830, the city was home to 7,538 people of whom 3,732 were Latin Catholic, 2,298 Jews and 1,508 were members of the Greek Catholic Church, a significantly larger number of Ruthenians than in most Galician cities.[11] In 1804, a Ruthenian library was established in Przemyśl. By 1822, its collection had over 33,000 books and its importance for Ruthenians was comparable to that held by the Ossolineum library in Lwów for Poles. Przemyśl also became the center of the revival of Byzantine choral music in the Greek Catholic Church. Until eclipsed by Lviv in the 1830s, Przemyśl was the most important city in the Ruthenian cultural awakening in the nineteenth century.[11] As the majority of Przemyśl's inhabitants were Poles, the city also became a center for the development of Polish culture and science, and Polish independence organizations also operated in Przemyśl. The greatest heyday of Polishness in Przemyśl dates back to 1860-1918, due to the granting of autonomy to Galicia. Crowds outside the Old Synagogue in Przemyśl In 1861, the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis built a connecting line from Przemyśl to Kraków, and east to Lwów. In the middle of the 19th century, due to the growing conflict between Austria and Russia over the Balkans, Austria grew more mindful of Przemyśl's strategic location near the border with the Russian Empire. During the Crimean War, when tensions mounted between Russia and Austria, a series of massive fortresses, 15 km (9 mi) in circumference, were built around the city by the Austrian military. In 1909, the Polish "Museum of the Przemyśl Land" was established in Przemyśl. It was an extremely important facility for the Polish population. The census of 1910, showed that the city had 54,078 residents. Latin Catholics were the most numerous 25,306 (46.8%), followed by Jews 16,062 (29.7%) and Greek Catholics 12,018 (22.2%). 87% of the city's inhabitants spoke Polish (all Poles spoke Polish, and most Jews were bilingual and communicated in Yiddish and Polish, but owing to the inability to declare Yiddish, almost all Jews declared Polish language.[13] World War I (Przemyśl Fortress) See also: Przemyśl Fortress With technological progress in artillery during the second half of the 19th century, the old fortifications rapidly became obsolete. The longer range of rifled artillery necessitated the redesign of fortresses so that they would be larger and able to resist the newly available guns. To achieve this, between the years 1888 and 1914 Przemyśl was turned into a first-class fortress, the third-largest in Europe out of about 200 that were built in this period. Around the city, in a circle of circumference 45 km (28 mi), 44 forts of various sizes were built. The older fortifications were modernised to provide the fortress with an internal defence ring. The fortress was designed to accommodate 85,000 soldiers and 956 cannons of all sorts, although eventually 120,000 soldiers were garrisoned there.[14] In August 1914, at the beginning of the First World War, Russian forces defeated Austro-Hungarian forces in the opening engagements and advanced rapidly into Galicia. The Przemyśl fortress fulfilled its mission very effectively, helping to stop a 300,000-strong Russian army advancing upon the Carpathian Passes and Kraków, the Lesser Poland regional capital. The first siege was lifted by a temporary Austro-Hungarian advance. However, the Russian army resumed its advance and initiated a second siege of the fortress of Przemyśl in October 1914. This time relief attempts were unsuccessful. Due to lack of food and exhaustion of its defenders, the fortress surrendered on 22 March 1915. The Russians captured 126,000 prisoners and 700 big guns. Before the surrender, the complete destruction of all fortifications was carried out. The Russians did not linger in Przemyśl. A renewed offensive by the Central Powers recaptured the destroyed fortress on 3 June 1915. During the fighting around Przemyśl, both sides lost up to 115,000 killed, wounded, and missing.[14] Inter-war years Population of Przemyśl, 1931 Latin Catholics (Poles) 39 430 (63,3%) Jews 18 376 (29,5%) Greek Catholics (Ukrainians) 4 391 (7,0%) Other denominations 85 (0,2%) Total 62 272 Source: 1931 Polish census Monument to the Przemyśl Eaglets first erected in 1938 At the end of World War I, Przemyśl became disputed between renascent Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. On 1 November 1918, a local provisional government was formed with representatives of Polish, Jewish, and Ruthenian inhabitants of the area. However, on 3 November, a Ukrainian military unit overthrew the government, arrested its leader and captured the eastern part of the city. The Ukrainian army was checked by a small Polish self-defence unit formed of World War I veterans. Also, numerous young Polish volunteers from Przemyśl's high schools, later to be known as Przemyśl