Donald Trump Silver Kim Jong Un Coin Peace Talks USA DPRK Old US President Retro

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3,666) 99.9%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276226164519 Donald Trump Silver Kim Jong Un Coin Peace Talks USA DPRK Old US President Retro. 2001–present. South Korea press briefing. "Senate Delegation Positive About Security of Libyan WMD Materials". Nuclear Threat Initiative. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Donald Trump Kim Jong Un Peace Talks Gold Coin  this silver plated coin is to Commerate the 2018 Peace Talks between Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un  One side has a image of both men with their flags in the background and their names it also has the year 2018 The otherside has the famous handshake and the date of the talks 12 06 2018 The gold plated coin is 40mm in diameter and 3mm thick and weights about an ounce Would make an Excellent Stocking Fillers at Christmas! In Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake Souvenir. To see my Similar Coins so please see my other items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 600 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together I always combined postage on multiple items so why not check out my other items   All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. 

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"Singapore summit" redirects here. For the 2015 summit between leaders of mainland China and Taiwan, see Ma–Xi meeting. 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit Singapore Summit DPRK–USA Singapore Summit (US logo).png Logo used by the United States[1] DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.png Logo used by Singapore[2] Kim and Trump shaking hands at the red carpet during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.jpg Kim Jong-un and Donald J. Trump shaking hands at the start of the summit Host country     Singapore Date    June 12, 2018 09:00 SGT (01:00 UTC) Venue(s)    Capella Resort, Sentosa[3] Participants    North Korea Kim Jong-un United States Donald J. Trump Precedes    2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl    조미 수뇌상봉 Hancha    朝美 首腦相逢 Transcriptions South Korean name Hangul    북미 정상회담 Hanja    北美 頂上會談 Transcriptions Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg    This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency     Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions         proclamations pardons Trips         2017 2018 2019 2020 international North Korea summits         Singapore Hanoi DMZ Helsinki summit Shutdowns         Jan 2018 2018–2019 Polls Protests Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Death of Qasem Soleimani virus pandemic Appointments     Cabinet         formation Ambassadors Federal judges         Gorsuch Kavanaugh Supreme Court candidates Executives U.S. Attorneys Dismissals         Comey Policies     Economy         tax cuts tariffs China trade war Environment         Paris withdrawal Foreign policy         Iran deal Jerusalem Golan Peace plan Immigration         travel ban wall family separation migrant detentions troop deployments national emergency Infrastructure Social issues         cannabis Space Impeachment     Early efforts Trump–Ukraine scandal Inquiry and hearings Senate trial Presidential campaigns Controversies involving Russia Business and personal Donald Trump's signature     vte The 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, commonly known as Singapore Summit, was a summit meeting between North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un and U.S. President Donald Trump,[4] held at the Capella Hotel, Sentosa, Singapore. This was the first-ever meeting between leaders of North Korea and the United States. They signed a joint statement, agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new peaceful relations, the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, recovery of soldiers' remains, and follow-up negotiations between high-level officials. Both leaders also met separately with Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Immediately following the summit, President Trump announced that the U.S. military would discontinue "provocative" joint military exercises with South Korea, and stated that he wished to bring the U.S. soldiers back home at some point, but he reinforced that it was not part of the Singapore equation.[5][6] On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Senate passed the military budget bill for 2019, forbidding funding the reduction of active USFK personnel below 22,000; significant removal of US forces is considered a non-negotiable item in denuclearization talks with the North.[7] After a period of heightened conflict that included North Korea successfully testing what it claims was its first hydrogen bomb and the Hwasong-15 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in late 2017, tensions began to de-escalate after Kim Jong-un announced his desire to send athletes to the 2018 Winter Olympics being held in South Korea. During the games, Kim proposed talks with South Korea to plan a inter-Korean summit. On March 8, the South Korean delegation returned from the talks and traveled to the United States to deliver an invitation by Kim Jong-un to Donald Trump for a meeting. High-level exchanges between the two sides then took place, including a visit by then-CIA Director Mike Pompeo to Pyongyang and a visit by Kim Yong-chol, Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, to the White House. Both sides threatened to cancel the summit after a round of joint military exercises by the U.S. and South Korea, with Trump even delivering a formal letter to Kim to call off the meeting; however, the two sides eventually agreed to meet.[8] A second meeting was held between Trump and Kim in February 2019 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Background See also: North Korea–United States relations USS Carl Vinson carrier strike group and South Korean Navy vessels having a joint exercise on May 3, 2017 Korea has been divided since 1945. The Korean War of 1950–1953 ended with an armistice agreement but not a peace settlement. A sporadic conflict has continued, with American troops remaining in the South as part of a mutual defense treaty. The North began building a nuclear reactor in 1963, and it began a nuclear weapons program in the 1980s. North Korea first committed to denuclearization in 1992 in the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In a speech authored by David Frum, President George W. Bush referred to North Korea as part of an "axis of evil" during his 2002 State of the Union address,[9] but in the 2005 Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks, North Korea reaffirmed the 1992 Joint Declaration and the goal of verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In 2008, North Korea voluntarily gave information on its nuclear program in exchange for sanction relief, and they were taken off the State Sponsors of Terrorism list. Despite this, nuclear inspectors were barred from surveying any North Korean weapons facilities.[10] The Obama administration had a policy of "strategic patience", in which perceived North Korean provocations would not be "rewarded" with presidential attention or the sending of high-level envoys but instead be punished with sanctions and greater military coordination with South Korea and Japan.[11] More nuclear tests were conducted in the succeeding years, and the 2010 bombardment of Yeonpyeong markedly raised tensions between North Korea and South Korea. The escalation of North Korea's nuclear program advanced particularly under the rule of Kim Jong-un, who became the leader in December 2011, after his father Kim Jong-il died.[9] Donald Trump was elected US President in 2016 with a position of opposition to Barack Obama's policy of "strategic patience" towards North Korea. While advocating a tough stance, he also expressed openness to dialogue, saying he would be prepared to "eat a hamburger" with Kim. He put himself at odds with military allies, saying that it would be better if South Korea and Japan protect themselves. In return, a pro-North Korean website, DPRK Today, described him as a "wise politician".[12] The editorial suggested that Trump might make the slogan "Yankee go home" a reality.[13] In 2017, Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy of friendly relations with the North.[14] Artist's conception of the Hwasong-15 on its mobile launch vehicle, depicted to scale During a period of heightened tensions with the United States, North Korea successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), named Hwasong-14, in July 2017.[15] In response to heightened North Korean rhetoric, Trump warned that any North Korean attack "will be met with fire, fury and frankly power, the likes of which the world has never seen before". In response, North Korea announced that it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam.[16][17] North Korea tested what some sources argued may have been its first hydrogen bomb on September 3.[18] The test was internationally condemned, and further economic sanctions were put on North Korea.[19] The United States also added North Korea back to its State Sponsors of Terrorism list after nine years.[20] On November 28, North Korea launched the Hwasong-15, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States.[21] The United Nations responded by placing further sanctions on the country.[22] After North Korea claimed that the missile was capable of "carrying [a] super-heavy [nuclear] warhead and hitting the whole mainland of the U.S.", Kim-Jong-Un announced that they had "finally realized the great historic cause of completing the state nuclear force",[23] putting them in a position of strength to push the United States into talks.[24] Moon Jae-in (standing, lower left) with the North Korean representatives (upper right) and U.S. Vice President Mike Pence (lower right) at the PyeongChang Olympics In his New Year address for 2018, North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un celebrated completing their nuclear capabilities and proposed talks for sending a delegation to the upcoming Winter Olympics in South Korea.[25] In January a false missile alert alarmed Hawaii.[26] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years.[27] North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam, and including performers like the Samjiyon Orchestra.[28] The delegation passed on an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea.[28] The United States was represented by Vice President Mike Pence. After arriving late to a dinner hosted by President Moon, he was asked to greet the other dignitaries, but he shook hands with everyone except Kim Yong-nam and left early.[29][30][31] North and South Korean athletes marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.[32] Announcement Chung Eui-yong (left), the South Korean national security chief, and Kim Jong-un meeting in Pyongyang on March 5, 2018. Kim is holding a letter from President Moon Jae-in arranging for direct peace talks. On March 5, 2018, South Korea's special delegation agreed to hold the third inter-Korean summit at Inter-Korean Peace House in Panmunjom on April 27, 2018.[33] On March 6, after returning to South Korea, the national security adviser, Chung Eui-yong, and National Information Director Suh Hoon traveled to the United States on March 8 to report to Trump about the upcoming inter-Korean summit and relayed to President Trump the North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un's invitation.[34] Trump endorsed the North Korea–United States summit about an hour after receiving the report. The South Korean National Security Adviser (SKNS), Mr. Jeong briefed the public that the North Korea–United States summit would be held sometime in May 2018.[35] ROK President Moon Jae-in and US President Donald Trump, November 2017 The White House announced that the UN Sanctions would remain in place until an agreement between the United States and North Korea is reached.[36] On March 6, Sarah Sanders said that the White House would need to see "concrete and verifiable steps" toward the denuclearization of North Korea before Trump would meet with Kim Jong-un. Later that day, an unidentified Trump official told The Wall Street Journal that Trump had still accepted Kim Jong-un's invitation.[37] South Korea's national security adviser Chung Eui-yong visited China on March 12 to meet with the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, of the foreign officials and report on the planned inter-Korean summit as well as the North Korea-United States summit and asked their advice.[38] Russia on March 14, 2018, for explaining North Korea and the United States Visit Summary, seeking guidance for upcoming 2018 inter-Korean summit.[39] National Information Director Suh Hoon visited Japan and had a consultation with Prime Minister Shinzō Abe including the foreign officials about the denuclearization and Permanent Peace on the Korean Peninsula.[40][41] Preparations Preparatory talks South Korea's foreign ministry announced on March 18 that selected informal delegations from North Korea, South Korea, and the US would meet for denuclearization discussions in April in Vantaa, Finland. (This type of discussions, as held previously, had sometimes been referred to as track-2 talks.)[42] According to South Korea's Yonhap news, Choe Kang-il, a deputy director general for North American affairs at North Korea's foreign ministry, would also attend the event, which Yonhap termed "track-1.5 talks".[43] Kim Jong-un's meeting with Xi Jinping Main article: Kim–Xi meetings North Korea's supreme leader Kim was in Beijing on March 25–28, 2018, arriving by special train for talks with China's paramount leader Xi Jinping, Kim's first known out-of-country excursion since taking power six years previously.[44] China stated that North Korea was "committed to denuclearization" and willing to hold a summit with the United States.[45][46] It was organized by the invitation of Xi. During the meeting between two leaders, Kim officially invited Xi to the North Korean capital Pyongyang when it was convenient in his schedule, and Xi accepted the invitation.[47] Xi urged Kim to strengthen the strategic and diplomatic future partnership between China and North Korea. Kim stressed to Xi that North Korea and China are communist countries and that there are many ways to cooperate in various aspects in the future.[48][49] Kim and Xi met again on May 7, 2018, in the city of Dalian, China.[50] Announcement within North Korea According to North Korea's state media Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), Kim led a meeting of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea’s political bureau on April 9, 2018, where he spoke about the planned summit with Trump for the first time.[51] Proposed conditions by North Korea On April 11, North Korea presented five entreaties as conditions for the dismissal of their nuclear-capable ICBMs:     Ensuring the United States and South Korea do not locate nuclear weapons strategic assets within the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula[52]     Ceasing development or operation of strategic nuclear assets during USFK–ROK combined military training     Ensuring the United States will not attack North Korea with conventional or nuclear weapons     Converting the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement into a peace treaty on the Korean Peninsula     Establishing official diplomatic ties between North Korea and the United States. Although North Korea was previously expected to request the withdrawal of United States Forces Korea (USFK) from South Korea, North Korea publicized they would embrace the continuous deployment of 25,000 USFK troops in South Korea as long as the security of North Korea is guaranteed.[53] April 2018 inter-Korean summit Main article: April 2018 inter-Korean summit Kim and President of South Korea Moon Jae-in shake hands in greeting, in an initiating gesture for the April 2018 inter-Korean summit. At an inter-Korean summit on April 27, 2018, held at the Peace House in Panmunjom, the leaders of North and South Korea agreed to formally end the Korean War before the end of the year and confirmed the goal of a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula through denuclearization.[54] Release of the American detainees President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump welcome home three American returnees from North Korea. On May 10, 2018, three Americans held by North Korea were released following negotiations between the Trump administration and the North Korean regime. Some have speculated that their release was part of an attempt of the regime to motivate the US to continue the negotiations and perhaps ease the pressure upon the North Koreans. Nevertheless, their release has managed to ease the tensions between the Trump administration and the North Korean regime, enabling both sides to proceed to further negotiations, possibly leading to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit.[55] The three Americans Kim Dong-chul, Kim Sang-duk, and Kim Hak-song left North Korea accompanied by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and were greeted by the president and the first lady upon their landing on US soil at Joint Base Andrews in Maryland.[55] Tensions, cancelation, and reinstatement A commemorative coin released on May 21 by the White House Communications Agency for the summit[56] Letter sent to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un by US President Donald Trump informing Kim of the cancellation of the summit American Vice President Mike Pence said on May 21, 2018, that "this will only end like the Libyan model ended if Kim Jong-un doesn't make a deal" to "dismantle his nuclear weapons program". Trump had made similar remarks on May 17, as he described that Libya's fate is "what will take place if we don't make a deal". These comments were in reference to the killing of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi after military intervention by Americans and Europeans in 2011.[57] After a NATO airstrike prevented Gaddafi's escape, the Libyan rebels captured, assaulted, sodomized,[58] and executed Gaddafi. However, Libya under Gaddafi had already in 2003 voluntarily ended its nuclear weapons program and complied with conditions set by Western powers.[59] As a result, North Korean vice foreign minister Choe Son-hui called Pence's remarks "ignorant and stupid" and threatened a "nuclear-to-nuclear showdown".[57][60][61] Trump canceled the summit on May 24, 2018, via a letter to Chairman Kim, writing that "based on the tremendous anger and open hostility displayed in your most recent statement, I feel it is inappropriate, at this time, to have this long-planned meeting ... You talk about your nuclear capabilities, but ours are so massive and powerful that I pray to God they will never have to be used." Even though it was Trump who decided to cancel, Trump told Kim, "If you change your mind having to do with this most important summit, please do not hesitate to call me or write."[62][63] South Korean President Moon was left "very perplexed" by Trump's cancellation, while the South Korean minister in charge of inter-Korean affairs Cho Myoung-gyon said that North Korea "remains sincere" on "efforts on denuclearization and peace building".[64] In response to Trump's cancellation, North Korean vice foreign minister Kim Kye-gwan expressed his country's "willingness to sit down face-to-face with the US and resolve issues anytime and in any format", being "open-minded in giving time and opportunity to the US" for the "peace and stability for the world and the Korean Peninsula".[64] Trump's cancellation had come on the day North Korea had detonated explosives at its only known nuclear test site, at Punggye-ri in front of international journalists; North Korea claimed that this would have demolished the test site.[65] On May 25, however, Trump announced that the summit could resume as scheduled following a "very nice statement" he received from North Korea and that talks were now resuming.[66] The following day, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders confirmed in a statement that a "pre-advance team for Singapore will leave as scheduled in order to prepare the summit should take place". The team, consisting of about thirty staffers from both the White House and State Department, met with North Korean counterparts over Memorial Day weekend.