Palmer Hayden African American Artist Harlem Renaissance 1963 Illustrated Book

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176278959796 PALMER HAYDEN AFRICAN AMERICAN ARTIST HARLEM RENAISSANCE 1963 ILLUSTRATED BOOK.  1963 Softcover Presumed first edition/first printing Illustrated by Frederic Rockwell and Palmer Hayden... Wraps Rockwell, Frederic (Drawings), and Hayden, Palmer Good. Signed by author. Cover has some wear and soiling. Signed on fep.  by author 180, [4] p. Includes illustrations. Printed by The Boothbay Register, Boothbay Harbor, Maine. As the inside front cover states: "This is an unusual book. It presents the life, character, and activities of a people who have done much to colonize the world, and at length to win their own independence. The writer of this book is also an unusual person, who has studied, written and lectured onher visits to nearly all Countries, and now pays tribute to Ireland....The book was written in Ireland durina two year stay, and is full of little incidents that show, as no other book has done, the life and thought of our good friends, the Irish people. Palmer C. Hayden was an American painter who depicted African-American life, landscapes, seascapes, and African influences. He sketched, painted in both oils and watercolors, and was a prolific artist of his era.
Hayden, Palmer Cole [b. Payton Cole Hedgeman]. (Widewater, VA, 1893-New York, NY, 1973)   Bibliography and Exhibitions MONOGRAPHS AND SOLO EXHIBITIONS: Billops, Camille (interviewer). PALMER HAYDEN. New York: Hatch-Billops Collection, 1994. Oral history interview, May 14, 1972. In: Artist and Influence 13 (1994):(90)-105. Important biographical information, including Hayden's interaction with numerous other artists. 4to, wraps. BRIGHAM, G. RICHARDSON with Frederic Rockwell and PALMER HAYDEN (illus.). The Road to the Western Isle. . B&w line drawings by Palmer Hayden. Hanks, Eric. Journey From the Crossroads: PALMER HAYDEN's Right Turn. 1999. In: The International Review of African American Art Vol. 16, no. 1 (1999):21-42. 4to, wraps. Los Angeles (CA). California African American Museum. Echoes of Our Past. The Narrative Artistry of PALMER C. HAYDEN. April 15-July 31, 1993. 64 pp. exhib. cat., b&w and color illus., bibliog. Text by Alan M. Gordon. Traveling exhibition of 40 paintings (31 oils and 9 watercolors), circulated by Smith Kramer Fine Art Services. [Traveled to Little Rock. Arkansas Arts Center; Alexandria Museum of Art, LA; Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum, Philadelphia; New Jersey State Museum, and other venues.] [Exhibition review: American Art Review 5, no. 4 (Summer 1993)] 4to (28 cm.), wraps. First ed. Nashville (TN). Fisk University Art Gallery. The John Henry series and paintings reflecting the theme of Afro-American folklore by PALMER HAYDEN. February 22-March 20, 1970. Unpag. (12 pp.) exhib. cat., illus. Text by David C. Driskell. 8vo (25 cm.), stapled wraps. First ed. New York (NY). Just Above Midtown. The Many Facets of PALMER HAYDEN (1890-1973). February 15-March 5, 1977. Unpag. (28 pp.) exhib. cat., 17 b&w illus., exhib. checklist of 39 works, bibliog. Text by Lowery S. Sims. Sq. 8vo (21 cm.), white paper covers, lettered in yellow. First ed. New York (NY). Studio Museum in Harlem. PALMER HAYDEN: Southern Scenes and City Streets. March 17-April 21, 1974. Unpag. (16 pp.) exhib. cat., b&w illus. Text by Joseph Delaney. Sq. 12mo (18 cm.), stapled red wraps. First ed. Ott, John. Labored Stereotypes: PALMER HAYDEN's The Janitor Who Paints. 2008. In: American Art Vol. 22, no. 1 (Spring 2008):102-115. Paris (France). Bernheim-Jeune. PALMER HAYDEN. 1928. Solo exhibition. GENERAL BOOKS AND GROUP EXHIBITIONS: ALBANY (NY). Albany Institute of History and Art. The Negro Artist Comes of Age: A National Survey of Contemporary American Artists. January 3-February 11, 1945. vii, 77 pp., 63 b&w illus., checklist of 76 works by 38 artists, with 14 others mentioned as well. A major early survey. Foreword by John Davis Hatch, Jr.; essay "Up Till Now" by Alain Locke who states that the show is both "a representative and challenging cross-section of contemporary American art and, additionally, convincing evidence of the Negro’s maturing racial and cultural self-expression in painting and sculpture." The exhibition coincided with the last months of WWII and the return of the troops. Artists mentioned or included: Charles Alston, William Artis, Henry (Mike) Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Eloise Bishop, Selma Burke, William S. Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Sr., Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Frederick Flemister, Meta Warrick Fuller, Rex Goreleigh, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, James Herring, May Howard Jackson, Joshua Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Ronald Joseph, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Edward L. Loper, Archibald J. Motley, Frank Neal, Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Thelma Streat, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dox Thrash, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Vernon Winslow, Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to: Brooklyn Museum of Art.] [Locke's essay is reprinted in: The Critical Temper of Alain Locke. A Selection of His Essays on Art and Culture. New York: Garland, 191-94.] Reviews: Carter G. Woodson, The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April 1945):227-228; "The Negro Artist Comes of Age," ARTnews (February 1-14, 1945) reprinted in ARTnews 91 (November 1992):109-10. 8vo (9 x 6 in.; 23 cm.), wraps. First ed. APPIAH, KWAME ANTHONY and HENRY LOUIS GATES, Jr. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press, 1999; 2005. 5 Vols. 4500 pp., 1000 photographs, maps, illus. Expanded to 8 vols. No new information or in-depth discussion of the visual arts. Names of visual artists included in the accounts of each period of black history are often lumped into a one sentence list; very few have additional biographical entries. [As of 2011, far more substantial information on most of the artists is available from Wikipedia than is included in this Encyclopedia.] Includes mention of: James Presley Ball, Jean-Michel Basquiat, David A. Bailey, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Cornelius Battey, Romare Bearden, Dawoud Bey, Everald Brown, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Roland Charles, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Albert V. Chong, Robert H. Colescott, Allan R. Crite, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Murry Depillars, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, the Goodridge Brothers, Rex Goreleigh, Tapfuma Gutsa, Palmer Hayden, Lyle Ashton Harris, Chester Higgins, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ben Jones, Seydou Keita, Lois Mailou Jones, William (Woody) Joseph, Wifredo Lam, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Fern Logan, Stephen Marc, Lynn Marshall-Linnemeier, Willie Middlebrook, Scipio Moorhead, Archibald Motley, Gordon Parks, Horace Pippin, Prentiss H. Polk, James A. Porter, Elizabeth Prophet, Faith Ringgold, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Chéri Samba, Augusta Savage, Jeffrey Scales, Addison L. Scurlock, Charles Sebree, Johannes Segogela, Twins Seven-Seven, Coreen Simpson, Lorna Simpson, Moneta Sleet, Marvin & Morgan Smith, Renée Stout, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Hank Willis Thomas, Dox Thrash, James Vanderzee, Christian Walker, the Wall of Respect, Laura Wheeler Waring, Augustus Washington, Carrie Mae Weems, Charles White, Cynthia Wiggins, Carla Williams, Pat Ward Williams, et al. The entry on African Women Artists includes an odd and out-of-date collection of names: Elizabeth Olowu, Agnes Nyanhongo, Alice Sani, Iriji Efflatoun, Grace Chigumira, Thersa Musoke, Palma Sintoa, Elsa Jacob, and Terhas Iyassu. Hopefully future editions will follow the path of the substantially expanded edition of 2005 and will alter the overall impression that black visual artists are not worth the time and attention of the editors. [Note: Now out-of-print and available only through exorbitant subscription to the Oxford African American Studies Center (OAASC) a single database incorporating multiple Oxford encyclopedias, ongoing addiitions will apparently be unavailable to individuals or to most small libraries in the U.S. or worldwide.] 4to (29 cm.; 10.9 x 8.6 in.), cloth. Seond ed. ATLANTA (GA). High Museum of Art. Highlights from the Atlanta University Collection of Afro-American Art. October-November, 1973. Unpag. (37 pp. plus errata slip) exhib. cat., illus. Intro. by Thomas D. Jarrett; foreword by Gudmund Vigtel; text by Richard A. Long. Over 70 artists listed. Includes: James Adair, Jackie W. Adams, Charles Alston, Frank Herman Alston, Jr., Benny Andrews, John W. Arterbery, Joseph Atkinson, William E. Artis, Herman Kofi Bailey, Mike Bannarn, Ernie Barnes, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Bob Blackburn, Shirley Bolton, Eva Booker, Mildred A. Braxton, Arthur L. Britt, Margery Brown, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, William S. Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Houston E. Chandler, Irene V. Clark, Floyd Coleman, Robert Colescott, Margaret S. Collins, William Leonard Cooper, Anne A. Costley, Samuel A. Countee, Ernest Crichlow, Robert A. Daniel, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Richard Dempsey, David Driskell, Charles Enoch, John Farrar, Julia A. Fields, Thomas J. Flanagan, Frederick Flemister, Jean Flowers, Otis Galbreath, Barbara L. Gallon, Sam Gilliam, Charles Haines, Zenobia Hammonds, Edwin A. Harleston, William A. Harper, Palmer C. Hayden, William M. Hayden, June Hector, Mark Hewitt, Leon Hicks, Jenelsie Holloway, John Miller Howard, Richard Hunt, Wilmer Jennings, Estella W. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Fred Jones, Leonard Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Marion Perkins, John Rhoden, Franklin M. Shands, Jewel Simon, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Charles White, Robert Willis, Hale Woodruff, et al. [Traveled to: Baltimore Museum of Art, January 15-February 24, 1974; Jacksonville Art Museum, FL, March 15-April 15; Minnesota Museum of Art, St. Paul, June 1-July 15, 1974; Delta Fine Arts, Inc., Winston-Salem, NC; Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, Boston; Studio Museum in Harlem; DuSable Museum of African American History, Chicago.] 4to (28 cm.), wraps. First ed. ATLANTA (GA). National Black Arts Festival. Selected Essays: Art & Artists from the Harlem Renaissance to the 1980's. July 30-August 7, 1988. Ed. Crystal A. Britton. Exhibs., biogs., bibliog. Foreword by A. Michelle Smith. Texts by Richard Long, M. Akua McDaniel, Tina M. Dunkley, Judith Wilson, Dr. Leslie King-Hammond, Gylbert Coker, Lisa Tuttle, Richard Hunt, Beverly Buchanan, Lucinda H. Gedeon, Amalia Amaki, Published to accompany the inaugural exhibition of the National Black Arts Festival. 145 featured artists include: Charles Alston, Emma Amos, William Anderson, Benny Andrews, Anna Arnold, John W. Arterbery, William Artis, Ellsworth Ausby, Herman Kofi Bailey, Henry Bannarn, Ellen Banks, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Garry Bibbs, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Robert Blackburn, Shirley Bolton, Michael D. Brathwaite, William A. Bridges, Jr., Vivian A. Browne, Beverly Buchanan, Calvin Burnett, David Butler, Carole Byard, Felix Casas, David Mora Catlett, Elizabeth Catlett, Colin Chase, Ed Clark, Kevin Cole, Larry W. Collins, Noel Copeland, Lonnie Crawford, Robert S. Duncanson, Damballah (Dolphus Smith), Alonzo Davis, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Chuck Douglas, Sam Doyle, David C. Driskell, James E. Dupree, Melvin Edwards, Michael Ellison, Jonathan Eubanks, James Few, Thomas Jefferson Flanagan, Frederick C. Flemister, Roland L. Freeman, John W. Gaines, IV, Herbert Gentry, Eddie M. Granderson, Kevin Hamilton, Michael Harris, William Harris, Palmer Hayden, William M. Hayden, Charnelle D. Holloway, Jenelsie W. Holloway, Manuel Hughes, Margo Humphrey, Malvin G. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Frederick Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Seitu Ken Jones, Jack Jordan, Robert W. Kelly, Gary Jackson Kirksey, Frank D. Knox, Jacob Lawrence, Spencer Lawrence, Thomas Laidman, Ron Lee, Roosevelt Lenard, Leon Leonard, Samella Lewis, Henri Linton, Romeyn Van Vleck Lippman, Juan Logan, Ulysses Marshall, Richard Mayhew, Geraldine McCullough, Juanita Miller, Gary Lewis Moore, George W. Mosely, J.B. Murry, Frank W. Neal, Otis Neals, Cecil D. Nelson, Jr., James Newton, Ronnie A. Nichols, Hayward Oubré, John Payne, Maurice Pennington, K. Joy Ballard-Peters, Howardena Pindell, John Pinderhughes, Gary Porter, Hugh Lawrence Potter, Richard J. Powell, Leslie K. Price, Mavis Pusey, Patricia Ravarra, James Reuben Reed, Calvin Reid, Patricia Richardson, Gregory D. Ridley, Jr., Faith Ringgold, Malkia Roberts, Christopher Wade Robertson, John D. Robertson, Sandra Rowe, Mahler B. Ryder, Martysses Rushin, JoeSam, Jewel W. Simon, Karl Sinclair, William G. Slack, Dolores S. Smith, Hughie Lee-Smith, Mary T. Smith, Mei Tei-Sing Smith, Henry Spiller, Freddie L. Styles, Henry O. Tanner, James 'Son' Thomas, Phyllis Thompson, Chris Walker, King Walker, Larry Walker, Delores West, Charles White, Charlotte Riley-Webb, Emmett Wigglesworth, Carleton F. Wilkinson, Michael Kelly Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, Stanley C. Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Richard Yarde. Oblong 4to, wraps. First ed. BALTIMORE (MD). Baltimore Museum of Art. Contemporary Negro Art [a.k.a. Salon of Contemporary Negro Art]. February 3-19, 1939. Unpag. (24 pp.) exhib. cat., 6 b&w illus., checklist of 116 works by 24+ artists. Important 5-page foreword by Alain Locke. Included: Henry (Mike) Bannarn, Richmond Barthé, Samuel J. Brown, Jr., Robert Tyler Crump, Aaron Douglas, Elton Fax, John Solace Glenn (as Sollace J. Glenn), Rex Goreleigh, Palmer Hayden, William M. Hayden, Louise E. Jefferson, Wilmer Jennings, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence (allocated a special room for his Toussaint L'Ouverture series), Norman Lewis, Richard Lindsey, Ronald C. Moody, Archibald C. Motley, Robert L. Neal, Frederick Perry, Florence V. Purviance, Albert Alexander Smith, James Lesesne Wells, and Hale Woodruff. [Presumably the same show exhibited at the Augusta Savage Studio, June 8-22, 1939.] [Locke's essay is reprinted in The Critical Temper of Alain Locke. A Selection of His Essays on Art and Culture, edited by Jeffrey C. Stuart. New York: Garland, 191-84. Reviews: "Baltimore - Art by Negroes," Art News 37 (February 11, 1939; "An Exhibition of Negro Art," Baltimore Museum Quarterly 3 (1938-39):10-14.] 8vo (24 cm.; 9.3 x 6 in.), orange paper covers. First ed. BARDOLPH, RICHARD. The Negro Vanguard. New York: Rinehart, 1959. viii, 495, xvi pp., bibliog., index. Mentions very briefly approximately 40 African American visual artists (419-425). 8vo (24 cm.), cloth, d.j. BEARDEN, ROMARE and HARRY HENDERSON. A History of African-American Artists from 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon Books, 1993. xvii, 341 pp., 420 b&w, 61 color plates, extensive bibliog.; section on Alain Leroy Locke, Charles Christopher Seifert, Mary Beattie Brady. Artists include: Moses Williams, Joshua Johnston, Robert S. Duncanson, Edward M. Bannister, Grafton T. Brown, Edmonia Lewis, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Aaron Douglas, Richmond Barthé, Archibald J. Motley Jr., Palmer C. Hayden, Augusta Savage, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Hale A. Woodruff, Sargent Johnson, Charles H. Alston, Edzier Cortor, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Hughie Lee-Smith, Ellis Wilson, William Edmondson, Elijah Pierce, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Lois Mailou Jones, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Elizabeth Catlett, John T. Biggers, Carrol H. Simms, Alma W. Thomas, Ed Wilson, James W. Washington, Jr., Richard Mayhew. Large 4to (31 cm.), cloth, dust jacket. First ed. Beauford, Fred, ed. Black Creation: A Quarterly Review of Black Arts and Letters Vol. 6 (1974-5). 1974-75. Includes: Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews ("The Big Bash." Fiction), Emmanuel V. Asihene, Cleveland J. Bellow, Camille Billops ["Contemporary Egyptian Art"], Bob Blackburn, Kay Brown, Vivian Browne, Linda Goode Bryant, Selma Burke, Elizabeth Catlett, Gylbert Coker, Art Coppedge, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Sarah Duffy, Joseph Geran, Ray Gibson, Palmer Hayden, Adrienne Hoard, Richard Hunt, Nigel Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Rosalind Jeffries, Ben Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Tom Lloyd, Edmund Marshall, Valerie Maynard, Lev Mills, Archibald Motley, Otto Neals, Ademola Olugebefola, Hayward Oubre, et al. BELLEVUE (WA). Bellevue Art Museum. Hidden Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800-1950. 1985. 104 pp., 59 illus. (18 color plates including cover plates), checklist of 84 works by 42 artists, notes, bibliography. Driskell's essay is an excellent general survey including numerous artists not in the exhibition. Artists in exhibition in chronological order include: Joshua Johnson, William Simpson, David Bowser, Robert Duncanson, Edward Bannister, Grafton T. Brown, Edmonia Lewis, Henry Ossawa Tanner, William A. Harper, William E. Scott. Sargent Johnson, Horace Pippin, Elizabeth Prophet, Archibald Motley, Augusta Savage, Palmer Hayden, Malvin G. Johnson, Aaron Douglas, Meta Warrick Fuller, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Richmond Barthé, Selma Burke, Beauford Delaney, William H. Johnson, James L. Wells, Joseph Delaney, Lois Mailou Jones, James Porter, Charles Alston, Marion Perkins, Norman Lewis, Romare Bearden, Ernest Crichlow, Charles Sebree, Hughie-Lee Smith, Claude Clark, Eldzier Cortor, Jacob Lawrence, Charles White, Elizabeth Catlett, James Lewis. [Traveling exhibition.] 