Orlęta, The Eaglets of Przemyśl (in a similar manner to more famous Lwów Eaglets), joined the host. The battlefront divided the city along the river San, with the western borough of Zasanie held in Polish hands and the Old Town controlled by the Ukrainians. Neither Poles nor Ukrainians could effectively cross the San river, so both opposing parties decided to wait for a relief force from the outside. That race was won by the Polish reinforcements and the volunteer expeditionary unit formed in Kraków arrived in Przemyśl on 10 November 1918. When the subsequent Polish ultimatum to the Ukrainians remained unanswered, on 11–12 November the Polish forces crossed the San and forced out the outnumbered Ukrainians from the city in what became known as the 1918 Battle of Przemyśl. After the end of the Polish–Ukrainian War and the Polish–Bolshevik War that followed, the city became a part of the Second Polish Republic. Although the capital of the voivodship was in Lwów (see: Lwów Voivodeship), Przemyśl recovered its nodal position as a seat of local church administration, as well as the garrison of the 10th Military District of the Polish Army — a staff unit charged with organizing the defence of roughly 10% of the territory of pre-war Poland. As of 1931, Przemyśl had a population of 62,272 and was the biggest city in southern Poland between Kraków and Lwów. World War II See also: Battle of Przemyśl (1939) On 11–14 September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the German and Polish armies fought the Battle of Przemyśl in and around the city. Afterwards the battle German Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit various atrocities against the population, and the Einsatzgruppe zbV entered to take over the Polish industry.[15] The battle was followed by three days of massacres carried out by the German soldiers, police and Einsatzgruppe I against hundreds of Jews who lived in the city. In total, over 500 Jews were murdered in and around the city and the vast majority of the city's Jewish population was deported across the San River into the portion of Poland that was occupied by the Soviet Union.[16] The border between the two invaders ran through the middle of the city along the San River until June 1941. German-occupied left-bank Przemyśl was part of the Kraków District of the General Government.[17] Members of the Einsatzgruppe I co-formed the local German police unit.[18] On November 10, 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles in left-bank Przemyśl and the county, as part of the Intelligenzaktion.[19] Arrested Poles were detained in the local German police prison, and then deported to a prison in Kraków, from where they were eventually deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[19] The Soviet-occupied right-bank part of the city was incorporated to the Ukrainian SSR in the atmosphere of NKVD terror[20] as thousands of Jews were ordered to be deported.[16] It became part of the newly established Drohobych Oblast.[21] In 1940, the city became an administrative center of Peremyshl Uyezd with the Peremyshl Fortified District established along the Nazi-Soviet frontier before the German attack against the USSR in 1941.[22] The town's population increased due to a large influx of Jewish refugees from the General Government who sought to cross the border to Romania.[23] It is estimated that by mid-1941 the Jewish population of the city had grown to roughly 16,500. In the Operation Barbarossa of 1941, the eastern Soviet-occupied part of the city was also occupied by Germany. On 20 June 1942, the first group of 1,000 Jews was transported from the Przemyśl area to the Janowska concentration camp, and on 15 July 1942 a Nazi ghetto was established for all Jewish inhabitants of Przemyśl and its vicinity – some 22,000 people altogether. Local Jews were given 24 hours to enter the ghetto. Jewish communal buildings, including the Tempel Synagogue and the Old Synagogue were destroyed; the New Synagogue, Zasanie Synagogue, and all commercial and residential real estate belonging to Jews were expropriated.[24] The ghetto in Przemyśl was sealed off from the outside on 14 July 1942. By that time, there may have been as many as 24,000 Jews in the ghetto. On 27 July the Gestapo notified Judenrat about the forced resettlement program and posted notices that an "Aktion" (roundup for deportation to camps) was to be implemented involving almost all occupants. Exceptions were made for some essential, and Gestapo workers, who would have their papers stamped accordingly. On the same day, Major Max Liedtke, military commander of Przemyśl, ordered his troops to seize the bridge across the San river that connected the divided city, and halt the evacuation. The Gestapo were forced to give him permission to retain the workers performing service for the Wehrmacht (up to 100 Jews with families). For the actions undertaken by Liedtke and his adjutant Albert Battel in Przemyśl, Yad Vashem later named them "Righteous Among the Nations".