[67] Kim Yong-chol met with Pompeo on May 30, and with Trump on June 1. On May 30, North Korean general Kim Yong-chol arrived in New York City to meet with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.[68] Negotiations between Kim and Pompeo continued the next day, and Pompeo later stated at a press conference that "good progress" had been made.[69] Kim Yong-chol, who is the Vice Chair of Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, is the highest-ranking North Korean official to visit the US since 2000 (when Jo Myong-rok met with US President Bill Clinton in Washington, D.C.).[70][71][72] On June 1, Trump announced the summit would resume as scheduled for June 12 after he met Kim Yong-chol at the White House. Kim Yong-chol delivered a letter from Kim Jong-un to Trump,[73] of which Trump first told reporters that it was "a very nice" and "a very interesting letter", yet eight minutes later said "I haven't seen the letter yet. I purposely didn't open the letter".[74][75] US–South Korea summit Moon Jae-in met with Trump on May 22. On May 22, 2018, South Korea President Moon Jae-in visited the United States to meet President Trump, to promote Trump-Kim summit progress, and to coordinate the two countries' common strategy regarding the upcoming summit, following harsh rhetoric from North Korea towards Washington.[76] Closure of Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site North Korea shut down its Punggye-ri nuclear test site on 23 May (Thursday) to demonstrate its commitment to denuclearization. The South Korean government welcomed the DPRK's unilateral nuclear concession to help facilitate a broader agreement with the United States to completely end its nuclear weapons program. On 12 May 2018, North Korea announced the closure and planned dismantlement of its Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, and invited journalists to witness the destruction of its tunnels and other testing infrastructure.[77] On 24 May 2018, reporters witnessed explosions to purportedly close those tunnels, although independent inspectors were not present.[78] Those explosions destroyed the portals to several test tunnels, but the extent of the damage to the tunnels themselves was not clear.[79][80][81] Replacement of North Korean generals On June 3, North Korea's Chairman Kim Jong-un replaced three generals of highest military officers who are responsible for the development of North Korea's ICBM nuclear weapons.[82] May 2018 inter-Korean summit Two leaders of North and South Koreas exchanged their opinions about the issues and solutions for the Trump-Kim summit as Trump abruptly cancelled the upcoming US-North Korea summit on 12 June.[83] The principal agenda of the meeting was trying to get U.S. summit back on track and keep progressing the denuclearization talks.[84][85] The second 2018 summit was established by Kim Jung-un's suggestion within a whirlwind 24 hour notice, but Moon Jae-in accepted Kim's invitation as per the critical nuclear agenda between North and South Korea. Moon Jae-in had expressed his belief, and he discussed with Kim Jong Un about Kim's willingness to join nuclear interventions with Trump. Both leaders also agreed to accelerate the implementation of the Panmunjom Declaration and meet again at "anytime and anyplace" without formality.[86][87] Potential denuclearization process During President Donald Trump's meeting with North Korea envoy, the former spy chief Kim Yong-chol[88] at the White House, Trump said that he would choose the "denuclearization process" in North Korea. The nuclear warheads and the ICBM nuclear missiles completed in North Korea could be transferred outside of North Korea and economic sanctions on North Korea could be partly alleviated. The next step would be comprehensive inspections on North Korea's nuclear facilities and nuclear ICBM weapons program by IAEA.[89][90][91] On July 7, 2018, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono and South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung Wha met in Tokyo, where they reaffirmed their unity in urging North Korea to denuclearize as promised. The ministers stressed the need to call on North Korea to take concrete steps toward denuclearization and to keep existing U.N. economic sanctions in place.[92] Ten days later, Donald Trump said there is "no time limit" for North Korea to denuclearize and that there is no need to rush the process.[93] Logistical preparations On June 3, a "special event area" was declared by the Ministry of Home Affairs around the area surrounding the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and stringent security measures will be in force from June 10–14. On the same day, a smaller segment within the "special event area" was declared a "special zone" by the Singapore Police Force where enhanced police powers will be in effect during the same period.[94] On June 5, the Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore) declared the whole of Sentosa Island, including waters off its south-west beaches, a "special event area" from June 10–14. The summit venue Capella Singapore sits on the "special event area". The government also issued an order exempting four bulletproof and bombproof vehicles from certain traffic rules for the purposes of conveying "non-citizen" individuals for the summit from June 5–30.[95] The F1 Pit Building has also been designated as the summit's International Media Centre for international journalists to cover the summit and will be operated from 10 am on June 10 to 10 pm on June 13.[96] On June 6, Singapore's aviation authorities announced that temporary airspace restrictions will be put in place for parts of June 11, 12 and 13. Aircraft arriving at Singapore Changi Airport will be required to reduce speed and some restrictions are placed on runway use. Aviators are also informed to stay away from Paya Lebar Air Base, a facility used by US Presidents on their previous visits to Singapore.[97][98] The Singapore Mint also released three commemorative medallions to mark the summit.[99] They are available in gold proof, silver proof, and nickel plated zinc proof.[100] On June 9, the Singapore Police Force and the Land Transport Authority announced that security measures, such as road closures and security checks, will kick in. Some bus stops in the Tanglin area will be skipped and security checks will be conducted along stretches of roads around the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and the St Regis Hotel Singapore, the two hotels Trump and Kim are believed to be staying in. Bag searches and other security checks may be conducted for visitors entering Sentosa Island.[101] On June 11, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan announced that the Singapore government would be paying for the North Korean contingent's hotel bill, forming part of the total US$20 million expenditure for the summit, as it was "hospitality that we would have offered them".[102] On June 25, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) announced that the summit cost S$16.3 million, lower than the initial planned cost mentioned by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[103] Diplomatic preparations In preparation for the summit, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan visited the United States on a working visit and met with the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and National Security Advisor John R. Bolton.[104] He visited North Korea and met with North Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam to further lay the groundwork for the Trump-Kim summit.[105] The United States did not convene a Cabinet-level National Security Council meeting to discuss the summit with North Korea. Trump said: "I think I'm very well prepared ... I don't think I have to prepare very much ... this isn't a question of preparation, it's a question of whether or not people want it to happen, and we'll know that very quickly."[106] Media center Logo used at the International Media Centre Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited the summit's International Media Centre on June 10 when it opened. At a media conference, Lee mentioned that the summit cost S$20 million, with security costs taking up S$10 million and the setting up of the International Media Centre costing S$5 million, but it is a cost that Singapore is "willing to pay".[107] The media center opened to journalists and they were given customized items, including a bottle of water, a fan, and a notebook. The center hosted more than 2500 local and international journalists.[108] Meeting location Background U.S. Secretary of State (then CIA Director) Mike Pompeo and Kim Jong-un meeting in Pyongyang, North Korea on March 31, 2018 On March 31 and possibly also April 1, then-CIA director Mike Pompeo had secretly met with Kim in Pyongyang[109] to lay the groundwork for the summit, including their discussing possible venues.[110] On April 17, on the day of a meeting at Mar-a-Lago of Trump with Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe, sources revealed to reporters the identities involved in the discussions in Pyongyang.[111] Locations considered Trump administration sources said on April 28 that the meeting would be held in either Singapore or Mongolia.[112] On April 30, Trump remarked on a possibility the Peace House and inter-Korean House of Freedom (Joint Security Area) in Panmunjom would serve as venues.[113] Trump believed that Panmunjom in DMZ would be the reasonable location for the meeting to remove nuclear weapons and to sign the preparatory peace treaty on the Korean peninsula.[114] The inter-Korean Peace House was where the 2018 inter-Korean summit was held earlier in April. Singapore was the site of a recent China–Taiwan summit. Mongolia has sponsored a number of talks in recent years involving regional and international players and is accessible by train from North Korea.[115] On April 30, Trump confirmed that Singapore, the Peace House and the inter-Korean House of Freedom were under consideration.[116] American officials said the most likely mutually-agreed-upon choice of venue would be in Southeast Asia or Europe, especially from among the choices of Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Switzerland (where Kim and his two siblings had some schooling),[117] or Sweden (whose embassy acts as intermediary for Americans traveling in North Korea).[118] Another possible location of the summit would be Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.[119][120] Additionally proposed venues included Pyongyang, North Korea (favored by Kim); the Inter-Korean Peace House in Panmunjom near the boundary of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea (site for the April 27, 2018 inter-Korean summit; a site possibly favored by Kim for the summit with the US as well);[121][122] the Russian port city of Vladivostok (accessible to Kim by land or sea and nearby Vyatskoye, Kim's predecessor and father Kim Jong-il's February 16, 1941 birthplace[123][124]);[125] a Chinese city such as Shenyang, Changchun, or Beijing (favored by China); Seoul or South Korea's Jeju Island; or, aboard a US ship in international waters.[126][127] Announcement on holding the talks in Singapore North Korea's Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol delivers a personal letter from Kim to Trump, in the White House Oval Office on June 1, 2018. CNN reported on May 9 that Singapore will be hosting the meeting on June 12.[128][129] As per CNBC, a White House official said Singapore was chosen as it has diplomatic relations with both United States and North Korea, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries.[130] Trump confirmed the location on May 10 and announced that the summit is set for June 12.[131][132] At 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from Pyongyang's Sunan airport, Singapore is easily within the range of Kim's Soviet-made Il-62M aircraft.[133] Local media reported that the most likely choice of venue would be the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore near Orchard Road,[134] known for hosting the annual Shangri-La Dialogue and the 2015 Ma–Xi meeting. A South Korean report also cited The Istana, the official residence of the President of Singapore, as a possible venue to host the summit.[135] Trump together with Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol of the North Korean delegation, outside the Oval Office An aerial view of the Capella Singapore Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs further provided information on the summit stating that "Singapore is pleased to host the meeting between President of the United States Donald J. Trump and Democratic People's Republic of Korea State Affairs Commission Chairman Kim Jong-un on 12 June 2018. We hope this meeting will advance prospects for peace in the Korean Peninsula". However, the ministry did not provide any details on the venue and the arrangements.[136] Following Trump's renewed commitment to the summit on June 1, Singapore's Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen welcomed the move and stated that Singapore would cover some of the costs of the summit.[137] Advance team members of the American and North Korean delegations that were meeting in Singapore in prior weeks were believed to have been staying in Capella Singapore on Sentosa, and the Fullerton Hotel Singapore in the city's Downtown Core respectively, both of which were additional venue options for the summit.[138] The White House announced on June 4 that the meeting will take place at 9:00 am (SGT), and confirmed the next day that Capella Singapore will be the venue for the June 12 summit.[139] The US clarified that they would not pay for North Korea's officials' accommodation. They also affirmed that they would talk with the South Korean and Japanese governments if asked about the possible declaration of the end of the Korean War during the summit.[140] On June 9, 2018, at a press conference at the G7 Summit in Quebec, Trump estimated that the interpersonal chemistry[141] between him and Leader Kim Jong-un would be a deciding factor in the success of the Summit in Singapore and that this would be a one-time chance[142] for North Korea to strike a deal.[143] Pre-summit events Leaders' arrivals Kim arrived in Singapore in an Air China Boeing 747-400 registered B-2447;[144][145] Photo of this aircraft taken in Beijing in March 2018 US President Donald Trump left the 44th G7 summit around four hours earlier than scheduled and departed directly for Singapore. He reportedly viewed the G7 summit as a "distraction" from his summit with Kim.[146] Trump landed at Singapore's Paya Lebar Airbase at 20:20 local time and was welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan.[147] A US Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport plane was already at the air base ahead of his arrival. Trump stayed at the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore, which has also hosted previous US Presidents.[148] North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un landed at Singapore Changi Airport on Sunday at about 14:35 local time and was welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung.[149] Kim flew to Singapore on a Boeing 747 operated by Air China, a plane used by the highest echelons of the Chinese leadership.[150][151][145] According to media reports, a cargo plane, an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-76, containing food items and other perishables landed in Singapore from North Korea before Kim's plane landed. Chiller trucks ferried them to the St. Regis Hotel Singapore where Kim stayed.[152] A third plane from North Korea, an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-62, landed shortly afterward; Kim's sister and Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department, Kim Yo-jong, was believed to be on board.[153] Working-level meetings Both Trump and Kim met separately with Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[154] Kim met Lee on Sunday evening at The Istana.[155] Trump met Lee on Monday afternoon, also at The Istana. He was accorded a bilateral meeting, followed by a working lunch and then an expanded bilateral meeting.[156] During the meeting, Trump accepted President Halimah Yacob's invitation to make a State Visit to Singapore in November 2018, in conjunction with the 6th ASEAN-US Summit and 13th East Asia Summit.[157] A working-level meeting was held between the United States Ambassador to the Philippines Sung Kim and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Choe Son-hui, at The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore on Monday morning. The meeting lasted over two hours and was believed to further work out the details of the summit between Trump and Kim and to push forward their agendas.[158][159] Meanwhile, North Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho met with his Singaporean counterpart Vivian Balakrishnan on Monday morning too.[160] Pre-summit activities Trump's activities After meeting Singapore's Prime Minister, Trump and Secretary of State Pompeo met and thanked the team at the United States embassy in Singapore and Task Force 73 at Shangri-La Hotel.[161] Trump then discussed the summit with South Korea's President Moon Jae-in in a 40-minute phone call, expressing that he is willing to take "bold decisions" while Moon said that South Koreans are praying for Trump to "create a miraculous result".[162] He also spoke with Japan's Prime Minister Shinzō Abe on the phone.[163] US press briefing Secretary of State Mike Pompeo gave a press briefing at the White House press room set up at the JW Marriott Hotel Singapore South Beach Hotel on Monday afternoon. He mentioned details of the preparations done by the US delegation and that the US is willing to offer North Korea security guarantees in exchange for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[164] South Korea press briefing A South Korean official spoke at a closed-door press briefing held at South Korea's Korea Press Center, confirming that Moon Jae-in will not travel to Singapore to attend the summit, despite earlier speculations. Instead, South Korea sent a delegation to Singapore to monitor the summit.[165] Kim's tour of Singapore Kim visited several of Singapore's attractions in the Central Area together with his sister, Kim Yo-jong, on Monday evening. They visited the Flower Dome at Gardens by the Bay, the Jubilee Bridge, and the Marina Bay Sands integrated resorts. They were accompanied by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung, the same ministers who welcomed him at Changi Airport the previous day.[166][167] Dennis Rodman Retired U.S. basketball star Dennis Rodman, who made a number of visits to North Korea to promote sports and developed a personal relationship with Chairman Kim over several years, announced that he would be in Singapore during the summit but would not be involved in the meeting.[168] Rodman arrived the day before the summit.[169] The basketball star broke down in tears live on CNN as he recounted the hostility he faced for meeting Kim Jong-un.[170] Summit meeting External video U.S.-North Korea Summit Sights and Sounds, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN President Trump Greets North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN The summit was broadcast in real-time internationally.[171] One-on-one meeting Kim and Trump before the start of their one-on-one meeting United States President Donald Trump arrived at Capella Hotel first before North Korean leader Kim Jong-un arrived seventeen minutes later.[3] They started the summit at 9:05 am local time with a 12-second handshake and then participated in a one-on-one meeting, with interpreters only. Trump and Kim emerged from the one-on-one talks and walked down the corridor to the Cassia where the expanded bilateral meeting took place. Trump described the one-on-one meeting as "very very good" when asked by a reporter.[172][173] When Trump was asked if he had notes of the one-on-one meeting to refer back and verify, Trump replied, "I don't have to verify because I have one of the great memories of all time".[174] Expanded bilateral meeting and working lunch The expanded bilateral meeting between both the United States and North Korean delegations Both countries' delegations proceeded to participate in an expanded bilateral meeting and a working lunch.[175] Both delegations dined together on Korean, Southeast Asian and Western dishes with ice cream, tropézienne, and dark chocolate ganache tartlet for dessert.