4to, wraps. First ed. BERMAN, AVIS. Rebels on Eighth Street. New York: Atheneum, 1990. Mention of Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Beauford Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Archibald Motley, Horace Pippin. BOLDEN, TONYA. Wake up our Souls: A Celebration of Black American Artists. New York: Abrams in association with Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2004. 128 pp., photo of each artist and 1-3 color illustrations for each, notes, glossary of art terms, bibliog., suggested reading, index. Written for young adults. Includes 32 artists illustrated with art from the Smithsonian's collection: Edward Mitchell Bannister, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Roy DeCarava, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Robert S. Duncanson, Melvin Edwards, James Hampton, Palmer Hayden, Felrath Hines, Earlie Hudnall, Jr., William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Malvin Gray Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Winnie Owens-Hart, Gordon Parks, James Porter, Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, Renée Stout, Hughie Lee-Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, James VanDerZee, Hale Woodruff. 4to (27 cm.; 10 x 8 in), cloth, d.j. First ed. BOSTON (MA). Boston University Art Gallery. Syncopated Rhythms: 20th-Century African American Art from the George and Joyce Wein Collection. November 18, 2005-January 22, 2006. 100 pp. exhib. cat., 64 color illus. Curated with text by Patricia Hills and catalogue entries by Hills and Melissa Renn; foreword by Ed Bradley. Includes 60 works (paintings, sculpture, drawings and a painted story quilt.) Exhibition of a range of works done in the late 1920s through the 1990s and is particularly strong in works of the 1940s-'70s. Artists include: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Ernie Barnes, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Bruce Brice, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Allan Rohan Crite, Miles Davis, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Minnie Evans, Palmer Hayden, Oliver Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Wifredo Lam, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, Bob Thompson, Charles White, Michael Kelly Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff and Richard Yarde. 4to (28 x 22 cm.), wraps. BRAWLEY, BENJAMIN G. The Negro Genius: A New Appraisal of the Achievement of the American Negro in Literature and the Fine Arts. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937. xiii, 366 pp., frontispiece illus., plates, portraits, bibliog. Chapters 7 and 12 are particularly noteworthy: Chap. 7: Music and Art, 178-189; Chap. 12: The New Temper in Painting and Sculpture, 317-330. Includes 40 painters, sculptors, and printmakers. [Reprinted in 1966 by Biblo and Tannen.] 8vo (21 cm.), cloth, dust jacket. First ed. BRAWLEY, BENJAMIN G. The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States. New York: Duffield & Co., 1918. Not primarily about the visual arts. 3 illus. Artists mentioned include Scipio Moorhead, Edward Bannister, William Harper, Edwin Harleston, William Scott, Richard L. Brown, Edmonia Lewis, May Jackson, Bertina Lee, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Meta Warrick Fuller. [The expanded 1930 and subsequent editions include 6 additional artists: Laura Wheeler Waring, Palmer Hayden, Hale Woodruff, Archibald Motley, Malvin Johnson, Aaron Douglas. A total of 9 editions published between 1921 and 1987.] 8vo (20 cm.), cloth. First ed. BRITTON, CRYSTAL A. African-American Art: The Long Struggle. New York: Smithmark, 1996. 128 pp., 107 color plates (mostly full-page and double-page), notes, index. Artists include: Terry Adkins, Charles Alston, Amalia Amaki, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, William E. Artis, Radcliffe Bailey, Xenobia Bailey, James P. Ball, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, Edward Mitchell Bannister, John T. Biggers, Camille Billops, Willie Birch, Bob Blackburn, Betty Blayton, David Bustill Bowser, Grafton Tyler Brown, James Andrew Brown, Kay Brown, Vivian Browne, Beverly Buchanan, Selma Burke, Margaret Burroughs, Carole Byard, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Ed Clark, Robert Colescott, Houston Conwill, Eldzier Cortor, Renée Cox, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Giza