[25] The process of extermination of the Jews resumed thereafter. Until September 1943 almost all Jews were sent to the Auschwitz or Belzec extermination camps. The local branches of the Polish underground and the Żegota managed to save 415 Jews. According to a postwar investigation in German archives, 568 Poles were executed by the Germans for sheltering Jews in the area of Przemyśl, including Michał Kruk,[26] hanged along with several others on 6 September 1943 in a public execution. Among the many Polish rescuers there, were the Banasiewicz, Kurpiel,[27] Kuszek, Lewandowski, and Podgórski families.[citation needed] The Red Army retook the town from German forces on 27 July 1944. On 16 August 1945, a border agreement between the government of the Soviet Union and the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, installed by the Soviets, was signed in Moscow. According to the so-called Curzon Line, the postwar eastern border of Poland has been established several kilometres to the east of Przemyśl. Post-war years Aerial view of the Przemyśl Cathedral In the postwar period, the border ran only 15 kilometres to the east of the city, cutting it off from much of its economic hinterland. Due to the murder of Jews in the Nazi Holocaust and the postwar expulsion of Ukrainians (in the Operation Vistula or akcja Wisła), the city's population fell to 36,000,[28][circular reference] almost entirely Polish. However, the city welcomed thousands of Polish migrants from Kresy (Eastern Borderlands) who were expelled by the Soviets — their numbers restored the population of the city to its prewar level. On 11 July 2022, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy conferred the honorary title of "Rescuer City" upon Przemyśl for the role the city played in helping Ukrainian refugees fleeing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[29] ****Przemyśl ContentsHide Suggested Reading Author Translation (Ukr., Peremyshl; Yid., Pshemishel), city in southeastern Poland. It is presumed that at the beginning of the eleventh century a Jewish trading post existed in Przemyśl. Larger groups of Jews settled in the town in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, and by the end of the fourteenth century a Jewish community had been constituted. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, this community numbered as many as 100 persons. A document from 1459 mentions a “Jewish” street in Przemyśl. Jews settled primarily in the northeastern part of the city, establishing a distinct quarter. They were involved in both local and long-distance trade, and also made their living as moneylenders and artisans, the latter maintaining their own guilds. Synagogue built in 1902, Przemyśl, Poland, 2004. Photograph by Piotr Piluk. (© Piotr Piluk) In 1559, King Sigismund Augustus granted Jews of Przemyśl a privilege or charter, assuring them freedom of trade. Ten years later, about 270 Jews resided there, making up 8 percent of the total population; in 1629 the numbers had risen to 960, or 16 percent, and in 1785 there were 1,750, or 27 percent. Przemyśl’s Jewish community was one of Poland’s largest, and its rabbi also acted as spiritual leader for the entire district. In the sixteenth century, Przemyśl’s Jews built a wooden synagogue and, in 1594, constructed a more permanent, Renaissance-style synagogue. In the seventeenth century, a Jewish cemetery was established in the Podgórze suburb. Municipal authorities charged the Jewish community with the task of defending the portion of the city walls adjacent to the Jewish quarter. From the mid-sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century, the community suffered through nine anti-Jewish riots. Also during this period were five accusations of ritual murder, and in 1630 Moshko Shmukler was executed for alleged Host desecration. After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Przemyśl fell under Austrian rule, a situation that temporarily worsened the legal status of the city’s Jews. Przemyśl’s Jewish population nonetheless continued to grow, reaching 5,692, or 38.2 percent of the total, in 1870, and 16,062, or 29.7 percent, in 1910. The rapid rise in the city’s Jewish population led to the establishment of a new cemetery near Słowacki Street in 1822 and the construction of several new synagogues. Przemyśl’s most notable rabbis of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were Shemu’el Heller, Yitsḥak Yehudah Schmelkes, and Gedalyah Schmelkes. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, much of the trading and artisanal activity of Przemyśl’s Jews centered on supplying provisions for the city’s military base. Proponents of the Haskalah were active in the city; at the same time, Hasidism also gained adherents in the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, Jews in Przemyśl began to form Zionist organizations. From 1905, a Jewish Social Democratic Party, affiliated with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and led by Herman Lieberman, gained substantial support as well. Jews were often members of the city council in Przemyśl; a notable example was the communal leader Mosheh Sheinbach. During World War I, occupying Russian forces deported all Jews from Przemyśl; they returned only after the Russians were driven out of the city. In 1921, Przemyśl was home to 18,360 Jews, who constituted 38.8 percent of the city’s total population. The interwar period saw a flourishing of Jewish organizations and institutions, with Zionists gaining influence mainly at the expense of the Orthodox Agudas Yisroel party, which lost its leading role in the community’s institutions to the former group in 1936. The Bund, too, became an important political force in the 1930s. Of the 48 seats in Przemyśl’s city council, Jews won 18 in 1928, and the Zionist doctor Henryk Reichman became deputy mayor. Rising antisemitism, meanwhile, expressed itself mainly in boycotts of Jewish shops and artisans. Przemyśl was the birthplace of the historian and philologist Matthias Mieses (1885–1942), who resided there during the interwar period. His brother, Józef Mieses (1882–1942), became the chief rabbi of the Polish army; likewise native to the city were the rabbi and historian Mojżesz Schorr and the philologist Mojżesz Altbauer, both of whom graduated from the city’s Polish secondary school. Jews selling off their household goods, Przemyśl ghetto, Poland, 1942. (YIVO) From September 1939 to June 1941, Soviet forces occupied the city, with the exception of the Zasanie neighborhood, which was given to the Germans. Soviet authorities deported about 7,000 Jews to Russia, and after taking over the entire city, the Germans established a ghetto on 16 July 1942. In addition to Jews native to Przemyśl, the Germans moved Jews from surrounding towns into the city’s ghetto; in all, the ghetto held more than 22,000 persons. At the end of July and the beginning of August 1942, more than 10,000 Jews were deported to Bełżec, while another several hundred were shot in a forest in Grochowce. In November 1942, the Germans sent another group of 4,000 Jews to Bełżec. Przemyśl’s ghetto was then reduced in size and divided into two sections—“A” for those who could work and “B” for those who could not. The Germans liquidated the latter section in early September 1943, sending most of its residents to their deaths at Auschwitz. The liquidation of section A began in November 1943 and ended in February 1944; Jews residing there were sent to labor camps in Szebnie, Stalowa Wola, and Płaszów. After the city was liberated in 1944, a Jewish committee was founded. In 1947, a Jewish workers’ cooperative known as Jedność (Unity) employed 25 people. In 1966, Przemyśl still had a functioning Jewish Social-Cultural Society. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, however, only a handful of Jews remained in Przemyśl. *** The last Polish city before the Ukrainian border and former Austrian Fortress that fell to the Russians in the first World War, Przemysl is also a city with a strong Jewish community dating going as far back as the twelfth century, perhaps even the eleventh century. Before the Second World War, 20000 Jews lived here, or 40% of the population. In September 1939, after several days of German occupation, Przemysl was handed over to the Soviet-occupied zone. The Russians deported or evacuated 7000 Jews to the interior of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, the Germans occupied the city, created a ghetto, and then deported its inhabitants -first to Belzec, then to Auschwitz. The Jewish quarter stretched across the slopes of “Castle Mountain”, between the San River, the marketplace, and Jagiellonska Street. The oldest synagogue in Przemysl, built in 1579 and designed by an Italian architect, was located at the intersection of Zydowska and Jagielonska streets. Another stood on the banks of the San; a third, the new Scheinbach Synagogue on Slowackiego Street, today serves as a library. The synagogue in Unii Brzeskiej (Union of Brest) Square was built in the eighteenth century and reconstructed in 1963. Near the fortress, a monument commemorates the spot where the Jews of Przemysl’s “little ghetto” were executed. In the cemetery on Slowackiego Street, a plaque has been mounted in remembrance of the mass executions that occured from 1941 to 1945. *** History Verified article Authors GALLERY Photos: 17 GO TO GALLERY The first source documents confirming Jewish presence in Przemyśl date back as far as 1030. These are the earliest records referring to Jews living in Poland. Subsequent mention of Jews living in Przemyśl was made 1367. The municipal court records of 1402–1452 contain 305 entries referring