[176] After the lunch, Trump and Kim took a short walk together and viewed the interior of the presidential state car.[3] Joint signing ceremony File:Singapore Summit- Trump-Kim Signing Ceremony.webmPlay media The signing moment of the two leaders     Wikisource has original text related to this article: Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit Subsequently, Trump and Kim signed a joint statement, titled "Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong-un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit", which Trump described as a "very important" and "comprehensive" agreement.[177] The document said:[178]     President Trump and Chairman Kim Jong Un state the following:         The United States and the DPRK commit to establish new U.S.-DPRK relations in accordance with the desire of the peoples of the two countries for peace and prosperity.         The United States and the DPRK will join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime on the Korean Peninsula.         Reaffirming the April 27, 2018 Panmunjom Declaration, the DPRK commits to work towards the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.         The United States and the DPRK commit to recovering POW/MIA remains including the immediate repatriation of those already identified. In addition to the numbered provisions, the joint statement also mentions Trump's commitment to providing security guarantees to North Korea. Follow-up negotiations between Pompeo and an undetermined high-level North Korean official are also called for by the joint statement.[177] US news conference Trump at the news conference after the summit Trump held a news conference at 16:15 local time which lasted for more than an hour. In his news conference, Trump said that further discussions will take place with North Korean officials and that he would consider visiting Pyongyang.[179] Referring to his commitment in the Joint Statement[180] to "provide security guarantees" to North Korea, Trump announced the end of the joint military exercises with the South Korean military, which he described as "provocative". U.S. Forces Korea and South Korea were apparently not consulted.[181] He expressed his hope that the removal of 32,000 American troops defending South Korea would become part of the equation. The next round of joint military exercises was scheduled for late August.[182][183] End of summit On June 12, Trump left Singapore from Paya Lebar Air Base at around 18:30 local time, earlier than his planned departure time of 19:00 while Kim Jong-un left Singapore from Changi Airport at around 22:30.[184] Upon returning to the United States the following day, President Trump declared that North Korea was no longer a nuclear threat.[185] On June 22, 2018, Trump provided a "Notice Regarding the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to North Korea," which extended the Executive Order 13466 of 2008 by one year, reaffirming "the current existence and risk of the proliferation of weapons-usable fissile material on the Korean Peninsula constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat."[186][187] In October 2018, a second North Korea–United States summit was announced.[188] Delegations in attendance Participants in the expanded bilateral meeting  United States (USA) Name     Title Donald Trump     President Mike Pompeo[189]     Secretary of State John F. Kelly[189]     White House Chief of Staff John R. Bolton[190]     National Security Advisor  North Korea (DPRK) Name     Title Kim Jong-un[191]     Chairman of the State Affairs Commission Ri Yong-ho[192]     Minister of Foreign Affairs Kim Yong-chol[193]     Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea Ri Su-yong[191]     Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea Other delegates  United States (USA) Name     Title Cabinet of the United States Randall Schriver[194]     Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs White House Office Sarah Huckabee Sanders[195]     White House Press Secretary Stephen Miller[196]     Senior Advisor to the President National Security Council (NSC) Mira Ricardel[196]     Deputy National Security Advisor Sarah Tinsley[196]     NSC Director for Strategic Communications Matthew Pottinger[196]     NSC Senior Director for Asian Affairs Brenan Richards[197]     NSC Director for Southeast Asian Affairs Allison Hooker[194]     NSC Member Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Andrew Kim[194]     Director of the CIA Korea Mission Center Ambassadors of the United States Sung Kim[194]     Ambassador to the Philippines P. Michael McKinley[196]     Ambassador to Brazil Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath[196]     Chargé d'affaires (acting Ambassador) at the US Embassy in Singapore Melissa Brown[196]     Counsellor for Economic and Political Affairs at the US Embassy in Singapore  North Korea (DPRK) Name     Title Government of North Korea No Kwang-chol[192]     Minister of People's Armed Forces Choe Son-hui[191]     Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) Kim Yo-jong[192]     Kim Jong-un's sister Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department Other members of the Central Committee and the State Affairs Commission[191] Reactions Main article: International reactions to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit The summit received a mixed international reaction, with many countries expressing praise or hope for achieving a peace deal from the summit.[198] Some commentators expressed skepticism towards the signed agreement, pointing to a history of failed past agreements and to the vague wording of the declarations.[199] China raised the possibility of sanction relief following the summit,[200] but Pompeo said sanction relief would only be granted after complete denuclearization.[201] Joint-military exercises between the United States and South Korea were halted, a demand that North Korea had long made.[202] Visitors to North Korea reported that anti-American posters, postcards, stamps and similar items were no longer sold in tourist shops.[203] Incidents On June 9, two South Korean media personnel from South Korean broadcaster KBS News were arrested for trespassing at the home of the North Korean ambassador in Singapore.[204] KBS News subsequently issued an apology for not being cautious.[205] The two media personnel were deported the next day on June 10.[206] On June 11, five South Korean women were arrested on Monday night for protesting outside the St. Regis Hotel where Chairman Kim and his delegation were staying. The police warned the women for violating the Public Order Act but they refused to cooperate, leading to their arrests.[207][208] Aftermath Progress of joint statement The director of USC Korean Studies Institute David C. Kang wrote an analysis of North Korea's solution which was published in the New York Times. Writing that the Trump administration should proceed with the necessary action items of U.S. side in order to ask North Korea to give up their Nuclear Weapons, Kang emphasized that unilateral disarmament of the DPRK would be impractical, and that a "phased" and "synchronous" approach with "step by step" negotiations would be a more reasonable way forward, with respect to the US-DPRK Joint Statement signed at the Singapore summit.[209] The DPRK has shown eight or more types of various actions on their portion of the agreement; a moratorium on missile/nuclear tests, dismantling the Sohae atomic test and satellite launch site, the shutting down of an intercontinental ballistic missile assembly facility near Pyongyang, the returning of the remains of 55 U.S. Soldiers killed in the Korean War, the removal of domestic anti-American propaganda, and the release of three American Citizens arrested and imprisoned in the DPRK, as North Korean action items of the summit. However, the US has thus far taken only one action; the cancelling of joint military exercises between the US and South Korean Air Forces in the peninsula. If the United States should complete more of its action items under the Singapore agreement, with regard to North Korea's security concerns, the North Korean government in turn may be willing to make further actions toward denuclearization.[209][210] North Korean minister Ri Yong-ho has claimed that the US is backtracking or has made no progress on the American side of the Singapore Summit agreement, while saying that North Korea itself has taken some measures including the cessation of nuclear and missile testing, along with the removal of a primary nuclear site.[211] US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has made a request for North Korea to hand over 60 to 70 percent of its nuclear arsenal within six to eight months. However, the DPRK has not yet accepted that proposal.[212] The North Korean foreign minister released an announcement criticizing unilateral denuclearization, and Ri Yong-ho has emphasized that it is only equitable to perform a “balanced, simultaneous, step-by-step implementation” of the US-DPRK Joint Statement.[213] There are four action items in the Joint Statement, the first and second items being the renewal of North Korea–United States relations, the third item being the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and the final item the recovery of American POW/MIA remains from the Korean War. Currently, there are still three American nuclear capable jets stationed in South Korea. Additionally, North and South Korea, still lacking a proper peace treaty, are still technically at war.[214] The DPRK urged the US to guarantee the DPRK's security by a formal declaration of the ending of the Korean War, in exchange for the DPRK ending its nuclear program and forfeiting its nuclear weapons.[215] Doug Bandow, a special assistant to former President Ronald Reagan, suggested that the US provide the DPRK with a safety framework in the form of a peace treaty, in exchange for the DPRK ending their nuclear program.[216] Removed anti-American propaganda in DPRK The DPRK government toned down aspects of its anti-American propaganda after the Singapore summit, with many anti-American posters being removed in the capital to give way to less politicized messages.[217] The government also cancelled North Korea's annual "anti-US imperialism" rally on 27 July, a national holiday commemorating the start of the Korean War (Fatherland Liberation War in DPRK historiography).[218] Pompeo's subsequent visits to North Korea     Wikisource has original text related to this article: A letter from Kim Jong Un to Donald Trump On July 6–7, Pompeo travelled to North Korea for the third time to continue the negotiations with Kim Yong-chol, "a senior official who has been [North Korea's] point person in deliberations with the United States, South Korea and China". After the meeting, Pompeo said that the talks were productive and that progress had been made "on almost all of the central issues". However, North Korean state media criticized the meeting soon after, saying the U.S. had shown a "gangster-like attitude" and calling the demands of the Trump administration "deeply regrettable".[219] Notwithstanding the stern reports, Pompeo delivered a letter from Kim to Trump, in which the latter expressed his hope for successful implementation of the US-North Korea Joint Statement and reaffirmed his will for improving the relations between the countries.[220] Pompeo announced on August 23, 2018, that he would return to North Korea the following week for the fourth round of talks.[221] The following day, Trump tweeted that he had asked Pompeo not to make the trip because he felt "we are not making sufficient progress with respect to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula."[222] Concerning the cancellation of Pompeo's planned North Korea trip, Vox summarized the background based on the reports by the Washington Post and CNN that North Korea delivered an irate letter to Pompeo and the letter was shown to Trump in the Oval Office on Friday, and Trump tweeted the cancellation of Pompeo's trip. The message from DPRK was North Korea's evident disappointment as Washington had shown no real eagerness to sign a peace treaty to end the Korean War.[223][224][225] South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha spoke to Pompeo by telephone on August 25, urging the U.S. and DPRK to continue talks relating to denuclearization and peace on the Korean peninsula, in spite of concerns over the cancellation of the trip by Trump. Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono revealed appreciation for Pompeo's "prompt communication” with South Korea, and said Japan would be pleased to cooperate with the U.S. for denuclearization of the Korean peninsula.[226][227] Return of remains of US soldiers After the Trump-Kim summit, North Korea searched for and returned the remains of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the Korean War. The remains of US soldiers in DPRK start the journey to the U.S. after 65 years. The US war remains were delivered from the eastern DPRK city of Wonsan by U.S. military transport plane C-17 Globemaster to the Osan Air Base near Seoul in South Korea. On June 27, Pompeo said North Korea was planning to hand over presumed remains of U.S. soldiers killed during the Korean War in the near future.[228] In preparation, the U.S. military had moved 158 metal coffins through the DMZ border between North and South Korea one week earlier.[229] Following Pompeo's second visit to Pyongyang, a lower ranks meeting took place on July 15 regarding the retrieving of remains of US soldiers from the Korean War. Pompeo called the talks "productive" and said the two sides had reached firm commitments on the issue.[230] On July 27 North Korea handed over 55 boxes of human remains, thus starting to fulfill their pledge in the Singapore declaration. The remains were saluted in a ceremony in their honor by US soldiers.[231] More than 36,000 American troops died during the Korean War, but some 7,700 remain unaccounted for, including 5,300 believed to have died in North Korea. Earlier, 220 remains were recovered during 1996–2005.[232] North Korea reported to the U.S. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency that they couldn't be sure how many individuals were represented in each of the 55 boxes.[233] There was uncertainty about the nationality of the war remains,[234] whether the individuals were American or from other countries that took part in the Korean War, such as Australia, Belgium, France, and the Philippines.[235] Kelly McKeague, the director of the POW/MIA Accounting Agency, said a preliminary review showed that the remains are "consistent" with being American and are from the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.[236] The next phase would be matching the dental records, X-rays and DNA testing to further analyze the remains for possible identification. McKeague expressed his opinion that North Korea needs to allow the resumption of joint U.S.-North Korean searches of battlefields and POW camp graveyards to discover more war remains as soon as practical.[233] Shutdown of ICBM assembly facility near Pyongyang The Voice of America (VOA) reported on July 25 that there is evidence that North Korea has dismantled an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) construction facility near Pyongyang. It was confirmed by analyzing satellite images taken around the March 16 with the latest satellite images in July. It was the investigated place of the factory that the Hwasong-15 ICBM that North Korea test-launched on November 29, 2017, was assembled at this plant and then moved on a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). Kim Jong-un was at this vehicle factory that was connected to the ICBM assembly factory when he gave the command for the transfer of the TEL carrying the Hwasong-15 ICBM. State Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert announced that the U.S would be looking for DPRK's consent for allowing the Verification process of the denuclearization of North Korea. Heather also added “Verification is obviously something that is paramount. Verification from legitimate groups and done by legitimate countries."[237] Destruction of missile test site North Korea dismantled the various significant parts and permanent structure of the Sohae ICBM missile & Satellite Launching Station. The DPRK Government had begun to dismantle an ICBM rocket launching and testing engine site to demonstrate its commitment to denuclearization. CBS News has identified the site as the freshest of North Korea's recognised major missile testing facilities.[238] On July 24, it was reported that North Korea had begun to dismantle a rocket launching and testing site near Tonchang, an action which Kim had pledged to Trump. South Korean President Moon called the move "a good sign for North Korea’s denuclearization".[239] The North Korea monitoring specialist group 38 North found that the Sohae Station, a satellite-launch site in North Korea, was being demolished. Satellite imagery shows that several significant structures were destroyed: a missile-launching stand and a building near a launchpad for satellites. 38 North suggested that it is an essential beginning step towards achieving a commitment made by Kim Jong Un at the June 12 Singapore Summit.[240] On 7 August, there is more progress on Dismantling Facilities at the Sohae Satellite and Missile Launching Station. it entails the demolition of the test stand's concrete foundations, launch pad's gantry tower and pad foundation, etc. While the previous dismantlement of the vertical engine test stand on 23 July, represents a fulfilment of Chairman Kim's arrangement with President Trump conducted publicly during the post-Singapore Summit press conference, activity at the launch pad and concrete foundation appears to go exceeding that pledge. These activities, however, must be viewed cautiously as “principal steps” since neither are presently permanent or irreversible. Concerning 38 North's scrutiny, it would characterize more durable and irreversible actions as there is no identified facility with equivalent capabilities elsewhere in the DPRK.[241] North Korea announced in December 2019 that it had recently conducted a "very important test" at the Sohae site. Some analysts believed the test involved a new ICBM engine, as the country was believed to be migrating from its liquid-fueled missiles to new solid-fueled versions that were easier to transport, conceal and launch.[242] The country announced it had conducted a "crucial test' at the Sohae site days later.[243] Negotiation process between US and DPRK In August, during the ASEAN Regional Forum 2018, North Korea's nuclear program was the critical agenda item. ASEAN forum foreign ministers issued a joint statement calling for a "complete denuclearization" which is the same phrase used in the joint statement issued after the summit, and represents a change from last year's call for a "complete, verifiable and irreversible denuclearization".[244] South Korea's Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha has said that she had "considerable" consultations over the issue of the declaration to a formal end of the 1950-53 Korean war with the Chinese and U.S. foreign ministers.[245] Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said "everyone can announce a declaration ending the war if they do not want the war to happen again".[246] North Korean Foreign Minister Ri Yong Ho said he was “alarmed” by U.S. insistence on maintaining sanctions until North Korea denuclearizes and what he said was U.S. reluctance to declare a formal end to the Korean War.[247] United States Forces in Korea maintains several nuclear bomber fighters and DPRK is demanding USA safety guarantee for giving up nuclear weapon programs of Pyongyang.[215] Questions about missile development The media source 38 North, an American agency which monitors North Korea, told CNN that only two small roof buildings had been newly erected, which might be used for hospitality roles for senior officials or nuclear inspectors. Other improved infrastructures were already developed before the Trump-Kim Summit.[248][249] On June 30, NBC reported that, according to an assessment by the U.S. intelligence agencies, North Korea might have increased production of fuel for nuclear weapons at multiple secret sites after the summit, though if the process of enrichment had occurred, it must have begun before the summit.