Daniels-Endesha, Dave [the Potter], Thomas Day, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Leonardo Drew, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Melvin Edwards, Minnie Evans, William Farrow, Gilbert Fletcher, James Forman, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Michele Godwin, David Hammons, Edwin Harleston, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, Thomas Heath, white artist Jon Hendricks (no illus.), Robin Holder, May Howard Jackson, Wadsworth Jarrell, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Lois Mailou Jones, Cliff Joseph, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie-Lee Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Juan Logan, Valerie Maynard, Dindga McCannon, Sam Middleton, Scipio Moorhead, Keith Morrison, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Sana Musasama, Marilyn Nance, Gordon Parks, Marion Perkins, Howardena Pindell, Adrian Piper, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Harriet Powers, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Martin Puryear, Patrick Reason, Gary Rickson, Faith Ringgold, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, Joyce J. Scott, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Lorna Simpson, William H. Simpson, Clarissa Sligh, Frank Smith, Vincent D. Smith, Nelson Stevens, Renée Stout, Freddie L. Styles, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Jean Toche (no illus.), Lloyd Toone, Bill Traylor, James Vanderzee, Annie E. Walker, William Walker, Laura Wheeler Waring, Carrie Mae Weems, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Grace Williams, Michael Kelly Williams, Pat Ward Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, Fred Wilson, Hale Woodruff, et al. 4to (32 cm.), pictorial boards, d.j. First ed. BROOKLYN (NY) Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corp../ Metropolitan Museum of Art. Selected Works by Black Artists from the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. April 14-June 14, 1976. 32 pp., 6 illus., checklist of 27 works by 19 artists, biogs. for each, bibliog. Brief text by Lowery S. Sims mentions Joshua Johnston, Robert Duncanson, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Charles Alston, Peter Bradley, Horace Pippin, Thomas Sills, Richmond Barthé, Jacob Lawrence, Samuel Brown. Exhibited artists include: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Peter Bradley, Samuel Brown, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Avel DeKnight, Frederick Floyd, Herb Gentry, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Jacob Lawrence, William Majors, Preston Phillips, Thomas Sills, Jack Whitten, Hale Woodruff. Small square 4to (8.7 x 7.2 in.), wraps. BROOKLYN (NY). New Muse Community Museum of Brooklyn. Black Artists in the WPA, 1933-1943: An Exhibition of Drawings, Paintings and Sculpture. February 15-March 30, 1976. 24 pp. exhib. cat., illus. Curated by Charlene Claye VanDerzee; asst. curator; George Carter, assistant Texts by VanDerzee and Ed Spriggs. Short biographies for Richmond Barthé, Jacob Lawrence, Charles White, Charles Sebree, Charles Alston, Ernest Crichlow, Norman Lewis, Palmer Hayden, Joseph Delaney, Selma Burke, Lois Mailou Jones, Wilmer A. Jennings, Malvin Gray Johnson, Earl Richardson, Hale Woodruff. [Others mentioned in foreword: Benny Andrews and Nii Ahene La Mettle-Nunoo] 8vo (21 cm.), stapled wraps. BROOKLYN (NY). Parsons School of Design. New York WPA Art, Then 1934-1943 and Now 1960-1977. November 8-December 10, 1977. Exhib. cat., illus., checklist. Texts by Emily Genauer, Audrey McMahon, Norman Barr, Greta Berman. Artists included: Joseph Delaney, Rex Goreleigh, Palmer C. Hayden and Robert Pious. Bucher, George V.D. (Dir.). A Study of Negro Artists (Film). 1934. Documentary. Included: Richmond Barthe, James Latimer Allen, Palmer Hayden, Aaron Douglas, and Augusa Savage. The film project was funded by the Harmon Foundation and screened at the New York Public Library to raise funds to save the Harlem Art Workshop Silent, b&w. 15 min. (4 reels). CALO, MARY ANN. Distinction and Denial: Race, Nation and the Critical Construction of the African American Artist, 1920-1940. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007. xiv, 264 pp., substantial scholarly notes, bibliog., index. Chapters on Alain Locke and the Invention of "Negro Art," Institutional Contexts: Negro Art Initiatives in the Interwar Decades, Framing the African American Artist, Advances (and Retreats) on the Art Front. Discussion of Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Cloyd Boykin, Aaron Douglas, John T. Hailstalk, John Hardrick, Palmer Hayden, James Herring, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ronald Joseph, Archibald Motley, James A. Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Albert A. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James L. Wells, Hale Woodruff. Briefest mention of another 31 artists. Important research on the Boykin School of Art and Harlem Art Workshop of 1933 and the establishment of the Harlem Community Art Center. 8vo (23 x 16 cm.), cloth, d.j. First ed. CAMPBELL, MARY SCHMIDT. Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. New York: The Studio Museum and Abrams, N.Y., 1994. 200 pp., 140 illus., 55 in color, 29 artists mentioned along with an overall focus on music, dance, literature, and general culture, chronols., bibliog., good reference bibliography, books and magazines illustrated by Aaron Douglas, index. Texts by David Levering Lewis, David C. Driskell, Deborah Willis Ryan, J. Stewart. Artists included: Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Selma Burke, Allan Rohan Crite, Roy DeCarava, Aaron Douglas, David Driskell, Meta Vaux Fuller, Palmer Hayden, Charles S. Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Archibald Motley, Richard B. Nugent, James A. Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, Charles Sebree, Marvin and Morgan Smith, Henry O. Tanner, James Vanderzee, Laura W. Waring, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. Many others mentioned very briefly in passing. [Review: Kay Larsen, "Born Again," New York Magazine, March 16, 1987:74-75, color illus.] 4to (30 cm.; 11.5 x 8.6 in.), cloth, d.j. First ed. CANTON (NY). Richard F. Brush Art Gallery, Saint Lawrence University. Afro-America ’88: A Dream Deferred?. 1988. Group exhibition. Curated by Joe Lewis. Included: Charles Abramson, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, Camille Billops, Eldrzier Cortor, Mel Edwards, Darrel Ellis, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Joe Lewis, Al Loving, Sana Musasama, Tyrone Mitchell, Nefertiti, Reg Patrick, Elizabeth N. Prophet, Faith Ringgold, Alison Saar, Augusta Savage, Joyce Scott, Linda Whitaker. [Information courtesy Carole Mathey, Asst. Curator, Richard F. Brush Art Gallery.] Poster. CHADWICK, WHITNEY and TIRZA TRUE LATIMER, eds. The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2003. 259 pp., bibliog., index. Includes: "Gender, Race and Miscegenation," by Tyler Stovall; "Modern Dancers and African Amazons: Augusta Savage's Sculptures of Women, 1929-1930," by Theresa Leininger-Miller; discussion of numerous black expatriates in Paris. Includes (some with only brief mention): William Artist, Josephine Baker, Richmond Barthé, Ernest Crichlow, Palmer Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Gwendolyn Knight, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, James A. Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Hale Woodruff. 8vo (10.5 x 7 in.), cloth, d.j. First ed. CHAMBERS, LUCILLE ARCOLA. America's Tenth Man. New York: Twayne, 1957. 357 pp., approx. 1000 illus. Foreword by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. A pictorial review of the African American contribution to American life. Includes: Alonzo Aden, Charles Alston, William E. Artist, Henry Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Eloise Bishop, Bob Blackburn, Emile Broussard, Selma Burke, Elmer Simms Campbell, George Washington Carver, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Charles C. Davis, Charles Dawson, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Mrs. Charley Rosenberg Foster, Allan R. Freelon, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, William T. Goss, Palmer Hayden, Zell Ingram, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Claude Johnson, John H. Jones, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Edgar Patience, Horace Pippin, John Rhoden, Augusta Savage, Albert Alexander Smith, Alma G. Scott (b. 1878; china painter; the only known source for this artist), Henry Ossawa Tanner, Laura Wheeler Waring, Mme. Toussaint Welcome (the only known source for this artist, active Jamaica, NY, with illus., p. 203), Charles White, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Review: The Crisis, November 1957:579.] CHARLESTON (SC). Gibbes Art Gallery. Reflections of a Southern Heritage: 20th Century Black Artists of the Southeast. September 6-October 28, 