to Jews. By 1419, a Jewish street had been established in the town, most likely in the area specifically designated for the Jewish population. The first mention of a synagogue in Przemyśl appeared nearly one hundred years later, in 1518. In 1521, there were five Jewish houses in the town, and the first record of a mikveh comes from 1538. By 1542, there were 18 Jewish families in Przemyśl. The presence of a wooden synagogue in the town was recorded in 1550. King Sigismund II Augustus granted the local Jewish community separate rights in 1559, allowing them to engage in business activities in the town. The first recorded anti-Jewish riot in Przemyśl occurred on 28 March 1561, when the townsfolk set fire to the synagogue and plundered Jewish apartments. In 1563, 169 Jewish families lived in Przemyśl; in 1578, the number amounted to 206. The first Jewish cemetery was established in 1568 outside the town walls. In 1567, King Stephen Báthory issued an ordinance regulating the relationship between the Przemyśl kehilla and national authorities. In 1590–1594, the early wooden synagogue (erected at the site at least 20 years before) was replaced with a brick building with the permission of Bishop Wawrzyniec Gostyński. In 1595, the Przemyśl municipal government concluded an agreement with the elders of the kehilla concerning the co-financing of the fortifications of the town by Jews. In 1618, the Jewish population accused Wojciech Wojna and Łukasz Trzebnicki of organising an armed raid on Żydowska Street and of occupying the house where the elders were holding their meetings. According to the pre-parliament instruction issued in 1625, there were more Jews in the town than Christians. In 1629, they owned 64 tenement houses and buildings in the town and managed a charitable society. According to some estimates, Przemyśl had ca. 900 Jewish inhabitants in the 1650s. In the 17th century, the Przemyśl community headed the Red Ruthenian Jewish Zemstvo. In 1638, King Władysław IV granted a privilege to the kehilla under which all communities in the area were obliged to “recognise [Przemyśl] as the oldest, bury the dead there, perform rituals in the Przemyśl synagogue, pay taxes to the town, take etrogim from the town, collect a tax of 3 zloty from each tenant for the salary of doctors and rabbis, make all appeals concerning the trials to this very rabbi…” The leader of the Przemyśl kehilla in the early 17th century was Samuel Szmelke, who also served as the local rosh yeshiva. He died in 1628 and was succeeded by Moszko Jakubowicz Stryjski, a leaseholder of the Stryj Eldership, the salt mines near Stary Sambor, and the Przemyśl duties. The privilege issued by Władysław IV in 1638 expanded the Przemyśl kehilla to include Jews living in the districts of Dynowski, Jarosławski, Kańczucki, and Pruchnicki. The Jewish population residing in this area was required to pay taxes to the kehilla and remained under the jurisdiction of the local rabbi. In 1630, a Jew from Przemyśl called Moszko Szmuklerz was accused of desecrating the host. After a long trial and torture, he was sentenced to death at the stake. In 1646, Alderman Birczy Sieńko accused Jelonek, one of the local Jews, of ritual murder of his daughter. When the trial failed to prove him guilty, the alderman was sentenced to death as a slanderer. Around 1692, a Jew named Jehuda was accused of sacrilege and hanged after undergoing torture. A total of nine anti-Jewish riots broke out in the town between the mid-16th and the mid-18th century, each accompanied with looting of Jewish property. The largest incident of that kind took place in 1746, when students of the Jesuit College raided the Jewish district and robbed many local houses, including the home of Rabbi Moszko Szmujłowicz. They also ransacked the synagogue, destroying 22 parchment Torah scrolls. The Society of Jesus later compensated the Jewish community with a sum of 15,000 Polish guilders. When the town was besieged during the Swedish “Deluge,” Jews took part in the defence of Przemyśl. They did the same during the Tartar invasion in 1672. In the second half of the 17th century, Jews gained the right to establish their own guilds. Historical documents mention a furriers’ guild operating in the town in 1654 and a tailors’ guild functioning in 1689. Over the following years, several extensions were added to the synagogue. They housed the yeshiva, a Torah study hall, two prayer halls, and the house of prayer (kloyz) of the Tailors’ Guild. In 1777, Jews from Przemyśl paid a tolerance tax of 2,418 zloty, the highest among all the towns located in area now making up Podkarpackie Province. In 1785, 1,750 Jews lived in the town (ca. 27% of the whole population). In the 18th century, the rabbis of Przemyśl hailed first from the Teumin family and later from the Szmujłowicz family. Towards the end of the century, Jews owned 95 out of the total of 286 houses in