[250][251] On August 3, experts monitoring U.N. sanctions against North Korea sent a report to the UN Security Council saying North Korea "has not stopped its nuclear and missiles programs" and is still violating sanctions by transferring coal at sea and flouting an arms embargo and financial sanctions.[252][253] However, North Korean Foreign Minister Ri-Yong Ho said in a privilege speech at the ASEAN summit, that a “good-faith implementation of the Joint Statement (between the USA and DPRK) would be necessary”. Referring to this same speech, the North Korea monitoring specialist Group, 38 North, believes that in order to achieve the goal to denuclearize, a scheme of ALL TAKE-NO GIVE will never work with DPRK.[254][255][256][257][258] The New York Times reported on November 12, 2018 that "satellite images suggest that the North has been engaged in a great deception" by offering to dismantle one missile launch site while continuing to develop sixteen others. The Times reported that American intelligence had determined that North Korea's production of fissile material, nuclear weapons and mobile missile systems had continued since the summit, adding that the missile network was "long known to American intelligence agencies but left undiscussed as President Trump claims to have neutralized the North’s nuclear threat."[259] The following day, Trump called the report of North Korea developing missile sites "inaccurate" and "just more fake news," adding "We fully know about the sites being discussed, nothing new."[260] The Times stood by the accuracy of its report.[261] On November 13, 2018, Kim Eui Keum, a spokesman for South Korean President Moon Jae-In, described the report and images as "nothing new" and further stated that North Korea "has never signed any agreement, any negotiation that makes shutting down missile bases mandatory."[262] CNN acquired satellite images in December 2018 that indicated North Korea was continuing to significantly expand a major long-range missile site in the mountainous interior of the country, including an "extremely large underground facility" that could be under construction as of August 2018.[263] Second U.S.–North Korean Summit Main article: 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit On October 7, 2018, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Kim met in Pyongyang and agreed to a second U.S.–North Korea summit,[264] with South Korea's presidential office stating that it would take place "as soon as possible."[265] It is unknown at this time when the second summit will take place. However, Pompeo stated it would happen "soon" and that details have been revealed to South Korean President Moon Jae-In during a meeting in the South Korean capital of Seoul.[266] During the State of the Union Address President Trump announced Vietnam to host the second meeting between the two leaders. According to President Trump, this summit will be held in Vietnam on February 27–28, 2019. On February 8, 2019, President Trump announced that Hanoi will host the summit meeting.[267] See also     2018–19 Korean peace process     Korean reunification     North Korea–United States relations         Agreed Framework         2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit (the second Trump–Kim summit)     Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula     North Korea and weapons of mass destruction     Nuclear power in North Korea     List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea     2017–18 North Korea crisis     2017 North Korean missile tests     April 2018 inter-Korean summit     May 2018 inter-Korean summit     September 2018 inter-Korean summit     Kim–Xi meetings, unofficial North Korea–China summit     Kim–Putin meetings, unofficial North Korea–Russia summit     List of international trips made by Kim Jong-un References Williams, Jennifer (June 12, 2018). "Read the full transcript of Trump's North Korea summit press conference". Vox. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. 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coloured voting box.svgPolitics portalFlag of North Korea.svgNorth Korea portalFlag of the United States.svgUnited States portalFlag of Singapore.svgSingapore portalP history.svgHistory portalP vip.svgBiography portalRadioactive.svgNuclear technology portal Categories:     2018 in international relations2018 in North Korea2018 in American politics2018 in Singapore2018 conferencesJune 2018 events in AsiaKim Jong-unNorth Korea–United States relationsPresidency of Donald TrumpSouth Korea–United States relationsUnited States presidential visits   Donald Trump 45th President of the United States Incumbent Assumed office January 20, 2017 Vice President    Mike Pence Preceded by    Barack Obama Personal details Born    Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 (age 73) Queens, New York City Political party    Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) Other political affiliations       Democratic (until 1987, 2001–2009)     Reform (1999–2001)     Independent (2011–2012) Spouse(s)       Ivana Zelníčková     (m. 1977; div. 1992)     Marla Maples     (m. 1993; div. 1999)     Melania Knauss (m. 2005) Children       Donald Jr. Ivanka Eric Tiffany Barron Parents    Fred Trump Mary Anne MacLeod Relatives    Family of Donald Trump Residence       White House (official)     Mar-a-Lago (personal)     Full list Alma mater    The Wharton School (BS in Econ.) Net worth    US$2.1 billion (April 2020)[a] Awards    List of honors and awards Signature    Donald J Trump stylized autograph, in ink Website       Official website     White House website Nickname(s)    "The Donald"[1] Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg    This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency     Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions         proclamations pardons Trips         2017 2018 2019 2020 international North Korea summits         Singapore Hanoi DMZ Helsinki summit Shutdowns         Jan 2018 2018–2019 Polls Protests Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Death of Qasem Soleimani virus pandemic Appointments     Cabinet         formation Ambassadors Federal judges         Gorsuch Kavanaugh Supreme Court candidates Executives U.S. Attorneys Dismissals         Comey Policies     Economy         tax cuts tariffs China trade war Environment         Paris withdrawal Foreign policy         Iran deal Jerusalem Golan Peace plan Immigration         travel ban wall family separation migrant detentions troop deployments national emergency Infrastructure Social issues         cannabis Space Impeachment     Early efforts Trump–Ukraine scandal Inquiry and hearings Senate trial Presidential campaigns Controversies involving Russia Business and personal     vte Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born and raised in Queens, a borough of New York City, and received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School. He took charge of his family's real-estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The company built or renovated skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. He produced and hosted The Apprentice, a reality television series, from 2003 to 2015. As of 2020, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $2.1 billion.[a] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries. His political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. Despite not being favored in most forecasts, he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, although he lost the popular vote. He became the oldest first-term U.S. president,[b] and the first without prior military or government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. The statements have been documented by fact-checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist. During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns; after legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's third revision. He enacted a tax-cut package for individuals and businesses, rescinding the individual health insurance mandate. He appointed Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Trump has pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. During increased tensions with Iran, he ordered the killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani. He imposed import tariffs triggering a trade war with China, recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and withdrew U.S. troops in northern Syria to avoid Turkey's offensive on American-allied Kurds. A special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller found that Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged Russian foreign interference in the 2016 presidential election under the belief that it would be politically advantageous, but did not find sufficient evidence to press charges of criminal conspiracy or coordination with Russia. Mueller also investigated Trump for obstruction of justice, and his report neither indicted nor exonerated Trump on that count. A 2019 House of Representatives impeachment inquiry found that Trump solicited foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Ukraine to help his re-election bid and then obstructed the inquiry itself. The House impeached Trump on December 18, 2019, for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Senate acquitted him of both charges on February 5, 2020. Personal life Early life and education A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling and wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder 1964 yearbook photo Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens, New York City.[2] His father was Frederick Christ Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants. His mother was Scottish-born housewife Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens and attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[3][4] At age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[5] In 1964, Trump enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.[6] While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump & Son.[7] He graduated in May 1968 with a B.S. in economics.[6][8] Profiles of Trump published in The New York Times in 1973 and 1976 erroneously reported that he had graduated first in his class at Wharton, but he had never made the school's honor roll.[9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Fordham University and the New York Military Academy with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.[10] While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments.[11] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In October 1968, he was medically deferred and classified 1-Y (unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency).[13] In 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, which permanently disqualified him from service.[14][15] Trump said in 2015 that the medical deferment was due to a bone spur in a foot, though he could not remember which foot had been afflicted.[13] Family Main article: Family of Donald Trump Further information: Trump family Trump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts on January 20, 2017: Trump, wife Melania, and his children Donald Jr., Barron, Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany. Trump's father, Fred, was born in 1905 in the Bronx. He started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15. Their company, "E. Trump & Son", founded in 1923,[16] was active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, building and selling thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.[17] In spite of his German ancestry, Fred claimed to be Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II; Trump repeated this claim until the 1990s.[18] Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Scotland.[19] Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[20] Trump grew up with three elder siblings – Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth – and younger brother Robert.[21] In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[22] They have three children, Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984), and ten grandchildren.[23] Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.[24] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[25] Maples and Trump married in 1993[26] and had one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993).[27] They were divorced in 1999,[28] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.[29] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[30] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).[31] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.[32] Religion Trump is a Presbyterian and as a child was confirmed at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[33] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan.[34] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,[33] ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993.[35][34] While campaigning, Trump referred to The Art of the Deal as his second favorite book; he said, "Nothing beats the Bible."[36] In November 2019, Trump appointed his personal pastor, controversial televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[37] Health and lifestyle Trump abstains from alcohol, a reaction to his older brother Fred Trump Jr.'s alcoholism and early death.[38] He stated that he has never smoked cigarettes or cannabis.[39] He likes fast food.[40] He has said he prefers three to four hours of sleep per night.[41] He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise",[42] although he usually does not walk the course.[43] He considers exercise a waste of energy.[44][45] In December 2015, Harold Bornstein, who had been Trump's personal physician since 1980, wrote in a letter that he would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".[46] In May 2018, Bornstein said Trump himself had dictated the contents of the letter,[47] and that three Trump agents had removed his medical records in February 2017 without due authorization.[48] In January 2018, White House physician Ronny Jackson said Trump was in excellent health and that his cardiac assessment revealed no issues.[49] Several outside cardiologists commented that Trump's 2018 LDL cholesterol level of 143 did not indicate excellent health.[50] In February 2019, after a new examination, White House physician Sean Conley said Trump was in "very good health overall", although he was clinically obese.[51] His 2019 ry CT calcium scan score indicates he suffers from a form of ry artery disease common for white men of his age.[52] Wealth Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump See also: Tax returns of Donald Trump In 1982, Trump was listed on the initial Forbes list of wealthy individuals as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be dropped from the list between 1990 and 1995.[53] In its 2020 billionaires ranking, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $2.1 billion[a] (1,001st in the world, 275th in the U.S.)[56] making him one of the richest politicians in American history and the first billionaire American president.[56] During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138 spots.[57] When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion;[58] however FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show each of his largest buildings as being worth over $50 million, yielding total assets worth more than $1.4 billion and debt over $265 million.[59] Trump said in a 2007 deposition, "My net worth fluctuates, and it goes up and down with markets and with attitudes and with feelings, even my own feelings."[60] Trump with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, U.S. president Ronald Reagan, and his first wife Ivana Trump in 1985 Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in April 2018 that Trump, using a pseudonym "John Barron", called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, in an effort to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.[61] Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.[62] In October 2018, The New York Times reported that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8", borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to reimburse him, and had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over his lifetime.[63][64] According to the report, Trump and his family committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department of New York says it is "vigorously pursuing all appropriate avenues of investigation" into it.[65][66] Analyses by The Economist and The Washington Post have concluded that Trump's investments underperformed the stock market.[67][68] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the value of Trump's personal brand licensing business had declined by 88% since 2015, to $3 million.[69] Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year period, in contrast to his claims about his financial health and business abilities. The New York Times reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump appears to have lost more money than nearly any other individual American taxpayer", and Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991 – more than $250 million each year – were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers in the I.R.S. information for those years". In 1995 his reported losses were $915.7 million.[70][71] Business career Main article: Business career of Donald Trump Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia Real estate Distinctive façade of Trump Tower, headquarters of the Trump Organization, in Midtown Manhattan Trump began his career in 1968 at his father Fred's real estate development company, E. Trump & Son, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[72][73] In 1971, he was named president of the family company and renamed it The Trump Organization.[74] Manhattan developments Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,[75] who also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction financing.[76][77] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[78] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[79] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[80][81] In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.[82] In 1995, Trump lost the hotel to Citibank and investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who assumed $300 million of the debt.[83][84] In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.[85] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South. Trump temporarily retained a partial stake in an adjacent site along with other investors.[86] Palm Beach estate Main article: Mar-a-Lago Mar-a-Lago in 2009 In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[87] Trump used a wing of the estate as a home, while converting the remainder into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues.[88] The initiation fee was $100,000 until 2016; it was doubled to $200,000 in January 2017.[89] On September 27, 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.[81] Atlantic City casinos In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey with financing from the Holiday Corporation, who also managed the operation. Gambling had been legalized there in 1977 in an effort to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.[90] Soon after it opened the casino was renamed "Trump Plaza", but the property's poor financial results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control of the property.[91] Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. Upon its completion in 1985, that hotel and casino was called Trump Castle. Trump's then-wife Ivana managed it until 1988.[92][93] The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India. Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City Trump acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal, in 1988 in a highly leveraged transaction.[94] It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed at a cost of $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[95][96][97] The project went bankrupt the following year,[96] and the reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake and required him to pledge personal guarantees of future performance.[98] Facing "enormous debt", he gave up control of his money-losing airline, Trump Shuttle, and sold his 282-foot (86 m) mega yacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.[99][100] In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[101] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with only ten percent ownership.[102] He remained chairman of THCR until 2009.