the town[1.1]. The Jewish community also had a bath house and a hospital (or rather an almshouse). In 1869, there were 5,962 Jews living in the community. It had four synagogues, three rabbis, two cemeteries, a school, and two charitable societies. In 1865, Abraham Mojżesz Sarter founded a two-grade boys’ school with Polish as the language of instruction. Ten years later, it boasted 140 pupils. The Agudath Achim society ran an evening handicrafts school which in 1883 was attended by 170 students. In 1894, a five-grade school for boys was founded by Awigdor Marmelstein; it bore the name of Tikvath Israel (“Hope of Israel”). In 1886, Mojżesz Scheinbach founded a synagogue on Jagiellońska Street. Designed by Marcel Pilecki, it was erected in an eclectic Moorish Revival style and opened in 1890. It had stunning stained-glass windows and was regarded as one of the most beautiful synagogues in all of Poland. Two years later, the construction of a synagogue in Zasań commenced; it was opened for public in 1909. In 1905, another Moorish Revival synagogue, this time designed by Stanisław Majerski, was constructed on Słowackiego Street. The first Zionist party in Przemyśl – Palestinian Yishuv – was established in 1875. In 1884, the supporters of the Belzer tzaddik founded the Machzike Hadath association. The local branch of Hibat Zion was founded in 1893. The cell of the Jewish Social-Democratic Party was founded in 1905, while Poale Zion opened its operations in Przemyśl a year later. The Jewish Drama Club was created in 1910. The year 1928 saw the foundation of the “Yuval” Jewish Music and Drama Society. Towards the end of the 19th century, Jews had three financial institutions in the town: the Bank Association, which was set up in 1882 and headed by Juliusz Reiniger; the Giro and Credit Union, which was established in 1890 and chaired by Maurycy Krug; and the Commercial Advance Payment Society, which was founded in 1895 and whose chairman was Simon Bernstein. In 1890, 110 localities fell under the jurisdiction of the Jewish kehilla in Przemyśl. In 1900, it had 17,321 members. It was the biggest Jewish community in today’s Podkarpackie Province and the fifth largest in Galicia. It ran a number of institutions, including three religious schools, one secular school, four foundations, a health-insurance fund, a hospital, a restaurant, and a seven-grade male Jewish school called Yesodei HaTorah. In 1902, the Toynbenhala Jewish People’s University was founded in Przemyśl. In 1912, a club of the Bernard Goldman Folk School Society was opened in the town; it organised Polish courses and ran a library and a newspaper reading room. At the beginning of the 19th century, the local Hasidic community, originally established by Tzaddik Mendel of Przemyśl, started to play an important role in the town. Przemyśl was the birthplace of Moshe Teitelbaum (1754–1841), who went on to be known as a famous tzaddik and founder of a Hasidic dynasty in Ujhely, Upper Hungary (today a part of Slovakia). The Przemyśl Hasidim were first led by Tzaddik Meier Frenkiel and later on by his son Zvi Hirsh. Other tzaddikim working in the town were Menachem Mendel, Yecheskel Shraga Halberstam from Sieniawa, Abraham Yehoshua Heshl Koreach. In 1860, the post was assumed by Joseph Mosche Teicher, who moved to Przemyśl from Żołynia. In 1919, the town became the residence of Tzaddik Joshua Shapiro from Rybotycze, son of Zvi Elimelech of Błażowa. He set up a prayer house on Kopernika Street. In the interwar period, the local followers of the Sadigura dynasty were led by Tzaddik Mordechai Shalom Joseph Friedmann (1897–1969), who was a descendant of Dov Ber and moved to Tel Aviv in 1939. The Belz dynasty also enjoyed quite a large following. Aron Rokeach (1880–1957) provided financial support to the Beth Talmud Jewish School Association in Przemyśl. At the beginning of November 1918, the Jewish People’s Council was set up. It replaced the former administrative structures of the Jewish kehilla. During the Polish-Ukrainian battles over the town, the Jews remained neutral, even though both sides suspected them of supporting the opponent. This resulted in the outbreak of anti-Jewish violence on 11 November 1918. The riots lasted for several days and resulted in the death of one Jew, injuries suffered by ten people, and looting of 140 flats and Jewish shops. However, there were also many Jews who were openly pro-Polish. Numerous Jewish soldiers died in the defence of Polish borders in the years 1918–1820, for instance during the war with the Bolsheviks in 1920. Józef Mantel, a Jewish lawyer, was a designated representative of the Jewish Social-Democratic Party who signed one of the agreements ending the Polish-Ukrainian fights over the town. In 1921, the town had 18,360 Jewish inhabitants, constituting 38.3% of the total population. There were 22,427 Jews living in the entire district. Over the following