[103] Golf courses Main article: Donald Trump and golf A golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white façade and a red roof. Turnberry Hotel and golf course in Ayrshire, Scotland The Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999.[104] It owned 16 golf courses and resorts worldwide and operated another two as of December 2016. According to Trump's FEC personal financial disclosure, his 2015 golf and resort revenue amounted to $382 million.[105] From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one out of every five days at one of his golf clubs.[106] Branding and licensing See also: List of things named after Donald Trump Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago After the Trump Organization's financial losses in the early 1990s, it refocused its business on branding and licensing the Trump name for building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies.[107] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, it expanded this branding and management business to hotel towers to locations around the world, including Chicago; Las Vegas; Washington, D.C.; Panama City; Toronto; and Vancouver. There were also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai, and Indonesia.[108] The Trump name has also been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.[109][110] According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.[111] By 2018 only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[110] Lawsuits and bankruptcies Main articles: Legal affairs of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump As of April 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today.[112] As of 2016, he or one of his companies had been the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450.[113] While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[114][115] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[114][115] During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,[116] but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.[117] In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[118][119] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[120] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[121][122] Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,[123] arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".[124][125] Side ventures After taking over control of the Trump Organization in 1971, Trump expanded its real estate operations and ventured into other business activities. The company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.[126] In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule where they competed with the NFL for audience, and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust lawsuit against the organization.[127][128] Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, including Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight against Michael Spinks.[129][130] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[131] In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of Wall Street's so-called corporate raiders, whose tactics had attracted wide public attention. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think that he was engaged in the practice called greenmail, or feigning the intent to acquire the companies and then pressuring management to repurchase the buyer's stake at a premium. The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously."[132][133][134] Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In 1988, Trump purchased the defunct Eastern Air Lines shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.[135] From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part of or all the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[136][137] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[138][139] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[140] After NBC and Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015,[141] Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and sold the entire company to the William Morris talent agency.[142] Trump University Main article: Trump University In 2004, Trump co-founded a company called Trump University that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.[143][144] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[145] In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[146][147] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court; they named Trump personally as well as his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees said in depositions that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[148][149][150][151][152] Shortly after he won the presidency, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[153] Foundation Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a U.S.-based private foundation established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal.[154][155] In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.[156] The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.[157] In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[158] Also in 2016, the New York State Attorney General's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[159][160] Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President".[161] In June 2018 the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump himself, and his adult children, asking for $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[162][163] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities.[164] The following November, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[165][166] Conflicts of interest Tayyip Erdoğan, then the prime minister of Turkey, attended the opening of the Trump Towers Istanbul AVM in 2012. Before being inaugurated as president, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his eldest sons and a business associate.[167][168] According to ethics experts, as long as Trump continues to profit from his businesses, the measures taken by Trump do not help to avoid conflicts of interest.[169] Because Trump would have knowledge of how his administration's policies would affect his businesses, ethics experts recommend that Trump sell off his businesses.[168] While Trump said his organization would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization has since pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[169] Multiple lawsuits have been filed alleging that Trump is violating the Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution, which forbids presidents from taking money from foreign governments, due to his business interests; they argue that these interests allow foreign governments to influence him.[169][170] Previous presidents in the modern era have either divested their holdings or put them in blind trusts,[167] and he is the first president to be sued over the emoluments clause.[170] According to The Guardian, "NBC News recently calculated that representatives of at least 22 foreign governments – including some facing charges of corruption or human rights abuses such as Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Turkey and the Philippines – seem to have spent funds at Trump properties while he has been president."[171] On October 21, 2019, Trump mocked the Emoluments Clause as "phony".[172] In 2015, Trump said he "makes a lot of money with" the Saudis and that "they pay me millions and hundreds of millions."[173] And at a political rally, Trump said about Saudi Arabia: "They buy apartments from me. They spend $40 million, $50 million. Am I supposed to dislike them? I like them very much."[174] In December 2015, Trump said in a radio interview that he had a "conflict of interest" in dealing with Turkey and Turkish president Tayyip Erdoğan because of his Trump Towers Istanbul, saying "I have a little conflict of interest because I have a major, major building in Istanbul and it's a tremendously successful job ... It's called Trump Towers – two towers instead of one ... I've gotten to know Turkey very well".[175][176] Media career Books Main article: Bibliography of Donald Trump Trump's first ghostwritten book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 48 weeks. According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, promoting an image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon." Tony Schwartz, who is credited as co-author, later said he did all the writing, backed by Howard Kaminsky, then-head of Random House, the book's publisher.[177] Two further lesser memoirs were published in 1990 and 1997. WWF/E Trump has had a sporadic relationship with professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment and its owners Vince and Linda McMahon since the late 1980s; in 1988 and 1989, WrestleMania IV and V, which took place at the Atlantic City Convention Hall, were billed as taking place at the nearby Trump Plaza.[178][179] He headlined the record-breaking WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.[180] The Apprentice Main article: The Apprentice (American TV series) In 2003, Trump became the co-producer and host of The Apprentice, a reality show in which contestants competed for a one-year management job with the Trump Organization, and Trump weeded out applicants with the catchphrase "You're fired".[181] He later co-hosted The Celebrity Apprentice, in which celebrities competed to win money for charities.[181] Acting Main article: Donald Trump filmography Trump has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows[182][183] and performed a song as a Green Acres character with Megan Mullally at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005.[184] Talk shows Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[185] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[186][187] In 2011, he was given a weekly unpaid guest commentator spot on Fox & Friends that continued until he started his presidential candidacy in 2015.[188][189] Political career Main article: Political career of Donald Trump Political activities up to 2015 Trump's political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, the Democratic Party in 2001, and back to the Republican Party in 2009.[190] In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[191] advocating peace in Central America, accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and reduction of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay "their fair share" for military defense.[192] He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.[191] 2000 presidential campaign Main article: Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the nomination of the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election.[193][194] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.[195] Trump dropped out of the race in February 2000.[196] 2012 presidential speculation Trump speculated about running for president in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[197][198] In May 2011 he announced that he would not run.[197] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[199] Before the 2016 election, The New York Times speculated that Trump "accelerated his ferocious efforts to gain stature within the political world" after Obama lampooned him at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in April 2011.[200] In 2011 the then-superintendent of the New York Military Academy, Jeffrey Coverdale, ordered the then-headmaster of the school, Evan Jones, to give him Trump's academic records so that he could keep them secret, according to Jones. Coverdale said he had been asked to add to hand the records over to members of the school's board of trustees who were Mr. Trump's friends, but he refused to give the records to anyone and instead sealed Trump's records on campus. The incident reportedly happened days after Trump demanded the release of President Barack Obama's academic records.[201] 2013–2015 In 2013, Trump spoke at CPAC again;[202] he railed against illegal immigration, bemoaned Obama's "unprecedented media protection", advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, and suggested that the government "take" Iraq's oil and use the proceeds to pay a million dollars each to families of dead soldiers.[203][204] He spent over $1 million that year to research a possible 2016 candidacy.[205] In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. Trump responded that while New York had problems and its taxes were too high, he was not interested in the governorship.[206] A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.[207] According to Trump's attorney Michael Cohen, in May 2015 he sent letters to the New York Military Academy and to Fordham, threatening legal action if the schools ever released Trump's grades or SAT scores; Fordham confirmed receipt of the letter as well as a phone call from a member of the Trump team.[208] 2016 presidential campaign Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign Republican primaries See also: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries Trump speaking behind a brown wooden podium, wearing a dark blue suit and a red tie. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign. Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, July 2015 On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump discussed illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan: "Make America Great Again".[209] Trump said his wealth would make him immune to pressure from campaign donors.[210] He declared that he was funding his own campaign,[211] but according to The Atlantic, "Trump's claims of self-funding have always been dubious at best and actively misleading at worst."[212] Trump's campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[213] On Super Tuesday, Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout the primaries. By March 2016, Trump was poised to win the Republican nomination.[214] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016 – which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns – RNC chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[215] General election campaign After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to the general election. Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016. Clinton had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[216][217][218] Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures. Pence is at right, facing Trump and clapping. Candidate Trump and running mate Mike Pence at the Republican National Convention, July 2016 On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate.[219] Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.[220] The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not attend.[221][222] On September 26, 2016, Trump and Clinton faced off in their first presidential debate, which was held at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[223] The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The final presidential debate was held on October 19 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.[224][225] Political positions Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries[226] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During the campaign Trump repeatedly called NATO "obsolete".[227][228] His political positions have been described as populist,[229][230][231] and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for deregulation and large reductions in income taxes, consistent with Republican Party policies,[232] along with significant infrastructure investment, usually considered a Democratic Party policy.[233] Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.[234][235] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[236] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[237] Campaign rhetoric In his campaign, Trump said he disdained political correctness; he also said the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse media bias.[238][239][240] In part due to his fame, and due to his willingness to say things other candidates would not, and because a candidate who is gaining ground automatically provides a compelling news story, Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.[241] Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.[242][243][244] At least four major publications – Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times – have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements, with the Los Angeles Times saying that "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has".[245] NPR said Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[246] Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where puffery abounds.[247] Trump adopted his ghostwriter's phrase "truthful hyperbole" to describe his public speaking style.[247][248] Support from the far right According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[249] During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.[250][251][252] He retweeted open racists,[253][254] and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists, in an interview on CNN's State of the Union, saying he would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing about Duke or white supremacists.[255][256] Duke himself enthusiastically supported Trump throughout the 2016 primary and election, and has said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".[257][258] After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed David Duke and the KKK.[259] Trump said on MSNBC's Morning Joe: "I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK. Do you want me to do it again for the 12th time? I disavowed him in the past, I disavow him now."[259] The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,[260] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[261][262][263] Members of the alt-right enthusiastically supported Trump's campaign.[264] In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon – the executive chairman of Breitbart News – as his campaign CEO; Bannon described Breitbart News as "the platform for the alt-right".[265] In an interview days after the election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with Nazi salutes.[266][267] Financial disclosures As a presidential candidate, Trump disclosed details of his companies, assets, and revenue sources to the extent required by the FEC. His 2015 report listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $265 million.[59][268] The 2016 form showed little change.[105] Trump has not released his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promise in 2014 to do so if he ran for office.[269] He said his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[270] Trump has told the press his tax rate was none of their business, and that he tries to pay "as little tax as possible".[271] In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.[272] On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.[273][274] On April 3, 2019, the House Ways and Means Committee made a formal request to the Internal Revenue Service for Trump's personal and business tax returns from 2013 to 2018, setting a deadline of April 10.[275] That day, Treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin said the deadline would not be met,[276] and the deadline was extended to April 23, which also was not honored,[277] and on May 6 Mnuchin said the request would be denied.[278] On May 10, 2019, committee chairman Richard Neal subpoenaed the Treasury Department and the IRS for the returns and seven days later the subpoenas were defied.[279][280] A fall 2018 draft IRS legal memo asserted that Trump must provide his tax returns to Congress unless he invokes executive privilege, contradicting the administration's justification for defying the earlier subpoena.[281] Mnuchin asserted the memo actually addressed a different matter.[282] Election to the presidency Main article: 2016 United States presidential election 2016 electoral vote results On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.[283] Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.[284][c] Clinton was ahead nationwide with 65,853,514 votes (48.18%) to 62,984,828 votes (46.09%).[287] Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset by most observers, as polls had consistently showed Hillary Clinton with a nationwide – though diminishing – lead, as well as a favorable advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated throughout his campaign,[288] and many observers blamed errors in polls, partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.[289] The polls were relatively accurate,[290] but media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a Clinton victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable concentration of Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.[291] Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with control of both chambers of Congress. Trump is the wealthiest president in U.S. history, even after adjusting for inflation,[292] and the oldest person to take office as president.[293] He is also the first president who did not serve in the military or hold elective or appointed government office prior to being elected.[294][295] Of the 43[d] previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office, two had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet, and three had never held public office but had been commanding generals.[295] Protests Main article: Protests against Donald Trump Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017, a day after the inauguration Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice versa both inside and outside the venues.[297][298][299] Trump's election victory sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies and his inflammatory statements. Trump initially said on Twitter that these were "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later tweeted, "Love the fact that the small groups of protesters last night have passion for our great country."[300][301] In the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump demonstrations took place, such as the Women Marches, which gathered 2,600,000 people worldwide,[302] including 500,000 in Washington alone.[303] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[304] 2020 presidential campaign Main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[305] This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.[306] Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.[307] By January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had $22 million in hand,[308] and it had raised a total amount exceeding $67 million by December 2018.[309] Trump became the Republican presumptive nominee on March 17, 2020 after securing a majority of pledged delegates.[310] Presidency Main article: Presidency of Donald Trump For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency. Early actions See also: Presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency Trump during his inauguration in 2017. From left, Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Chuck Schumer. Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City Policy, unlocking the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[311] Upon inauguration, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his sons Eric and Don Jr.[312] His daughter Ivanka resigned from the Trump Organization and moved to Washington, D.C., with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an assistant to the President,[313] and he is a Senior Advisor in the White House.[314] On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the seat on the Supreme Court previously held by Justice Antonin Scalia until his death on February 13, 2016.[315] Domestic policy Economy and trade Main article: Economic policy of Donald Trump See also: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and Trump tariffs The economic expansion that began in June 2009 continued through Trump's first three years in office. Throughout his presidency, he has repeatedly and falsely characterized the economy as the best in American history.[316] In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21 percent, lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the estate tax exemption to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.[317] Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017 Trump is a skeptic of multilateral trade deals, as he believes they indirectly incentivize unfair trade practices that then tend to go unpoliced. He favors bilateral trade deals, as they allow one party to pull out if the other party is believed to be behaving unfairly. Trump favors neutral or positive balances of trade over negative balances of trade, also known as a "trade deficit". Trump adopted his current skeptical views toward trade liberalization in the 1980s, and he sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.[318][319][320] He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[321] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[322] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[323][324] On several occasions, Trump has said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury.[325] Energy and climate Main article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[326][327] Since his election Trump has made large budget cuts to programs that research renewable energy and has rolled back Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[328] In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.[329] At the 2019 G7 summit, Trump skipped the sessions on climate change but said afterward during a press conference that he is an environmentalist.[330] Trump has rolled back federal regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water pollution, and the usage of toxic substances. He relaxed environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, while expanding permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction. Trump also weakened protections for animals.[331] Trump's energy policies aimed to boost the production and exports of coal, oil, and natural gas.[332] Government size and deregulation Trump's early policies have favored rollback and dismantling of government regulations. He has signed 15 Congressional Review Act disapproval resolutions to allow Congress to repeal executive regulations, the second President to sign any such resolutions after the first CRA resolution was passed in 2001, and the first President to sign more than one such resolution.[333] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.[334][335] On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two existing regulations be identified for elimination."[336][337] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.[338] Health care During his campaign, Trump repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare").[339] Shortly after taking office, he urged Congress to repeal and replace it. In May of that year, the House of Representatives voted to repeal it.[340] His first action as President was Executive Order 13765, which increased flexibility "to the maximum extent permitted by law" for the Cabinet to issue waivers, deferrals, and exemptions for the law while attempting to give states more flexibility.[341] Executive Order 13813 was subsequently issued, designed to reduce regulations imposed under Obamacare by increasing competition.[342] Trump has expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail", and the Trump administration has cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.[343][344][345] The 2017 tax bill effectively repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in 2019,[346][347][348] and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the Cadillac plan tax, medical device tax, and tanning tax.[349][350] As president, Trump has falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by ACA, while his administration declined to challenge a lawsuit that would eliminate it.[351] As a 2016 candidate, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.[352] Social issues Main article: Social policy of Donald Trump Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.[353] He has said he is committed to appointing "pro-life" justices.[354] He says he personally supports "traditional marriage"[355] but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[354] Despite the statement by Trump and the White House saying they would keep in place a 2014 executive order from the Obama administration which created federal workplace protections for LGBT people,[356] in March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections for LGBT people.[357] Trump supports a broad interpretation of the Second Amendment and says he is opposed to gun control in general,[358][359] although his views have shifted over time.[360] Trump opposes legalizing recreational marijuana but supports legalizing medical marijuana.[361] He favors capital punishment,[362][363] as well as the use of waterboarding and "a hell of a lot worse" methods.[364][365] Pardons and commutation On February 18, 2020, Trump pardoned white-collar criminals Michael Milken, Bernard Kerik, and Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., and commuted former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year corruption sentence.[366][367] On February 19, 2020, Assange's barrister told the court that Dana Rohrabacher, who was then a Republican Representative in the House, had visited Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy in August 2017 and, on instructions from Trump, offered a pardon if Assange said that Russia had no role in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leaks. The district judge hearing the case ruled that the evidence is admissible in Assange's legal attempts to block extradition to the U.S. "It is a complete fabrication", the White House Press Secretary, Stephanie Grisham, told reporters. "The president barely knows Dana Rohrabacher other than he's an ex-congressman. He's never spoken to him on this subject or almost any subject." Trump had previously invited Rohrabacher to the White House in April 2017.[368] Immigration Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a more substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants and vowed Mexico would pay for it.[369] He pledged to massively deport illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[370] and criticized birthright citizenship for creating "anchor babies".[371] He said deportation would focus on criminals, visa overstays, and security threats.[372] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.[373] Travel ban Main articles: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Order 13780 Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump made a controversial proposal to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[374][375][376] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".[377][378][379] On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order was imposed without warning and took effect immediately.[380] Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.[381][382] Sally Yates, the acting Attorney General, directed Justice Department lawyers not to defend the executive order, which she deemed unenforceable and unconstitutional;[383] Trump immediately dismissed her.[384] Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and on February 5 a federal judge in Seattle blocked its implementation nationwide.[385][386] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, and removed priorities for Christian minorities.[387][380] Again federal judges in three states blocked its implementation.[388] On June 26, 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".[389] The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[390] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4,[391] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.[392] Family separation at border Main article: Trump administration family separation policy In April 2018, Trump enacted a "zero tolerance" immigration policy that temporarily took adults irregularly entering the U.S. into custody for criminal prosecution and forcibly separated children from parents, eliminating the policy of previous administrations, which had made exceptions for families with children.[393][394] By mid-June, more than 2,300 children had been placed in shelters, including Department of Health and Human Services-designated "tender age" shelters for children under thirteen,[395] culminating in demands from Democrats, Republicans, Trump allies, and religious groups that the policy be rescinded.[396] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law.[397][398][399] On June 20, Trump signed an executive order to end family separations at the U.S. border.[400] On June 26 a federal judge in San Diego issued a preliminary injunction requiring the Trump administration to stop detaining immigrant parents separately from their minor children, and to reunite family groups who had been separated at the border.[401] 2018–2019 federal government shutdown Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California Main article: 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown On December 22, 2018, the federal government was partially shut down after Trump declared that any funding extension must include $5.6 billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall to partly fulfill his campaign promise.[402] The shutdown was caused by a lapse in funding for nine federal departments, affecting about one-fourth of federal government activities.[403] Trump said he would not accept any bill that did not include funding for the wall, and Democrats, who control the House, said they would not support any bill that does. Senate Republicans have said they will not advance any legislation that Trump would not sign.[404] In earlier negotiations with Democratic leaders, Trump commented that he would be "proud to shut down the government for border security".[405] Foreign policy Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration Trump with Angela Merkel, Emmanuel Macron, Justin Trudeau and other leaders at the 45th G7 summit in France Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia Trump has been described as a non-interventionist[406][407] and an American nationalist.[408] He has repeatedly said he supports an "America First" foreign policy.[409] He supports increasing United States military defense spending,[408] but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO and in the Pacific region.[410] He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.[407] His foreign policy has been marked by repeated praise and support of neo-nationalist and authoritarian strongmen and criticism of democratically-led governments.[411] Trump has cited China's president Xi Jinping,[412] Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte,[413] Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[414] Turkey's president Tayyip Erdoğan,[415] King Salman of Saudi Arabia,[416] Italy's prime minister Giuseppe Conte,[417] Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro,[418] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi,[419] and Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán as examples of good leaders.[420] Trump has also praised Poland under the EU-skeptic, anti-immigrant Law and Justice party (PiS) as a defender of Western civilization.[421][422] ISIS and war In April 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.[423] According to investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump had ordered his defense secretary James Mattis to assassinate Syrian president Bashar al-Assad after the chemical attack, but Mattis declined; Trump denied doing so.[424] In April 2018, he announced missile strikes against Assad's regime, following a suspected chemical attack near Damascus.[425] In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria, contradicting Department of Defense assessments.[426][427][428] Mattis resigned the next day over disagreements in foreign policy, calling this decision an abandonment of Kurd allies who had played a key role in fighting ISIS.[429] One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.[430] On January 6, 2019, national security advisor John Bolton announced America would remain in Syria until ISIS is eradicated and Turkey guarantees it will not strike America's Kurdish allies.[431] Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[432][433][434] Trump also praised his relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[432] U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017,[435] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[436] U.S. officials said then that they aimed to "force the Taliban to negotiate a political settlement"; in January 2018, however, Trump spoke against talks with the Taliban.[437] Trump with Turkish president Erdoğan in November 2019 In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged that Turkey would be carrying out a planned military offensive into northern Syria; as such, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference with that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's captured ISIS fighters to Turkey.[438] In the following days, Trump suggested that the Kurds intentionally released ISIS prisoners in order to gain sympathy, suggested that they were fighting only for their own financial interests, suggested that some of them were worse than ISIS, and termed them "no angels".[439] Congress members of both parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump such as Senator Lindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the American-allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime.[440] Trump defended the move, citing the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of support from the Kurds in past U.S. wars.[441][442] After the U.S. pullout, Turkey proceeded to attack Kurdish-controlled areas in northeastern Syria.[443] On October 16, the United States House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, "condemned" Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[444][445] Iran See also: Iran–United States relations § 2017–present: Trump administration, United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, and 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis Trump has described the regime in Iran as "the rogue regime", although he has also asserted he does not seek regime change.[446][447] He has repeatedly criticized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA or "Iran nuclear deal") that was negotiated with the United States, Iran, and five other world powers in 2015, calling it "terrible" and saying the Obama administration had negotiated the agreement "from desperation".[448][449][450] Following Iran's ballistic missile tests on January 29, 2017, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on 25 Iranian individuals and entities in February 2017.[451][452][453] Trump reportedly lobbied "dozens" of European officials against doing business with Iran during the May 2017 Brussels summit; this likely violated the terms of the JCPOA, under which the U.S. may not pursue "any policy specifically intended to directly and adversely affect the normalization of trade and economic relations with Iran". The Trump administration certified in July 2017 that Iran had upheld its end of the agreement.[454] On August 2, 2017, Trump signed into law the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) that grouped together sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea.[455] On May 18, 2018, Trump announced the United States' unilateral departure from the JCPOA.[449] In May 2017, strained relations between the U.S. and Iran escalated when Trump deployed military bombers and a carrier group to the Persian Gulf. Trump hinted at war on social media, provoking a response from Iran for what Iranian foreign minister Javad Zarif called "genocidal taunts".[456][457][458] Trump and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman are allies in the conflict with Iran.[459] Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates following the attack on Saudi oil facilities which the United States has blamed on Iran.[460] He also ordered a targeted U.S. airstrike on January 2, 2020, which killed Iranian Major General and IRGC Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, as well as eight other people.[461] Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites if Iran retaliated; such an attack by the U.S. would violate international law.[462] On January 8, 2020, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps launched multiple ballistic missiles on two U.S. airbases in Iraq.[463] Israel See also: Israel–United States relations § Trump administration (2017–present) Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Yad Vashem, May 2017 Trump has supported the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[464] He officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on December 6, 2017, despite criticism and warnings from world leaders. He subsequently opened a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem in May 2018.[465][466] The United Nations General Assembly condemned the move, adopting a resolution that "calls upon all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem".[467][468] In March 2019, Trump reversed decades of U.S. policy by recognizing Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights,[469] a move condemned by the European Union and the Arab League.[470] China See also: China–United States relations § Trump's presidency (2017–), and China–United States trade war Before and during his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[471] During his presidency, Trump has launched a trade war against China, sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran,[472] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese nationality students and scholars[473][474] and classified China as a "currency manipulator".[475] In the wake of the significant deterioration of relations, many political observers have warned against a new cold war between China and the U.S.[476][477][478] North Korea See also: North Korea–United States relations Trump meets Kim Jong-un at the Singapore summit, June 2018. In 2017, North Korea's nuclear weapons became increasingly seen as a serious threat to the United States.[479][480][481] In August, Trump dramatically escalated his rhetoric against North Korea, warning that further provocations against the U.S. would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".[482] In response, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un threatened to direct a missile test toward Guam.[483] On June 12, 2018, Trump and Kim held a summit in Singapore,[484] resulting in North Korea affirming its intention "to work toward complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula."[485][486] A second summit took place in February 2019, in Hanoi, Vietnam.[487] It ended abruptly without an agreement, both sides blaming each other and offering differing accounts of the negotiations.[487][488] On June 30, 2019, Trump, Kim, and South Korean President Moon Jae-in held brief talks in the Korean Demilitarized Zone, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president had set foot on North Korean soil. They agreed to resume negotiations.[489] Bilateral talks began in Stockholm on October 5, but broke down after one day.[490] Russia See also: Russia–United States relations Putin and Trump at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019 During his campaign and as president, Trump has repeatedly asserted that he desires better relations with Russia,[491][492] and he has praised Russian president Vladimir Putin as a strong leader.[493][494] He also said Russia could help the U.S. in its fight against ISIS.[495] According to Putin and some political experts and diplomats, the U.S.–Russian relations, which were already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War, have further deteriorated since Trump took office in January 2017.[496][497][498] After Trump met Putin at the Helsinki Summit on July 16, 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for siding with Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of the United States intelligence community.[499][500][501] Trump has criticized Russia about Syria,[502] Ukraine,[503] North Korea,[504] Venezuela,[505] and the Skripal poisoning,[506] but has sent mixed messages regarding Crimea.[507][508][509] He forbade U.S. oil companies from drilling in Russia.[510] Cuba See also: Cuba–United States relations In November 2017, the Trump administration tightened the rules on trade with Cuba and individual visits to the country, undoing the Obama administration's loosening of restrictions. According to an administration official, the new rules were intended to hinder trade with businesses with ties to the Cuban military, intelligence and security services.[511] Venezuela See also: United States–Venezuela relations Trump with Venezuela's opposition leader and interim president, Juan Guaidó, at the White House, February 2020 On August 11, 2017, Trump said he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the government of Nicolás Maduro.[512] In September 2018, Trump called "for the restoration of democracy in Venezuela" and said that "socialism has bankrupted the oil-rich nation and driven its people into abject poverty."[513] On January 23, 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following Trump's announcement of recognizing Juan Guaidó, the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim president of Venezuela.[514] NATO Trump and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, April 2017 As a candidate, Trump questioned whether he, as president, would automatically extend security guarantees to NATO members,[515] and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the alliance.[516] As president, he reaffirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO in March 2017.[517] However, he has repeatedly accused fellow NATO members of paying less than their fair share of the expenses of the alliance.[518] In January 2019, The New York Times quoted senior administration officials as saying Trump has privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from NATO.[519] The next day Trump said the United States is going to "be with NATO one hundred percent" but repeated that the other countries have to "step up" and pay more.[520] Personnel Main articles: Political appointments by Donald Trump and Cabinet of Donald Trump See also: Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet Cabinet meeting, March 2017 The Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[521] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[522] and 141 staffers had left in the past year.[523] Both figures set a record for recent presidents – more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[524] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Mike Flynn (after just 25 days in office), Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, replaced by retired Marine general John F. Kelly on July 28, 2017,[525] and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[524] Close personal aides to Trump such as Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee and Keith Schiller, have quit or been forced out.[526] Trump's cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,[527] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury,[528] retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,[529] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State.[530] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[531] and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.[532] Two of Trump's 15 original cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Secretary of State Rex Tillerson with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.[533][526] EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in July 2018 amidst multiple investigations into his conduct,[534] while Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned five months later as he also faced multiple investigations.[535] Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying that many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[536] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61%) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37%).[537] Dismissal of James Comey Main article: Dismissal of James Comey On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. He first attributed this action to recommendations from Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein,[538] which criticized Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails.[539] On May 11, Trump said he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"[540] and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier, regardless of DOJ advice.[541] According to a Comey memo of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[542] In March and April, Trump had told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,[543] and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.[544] He also asked intelligence chiefs Dan Coats and Michael Rogers to issue statements saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.[545] Both refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.[546] Comey eventually testified on June 8 that while he was director, the FBI investigations did not target Trump himself.[543][547] virus pandemic Trump conducting  press briefing on March 15, 2020, at White House press briefing room Trump conducting  press briefing on April 1, 2020. Yellow signs on the backs of chairs mandate social distancing for members of the press. Main article: 2020 virus pandemic in the United States In December 2019, an outbreak of virus disease 2019 () was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, spreading worldwide within weeks.[548][549] The first confirmed case in the United States was reported on January 20, 2020.[550] On January 31, Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar announced a partial ban on travel to the U.S. from China, effective February 2.[551] Trump was slow to address the pandemic, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring calls for action from government medical experts including Azar.[552][553][554] Throughout January and February, he rejected persistent public health warnings from officials within his administration, focusing instead on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[555] He continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and CDC officials had repeatedly told him it would take 12–18 months to develop a vaccine.[556][557] Trump also exaggerated the availability of testing for the virus, falsely claiming that "Anybody that wants a test can get a test," even though availability of tests was severely limited.[558][559] On March 6, Trump signed the virus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[560] On March 11, Trump gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, stating that the outbreak was "a temporary moment" and that there was no financial crisis.[561] On March 13 he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[562][563][564] In a March 16 press conference, Trump acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was "not under control"; that the situation was "bad"; and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[565] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[566] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[567] Trump also frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden; praised his own response to the pandemic; and denounced members of the White House press corps.[566][568][569] Trump's repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe  drew criticism from the media, health experts, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Chinese government.[570][571][572] By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of Trump's daily press briefings, with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his virus task force, particularly virus response coordinator Deborah Birx and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony S. Fauci."[573] Anti-lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse, April 18, 2020 In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[574][575] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter.[576] Public profile Approval ratings Further information: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration Polling suggests that Trump is the most unpopular president since Harry Truman.[577] At the end of his second year, his two-year average Gallup approval rating was the lowest of any president since World War II.[578] As of February 2020, his Gallup rating has ranged from a low of 35% approval to a high of 49%.[579][580] His approval and disapproval ratings have been unusually stable.[581][582] In Gallup's end-of-year poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, and tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019.[583] Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[584] False statements Main article: Veracity of statements by Donald Trump Fact-checkers from The Washington Post[585] and from the Toronto Star[586] and CNN[587] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively. As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[588][589][590] The statements have been documented by fact-checkers; academics and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics.[591][592][248] This trait of his was similarly observed when he was a presidential candidate.[593][594] His falsehoods have also become a distinctive part of his political identity.[592] Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office, according to The New York Times,[588] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office, according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis column of The Washington Post.[595] By the Post's tally, it took Trump 601 days to reach 5,000 false or misleading statements and another 226 days to reach the 10,000 mark.[596] For the seven weeks leading up to the midterm elections, it rose to an average of thirty per day[597] from 4.9 during his first hundred days in office.[598] The Post's reported tally is 18,000 as of April 3, 2020,[585] with the 2019 total more than double the cumulative total of 2017 and 2018.[599] Racial views Main article: Racial views of Donald Trump Trump has made numerous comments and actions that have been characterized both within the U.S. and abroad as racially charged or racist.[600] Trump has repeatedly denied he is racist, asserting "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world".[601] Many of his supporters say the way he speaks reflects his rejection of political correctness, while others accept it because they share such beliefs.[602][603] Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[603][604] In a June 2018 Quinnipiac University poll, 49 percent of respondents believed he was racist, while 47 percent believed he was not.[605] Additionally, 55 percent said he "has emboldened people who hold racist beliefs to express those beliefs publicly".[606] In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[73] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He has maintained his position on the matter into 2019.[607] Trump launched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[608][609] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".[610][611] In September 2016, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[612] According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[613] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".[614][615] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[616] File:President Trump Gives a Statement on the Infrastructure Discussion.webmPlay media Trump answers questions from reporters about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville. Trump's comments in reaction to the 2017 Charlottesville far-right rally were interpreted as implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist demonstrators and counter-protesters.[617] In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, he reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[618] His remarks were condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.[619][620] In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic members of Congress – all four minority women, three of them native-born Americans – should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[621] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[622] White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[623] Allegations of sexual misconduct Main articles: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations and Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape Twenty-two women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of June 2019. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.[624] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears", and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.[625] In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by the pussy."[626] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign,[627] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[628] Allegations of inciting violence Some research suggests Trump's rhetoric causes an increased incidence of hate crimes.[629][630][631] During the 2016 campaign, he sometimes urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[632][633] Since then, some individuals or their attorneys have cited Trump's rhetoric as a defense for their hate speech or violent actions.[634] In August 2019 it was reported that a man who allegedly assaulted a minor for perceived disrespect toward the national anthem had cited Trump's rhetoric in his own defense.[635] It was also reported in August 2019 that a nationwide review conducted by ABC News had identified at least 36 criminal cases where Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence. Of these, 29 were based around someone echoing presidential rhetoric, while the other seven were someone protesting it or not having direct linkage.[636] Relationship with the press Further information: Presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media Trump talking to the press, March 2017 Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention. His interactions with the press turned into what some sources called a "love-hate" relationship.[637][638][639] Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.[640] Fox News anchor Bret Baier and former House speaker Paul Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode".[641][642] Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign and his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused the press of intentionally misinterpreting his words and of being biased, calling them "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[238][643] In the campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[241] New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in September 2018 that one of the reasons for Trump's appeal was his media dominance. To answer the question of why the U.S. public could not stop being enthralled by his actions, she wrote "Even in the so-called golden age of TV, Mr. Trump hasn't just dominated water-cooler conversation; he's sucked the water right out, making all other entertainment from N.F.L. games to awards shows pale in comparison."[644] Chozick quoted Brent Montgomery, the creator of the reality TV show Pawn Stars, saying "Part of what he's doing that makes it feel like a reality show is that he is feeding you something every night. You can't afford to miss one episode or you're left behind."[644] After winning the election, Trump told journalist Lesley Stahl he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".[645] Into his presidency, Trump has described negative media coverage as "fake news".[646] Trump has privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press credentials.[647] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[648] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.[649] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[648] In early 2020 the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for alleged defamation.[650][651] Popular culture Main articles: Donald Trump in popular culture and Donald Trump in music Trump has been the subject of comedians, Flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond, and Alec Baldwin, and in South Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the Future", written during his 2000 campaign for the Reform party, anticipated a future Trump presidency. A dedicated parody series called The President Show debuted in April 2017 on Comedy Central, while another one called Our Cartoon President debuted on Showtime in February 2018.[652] Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip-hop lyrics since the 1980s, as he was named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive tone.[653][654] Mentions of Trump turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.[653] Social media Main article: Donald Trump on social media Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in March 2009. He communicated heavily on Twitter during the 2016 election campaign, and has continued to use this channel during his presidency. The attention on Trump's Twitter activity has significantly increased since he was sworn in as president. As of May 2019, he is in the top 15 for most Twitter followers at more than 60 million.[655] Trump has frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.[656] Many of the assertions he tweeted have been proven false.