decade, the number of Jews in the town decreased by 1,000 due to migration, including a large number of people leaving for Palestine. In 1928, Dr. Henryk Reichman was elected vice-mayor of the town, which sparked protests from the local National Democratic Party. In 1939, 20,000 Jews lived in Przemyśl, constituting 34.1% of the whole population. They owned 30.1% of the town's buildings (as of 1932), including as much as 68.4% of the buildings in the downtown. In 1926, ca. 90% of retail outlets in the town were owned by the Jews, which decreased to about 80% by the end of the interwar period. In 1930, 40 stallholders lost their concessions since they did not meet hygiene standards. A branch of the Jewish Agricultural Association operated in Przemyśl in the interwar period. At the time, the head of the Traders’ Association was Szymon Morgenroth; the association had 512 members in 1939. The Yad Charuzim Association of Jewish Craftsmen, headed by Leon Nussenfeld, had ca. 250 members. Baker apprentices formed the Chesed Uemed Charitable Association of Baker Assistants. Other associations and organisations active in the town were the Union of Professional Workers Baking Matzo, the Association of Jewish Master Sewers, the Union of Professional Master Tailors, the Association of Butchers, the Professional Association of Jewish Traders, and the Professional Association of Private Jewish Clerks, which had 209 members in 1938. The local intelligentsia met at the Jewish Social Club and the Academic Reading Room. The Traders’ Association founded the Cooperative Merchants’ and Industrialists’ Bank. There were also other financial institutions: the Discount Association, a credit union with 988 members in 1932, the Credit Bank Association, the Bank Association for Trade and Industry, the Cooperative Commercial Bank with 490 shareholders in 1938, and the Gemilut Chesed funds. Przemyśl boasted a total of eight synagogues used by the community and various Jewish associations. These were: the Old Synagogue, erected in 1590 in the downtown area in Żydowska Street, decorated with polychromic paintings from 1810 and renovated in 1910–1914; the synagogue in Zasań; the Tempel synagogue which was used by the Progressive Tempel Association; the Scheinbach synagogue in Słowackiego Street; the synagogue in Unii Brzeskiej Street, used by the Association of the New Jewish Temple; the synagogue in Serbińska Street owned the Klaus Association; the synagogue in Wałowa Street, which belonged to the Great Beth Midrash Association; and the synagogue in Serbińska Street funded by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Foundation. There were two Jewish cemeteries in Przemyśl: the Old Cemetery, dating back to the 16th century, and the New Cemetery, established in 1822. Before the destruction of the Old Cemetery, it housed 27 matzevot from the 17th century, with the oldest tombstone dated 1574. The cemetery also included the 1628 tombstone of Samuel Szmelke, head of the Przemyśl kehilla and the patriarch of the Jews of Przemyśl Land. The community and local Jewish associations also owned many other objects with religious and educational functions, including ritual bath houses, kosher slaughterhouses, almshouses, orphanages for Jewish children, and a co-educational lower secondary school. The Craftsmen’s Workshops Society ran a female tailoring school, while the Jewish Public School Society financed a co-educational secondary school. A religious school was run by the Beth Talmud Jewish School Association in Przemyśl, which, as mentioned above, was supported financially by Tzaddik Aron Rokeach of Belz. Four foundations provided aid to the needy: the Mojżesz Schiffer Foundation, the Fischler Goldman Foundation, the Perla Tombak Foundation, and the Foundation for the Poor Jewish Youth. After seizing Przemyśl, the Nazis arrested and killed 600 Jews, mostly members of the intelligentsia. On 15 September 1939, they murdered ca. 500 Jews in Medyka and executed another 102 people four days later, including two rabbis – Hersz Glezer and Seide Safrin[1.2]. Another victim of the same massacre was probably Izrael Oestersetzer, a historian and philosopher, renowned Talmudic expert and associate professor of the Institute of the Judaic Sciences in Warsaw; he was in Przemyśl when the war started. The bodies of the murdered people were buried at the site of the execution. In 1944, their remains were exhumed and cremated. In September 1939, the Germans set fire to the Old Synagogue and the Tempel. On 26 and 27 September, almost all of the Jews from Zasań were driven to Soviet occupation zone (the German-Soviet demarcation line ran through the middle of the town). The remaining 66 people were forced to live in two buildings surrounded by a barbed-wire fence. They were ultimately murdered in Kuńkowce in June 1942. At the end of September 1939, the Nazis expelled ca. 20,000 Jews from the Przemyśl District and neighbouring areas to the Soviet occupation zone. The property of the kehilla located in the Soviet-controlled part of the town was nationalised and any activity of Jewish societies and parties was prohibited. The synagogues were converted into aid centres for the poor. Jewish orphanages, hospitals, and nursing homes were all taken over by the state. In April and May 1940, the Soviet authorities deported ca. 7,000 Jews to remote regions of Russia. At that time, the commissar of the Soviet part of Przemyśl was Orlenko, a Jew originally called Alter. In June 1941, after capturing the right-bank sector of the town, the Nazis shot 45 Jews in a mass execution. One of the victims was Helena Landau, an outstanding pianist and musicologist who conducted piano classes in the Jewish Music Society in Krakow before the war. On 16 May 1942, 1,050 Jews were transported from Przemyśl to the Janowska camp near Lviv. On 3 June 1942, 70 Jews were executed in the Łętownia fort. On 20 June, a group of ca. 1,000 men was sent by railway to the Janowska camp. A ghetto was established in Przemyśl on 16 July 1942. Its population comprised ca. 22,000 Jews from the entire Przemyśl District. The Nazis soon formed the Judenrat. Its first president was Rephan, succeeded by Herman Goldman and, finally, by Dr. Ignacy Duldig. Under the directive of 10 November 1942, five community ghettos were set up in the Kraków District. One of them was located in Przemyśl. After the liquidation of the ghetto, over 10,000 Jews were deported to the Bełżec camp on 27 July, 31 July, and 3 August. During the operation, several hundred women, children, and old men were executed in the woods in Grochowice. On 17 November 1942, another 3,500 Jews were taken to the camp in Bełżec. On 18 November 1942, all the Jews from Przemyśl District living outside the ghetto were ordered to move to the Jewish quarter. At the beginning of September 1943, more than 3,000 Jews were taken to Auschwitz and several hundred were sent to the camp in Szebnie. On 11 September 1943, 1,580 Jews from Przemyśl were shot in the yard of the school in Kopernika Street[1.3]. The final liquidation of the ghetto took place in October 1943 and February 1944. The prisoners were taken to the camps in Szebnie, Stalowa Wola, Rzeszów, and Płaszów. The last German commanding officer of the Przemyśl Ghetto, Josef Schwammberger, was notorious for his cruelty; he personally shot at least 110 Jews. On 20 May 1944, the Ukrainian police in Przemyśl murdered 23 Jews discovered hiding in Liegenschaft Mylnów[1.4]. On 27 July 27, 1944, the Gestapo murdered 27 Jews captured in the woods near Krasiczyn and the Polish Kurpiel family which was helping them. Thanks to the help provided to Jews by Poles and Ukrainians and by religious congregations, 500 Jews survived the Holocaust in Przemyśl and neighbouring towns. The nuns of Podgórze gave shelter to 13 Jews. Aniela Szarkiewicz saved two Jewish children. After the Nazis had seized Bełz, the last tzaddik of the town, Aron Rokeach (1880–1957), moved to the right bank of Przemyśl. He stayed there until the town was captured by the Germans, who then murdered 33 of his family members. The tzaddik himself survived and ultimately emigrated to Palestine in 1944 with the help of Home Army messengers who transported him to Turkey[1.5]. Przemyśl was seized by the Red Army towards the end of July 1944, and the aforementioned Orlenko became its first commissar. In 1945, there were 28,144 people living in the town, with the population comprising 415 Jews, including 60 Jewish orphans. At that time, Bernard Borys Schildhaus vel Bolesław Krzywiński, a Jew, was the chief of the District Office of Public Security. In 1946, one of the nine provincial offices of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland operated in the town. On 18 and 21 June 1946, unknown perpetrators murdered five Jews in Przemyśl. In April 1947, 593 Jews lived in the town, most of whom eventually migrated abroad. In March 1966, the local branch of the Jewish Social and Cultural Association had 350 members. Currently, the community is non-existent.      ebay5984 / 207
  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: Very good used condition for age. Tightly bound. Quite clean. Slight age tanning of leaves. Cover somewhat worn and stained. ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ).
  • Religion: Judaism
  • Country of Manufacture: PRZEMYSL POLAND
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Poland
  • Modified Item: No

PicClick Insights - 1910 Hebrew JEWISH TEXTBOOK Illustrated POLISH PRZEMYSL Judaica CHILDREN BOOK PicClick Exclusive

  •  Popularity - 3 watchers, 0.1 new watchers per day, 57 days for sale on eBay. High amount watching. 0 sold, 1 available.
  •  Best Price -
  •  Seller - 2,805+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

People Also Loved PicClick Exclusive