[657][658][659] Recognition Further information: List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump In 1983, Trump received the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, after he helped fund the building of two playgrounds, a park, and a reservoir in Israel.[660][661] In 1986, he received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and diversity",[662] and in 1995 was awarded the President's Medal from the Freedoms Foundation for his support of youth programs.[663] Liberty University awarded Trump an honorary Doctorate of Business in 2012[664] and an honorary Doctor of Laws in 2017, during his first college commencement speech as president.[665][666] In 2015, Robert Gordon University revoked the honorary Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) they had granted him in 2010, stating that "Mr. Trump has made a number of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of the university."[667] In December 2016, Time named Trump as its "Person of the Year",[668] but Trump took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America".[669] In the same month, he was named Financial Times Person of the Year[670] and was ranked by Forbes the second most powerful person in the world after Vladimir Putin.[671] As president, Trump received the Collar of The Order of Abdulaziz al Saud from Saudi Arabia in 2017.[672] Investigations Further information: Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (transition, January–June 2017, July–December 2017, January–June 2018, July–December 2018 and 2019–2020) The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. Since he assumed the presidency, Trump has been the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[66] The New York Times reported in May 2019 that there were 29 open investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and eleven Congressional investigations.[673] Hush payments Main article: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal See also: Legal affairs of Donald Trump § Payments related to alleged affairs, and Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald Trump American Media, Inc. (AMI) paid $150,000 to Playboy model Karen McDougal in August 2016,[674] and Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid $130,000 to adult film actress Stormy Daniels in October 2016.[675] Both women were paid for non-disclosure agreements regarding their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[676] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged the payments at the direction of Trump in order to influence the presidential election.[677] AMI admitted paying McDougal to prevent publication of stories that might damage Trump's electoral chances.[678] Trump denied the affairs, and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but reimbursed him in 2017.[679][680] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[681] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[682][683] In July 2019, a federal judge disclosed that prosecutors had stated in a court filing that they had closed the investigation,[684] but days later the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the hush payments[685] and in August subpoenaed eight years of tax returns for Trump and the Trump Organization.[686] Russian interference Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections See also: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials, Steele dossier, and Trump-Ukraine scandal In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence – jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[687][688] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress that "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[689] The connections between Trump associates and Russia have been widely reported by the press.[690][691] One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked from December 2004 until February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.[692] Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[693][694] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[695] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[696][697] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that had been imposed the same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[698] The Washington Post reported that Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 that he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[699] Trump and his allies have promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election – which has also been promoted by Russia in an effort to frame Ukraine.[700] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump firstly claimed that it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); secondly claimed that CrowdStrike, the company which investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and thirdly claimed that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration have spoken out against the conspiracy theories.[701] Special counsel investigation Main articles: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) and Mueller Report On May 17, 2017, former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) investigating "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation",[702][703] thus taking over the existing "Crossfire Hurricane" FBI investigation into the matter.[703] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice, and possible campaign ties to other national governments.[704] Trump repeatedly denied any collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.[705] Mueller also investigated the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[706] Trump sought to fire Mueller on several occasions – in June 2017, December 2017, and April 2018 – and close the investigation, but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[707] He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.[708] On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.[709] On March 24, Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress summarizing the "principal conclusions" in the report. He quoted Mueller as stating "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Barr further wrote that he and Rosenstein did not see sufficient evidence to prove obstruction of justice.[710] Trump interpreted Mueller's report as a "complete exoneration", a phrase he repeated multiple times in the ensuing weeks.[711] Mueller privately complained to Barr on March 27 that his summary did not accurately reflect what the report said,[712] and some legal analysts called the Barr letter misleading.[713] A redacted version of the report was released to the public on April 18, 2019. The first volume found that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[714] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[715][716] The report states that Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election was illegal and occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion",[702] and it details how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged foreign interference believing they would politically benefit.[717][718][719] The second volume of the Mueller Report dealt with possible obstruction of justice by Trump.[720] The report did not exonerate Trump of obstruction inasmuch as investigators were not confident of his innocence after examining his intent and actions.[721] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes", as they could not indict a sitting president per an Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion, and would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[722] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[723] Congress subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, albeit it ultimately did not press charges related to the Mueller investigation. Associates See also: Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) On August 21, 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was convicted on eight felony counts of false tax filing and bank fraud.[724] Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to make a deal with prosecutors, saying "Such respect for a brave man!" According to Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.[725] On November 29, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.[726] The five Trump associates who have pleaded guilty or have been convicted in Mueller's investigation or related cases include Paul Manafort, deputy campaign manager Rick Gates, foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn, and Michael Cohen.[727][728] On January 25, 2019, Trump adviser Roger Stone was arrested at his home in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and indicted on seven criminal charges.[729] He was later convicted and sentenced to three years and four months in prison.[730] 2019 congressional investigation In March 2019, the House Judiciary Committee launched a broad investigation of Trump for possible obstruction of justice, corruption, and abuse of power.[731] Committee chairman Jerrold Nadler sent letters demanding documents to 81 individuals and organizations associated with Trump's presidency, business, and private life, saying it is "very clear that the president obstructed justice".[732][733] Three other committee chairmen wrote the White House and State Department requesting details of Trump's communications with Putin, including any efforts to conceal the content of those communications.[733] The White House refused to comply, asserting that presidential communications with foreign leaders are protected and confidential.[734] Impeachment Main articles: Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump, Impeachment of Donald Trump, and Impeachment trial of Donald Trump See also: Trump–Ukraine scandal Impeachment and trial is a process under the United States Constitution whereby the legislature can remove from office a president, cabinet member, judge, or other civil officer.[735] The House of Representatives investigates the case; if the House votes to bring charges, that is an impeachment. There is then a trial in the Senate; a two-thirds vote is required to remove the person from office.[736] Impeachment by the House of Representatives During much of Trump's presidency, Democrats were divided on the question of impeachment.[737] Fewer than 20 representatives in the House supported impeachment by January 2019; after the Mueller Report was released in April and special counsel Robert Mueller testified in July, this number grew to around 140 representatives.[738] In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential primary candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter, adding that the White House attempted to "lock down" the call records in a cover-up.[739] The whistleblower further stated that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump administration which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[740] Trump later confirmed having withheld military aid from Ukraine and offered contradicting reasons for the decision.[741][742][743] After the whistleblower complaint became known in September 2019, House speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[744][745] The Trump administration subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to discuss these matters with Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.[739][746] According to the testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials, the events were part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[747] Among several State Department employees testifying to congressional committees in October 2019, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure from a private initiative directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[748] He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to the White House.[749][750] Zelensky denied that he felt pressured by Trump.[751] On December 3, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee published a report authored by Democrats on the committee, stating that "the impeachment inquiry has found that President Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside of the U.S. government, solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection." The report stated that Trump withheld military aid and a White House invitation in order to influence Ukraine to announce investigations into Trump's political rivals. Furthermore, the report described Trump was the only U.S. president thus far to have "openly and indiscriminately" defied impeachment proceedings by telling his administration officials to ignore subpoenas for documents and testimony.[752][753][754]:8,208 The Republicans of the House Committees had released a draft of a countering report the previous day, saying in part that the evidence "does not prove any of these Democrat allegations, and none of the Democrats' witnesses testified to having evidence of bribery, extortion, or any high crime or misdemeanor."[755][756] On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[757] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump with both articles on December 18.[758] Impeachment trial in the Senate Main article: Impeachment trial of Donald Trump The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.[759] On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings will be entered into the Senate record automatically unless objected to on a case-by-case basis.[760] For the three days, January 22–24, the impeachment managers for the House presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they included an impeachment process in the Constitution.[761] Responding over the next three days, the Trump legal team did not deny the facts as presented in the charges, but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[762] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime, that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense, and that Trump therefore should be acquitted immediately.[762] January 29 and 30 were devoted to written questions from senators.[763] On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas to call witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.[764] Thus, this became the first impeachment trial in U.S. history without witness testimony.[765] On February 5, Trump was acquitted of both charges in a vote nearly along party lines, with Republican Mitt Romney being the only senator – and the only senator in U.S. history – to cross party lines by voting to convict on one of the charges.[766] Following his acquittal, Trump began identifying and removing political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[767][768][769] Notes This estimate is by Forbes in their annual ranking. Bloomberg Billionaires Index listed Trump's net worth as $2.97 billion in June 2019,[54] and Wealth-X listed it as at least $3.2 billion in April 2019.[55] Ronald Reagan was older upon his second-term inauguration. Records on this matter date from the year 1824. The number "five" includes the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. John Quincy Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the electoral college in 1824 (since no one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather than just a plurality).[285][286]     Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president.[296] References Argetsinger, Amy (September 1, 2015). "Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story". The Washington Post. 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"Newsgraphics: Read The Whistleblower Complaint". The New York Times. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019. Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (October 22, 2019). "Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2019. LaFraniere, Sharon (October 22, 2019). "6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2019. Cheney, Kyle; Desiderio, Andrew (October 22, 2019). "William Taylor testifies about deep-seated push for Ukraine quid pro quo". Politico. Retrieved October 22, 2019. Law, Tara (September 25, 2019). "'Nobody Pushed Me.' Ukrainian President Denies Trump Pressured Him to Investigate Biden's Son". Time. Retrieved November 20, 2019. Mascaro, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen; Tucker, Eric; Colvin, Jill (December 3, 2019). "House Releases 300-Page Report Outlining Evidence for Trump's Impeachment". Time. Associated Press. Retrieved December 11, 2019. Weiland, Noah (December 3, 2019). "Impeachment Briefing: The Democratic Report". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2019. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (December 3, 2019). "Report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Pursuant to H. Res. 660 in Consultation with the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved December 5, 2019. Jansen, Bart; Hayes, Christal (December 2, 2019). "House GOP report on impeachment inquiry defends Trump's dealings with Ukraine". USA Today. Retrieved December 12, 2019. "Republican Report On The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR. December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019. Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine (December 13, 2019). "House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump". ABC News. Retrieved December 13, 2019. Gregorian, Dareh (December 18, 2019). "Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress". NBC News. Retrieved December 18, 2019. Herb, Jeremy (January 16, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial of Donald Trump officially begins". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020. Gregorian, Dareh (January 22, 2020). "Senate passes McConnell impeachment rules after nearly 13 hours of debate". NBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2020. Kim, Seung Min; Wagner, John; Demirjian, Karoun (January 23, 2019). "Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2020. Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (January 22, 2020). "Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2020. Samuelsohn, Darren; Levine, Marianne (January 29, 2020). "12 questions to expect at Trump's impeachment trial". Politico. Retrieved January 29, 2020. Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails". CNN. Retrieved February 2, 2020. Bookbinder, Noah (January 9, 2020). "The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2020. Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2020. Olorunnipa, Toluse; Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh (February 21, 2020). "Trump embarks on expansive search for disloyalty as administration-wide purge escalates". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2020. Baker, Peter (February 22, 2020). "Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.     Diamond, Jeremy; Acosta, Jim; Collins, Kaitlan; Holmes, Kristen (February 21, 2020). "President's new personnel head tells agencies to look out for disloyal staffers". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2020. Works cited     Barrett, Wayne (2016) [First published 1992]. Trump: The Deals and the Downfall (First Regan Art Paperback ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-1-682450-79-6. Paperback title: The greatest show on Earth – The deals, the downfall, the reinvention.     Blair, Gwenda (2015a). Donald Trump: The Candidate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2937-1.     Blair, Gwenda (2015b) [First published 2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.     Gallup, George Jr. (1990). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1989. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2344-3.     Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23865-2.     Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [First published 2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.     O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991) [First published 1991]. Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1946025-26-5.     Trump, Donald J.; Schwartz, Tony (2009) [First published 1987]. Trump: The Art of the Deal. Random House. ISBN 978-0-446-35325-0.     Wooten, Sara (2009). Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-2890-6. External links Library resources about Donald Trump     Resources in your library     Resources in other libraries By Donald Trump     Resources in your library     Resources in other libraries     Trump's profile on WhiteHouse.gov     Donald Trump on Twitter (personal)     Donald Trump at Encyclopædia Britannica     Donald Trump collected news and commentary. 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