1979. Unpag. (52 pp.) exhib. cat., annotated b&w illus. throughout with biographical information on each artist. Intro. by Leo F. Twiggs. Artists listed are Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, William Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Arthur L. Britt, Benjamin Britt, Francis H. (Sonny) Brown, Yvonne Pickering Carter, Claude Clark, Eldzier Cortor, David C. Driskell, Adolphus Ealey, Minnie Evans, Thomas Jefferson Flanagan, Fred Flemister, Edwin Augustus Harleston, Palmer Hayden, James V. Herring, Terry Hunter, Wilmer Jennings, Jesse Jeter, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Larry Francis Lebby, Henri Linton, Lev Mills, Jimmie Mosley, Archibald Motley, James A. Porter, Lee Ransaw, James Reuben Reed, Gregory Ridley, Arthur Rose, Augusta Savage, Merton Simpson, Hughie Lee-Smith, Alma Thomas, Leo F. Twiggs, James Watkins, Edward B. Webster, James Lesesne Wells. An additional film series featured: "Two Centuries of Black American Art," "Made in Mississippi: Black Folk Art and Crafts" and "Black Art of the U.S.A." [Traveled to: Greenville County Museum of Art, November 9-December 6, 1979; Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, SC, January 13-February 17, 1980.] [Review: Lynne Langley, "Charleston Black Arts Festival Focuses on Twentieth Century Work," The News and Courier (Charleston), September 7, 1979: 11 artists mentioned by name (with several misspellings); no illus.] 8vo (24 x 16 cm.), wraps. First ed. CHICAGO (IL). Renaissance Society, University of Chicago. Paintings and Sculpture by American Negro Artists. December 8-20, 1936. Group exhibition. Included: Richmond Barthé, Samuel A. Countee, Otis Galbreath, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Suzanne Ogunjami Wilson (as Suzanna Ogunjami), Allan Rohan Crite, James Porter, J. H. D. Robinson (as J.D.H.), Winfred Jonathan Russell, Charles Sebree, Laura Wheeler Waring, and Hale Woodruff. CHICAGO (IL). Tanner Art Galleries. Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro (1851-1940). July 4-September 2, 1940. Exhib. cat., 18 illus. Assembled by the American Negro Exposition. Statement by Alain Locke, chairman of the art committee; lists selections jury, awards jury, exhibition committees. Included 100 artists: Charles Alston, William E. Artis, John Ingliss Atkinson, Henry Avery, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Leslie G. Bolling, Selma Burke, Margaret Burroughs, Simms Campbell, Fred Carlo, William S. Carter, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Charles C. Davis, Charles C. Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Elba Lightfoot DeReyes, Walter Ellison, William M. Farrow, Elton Fax, Frederick C. Flemister, Allan R. Freelon, Meta Vaux Fuller, Reginald Gammon, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, J. Eugene Grigsby, John Hardrick, Edwin Harleston, William A. Harper, Palmer C. Hayden, William M. Hayden, Vertis Hayes, James Herring, Fred Hollingsworth, Zell Ingram, Burt Jackson, Robert M. Jackson, Louise E. Jefferson, Wilmer Jennings, Malvin Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lawrence Arthur Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence (won second prize), Clarence Lawson, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Richard Lindsey, Romeyn Van Vleck Lippman, Ed Loper, Rosemary Louis, John Lutz, Francis McGee, Ron Moody, Archibald J. Motley, George E. Neal, Robert L. Neal, Marion Perkins, Frederick Perry, Robert Pious, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Georgette Powell, Teodoro Ramos-Blanco (South American artist), Donald Reid, John Rollins, David Ross, Charles Sallee, Augusta Savage, Charles Sebree, Samuel Simms, Albert A. Smith, Marvin Smith, Mary E. Smith, William E. Smith, Thelma Streat, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dox Thrash, Daniel N. Tillman, Earl Walker, Laura Wheeler Waring, Wilbert (Masood Ali) Warren, Claude Weaver, Albert Wells, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Leroy Winbush, Hale Woodruff, Leon Wright. [Among the many reviews: Selma Gordon, "Seventy-Five Years of Negro Progress," The Criss 48 (January 1941):10-11+; mainstream review in Newsweek Vol XVI, No 11, September 9, 1940.] 8vo, pictorial wraps. Exhibition poster and catalogue cover design by James Lesesne Wells. COLEMAN, FLOYD WILLIS. Persistence and Discontinuity of Traditional Perception in Afro-American Art. Athens: University of Georgia, 1975. Focus on African heritage and on artists whose work is influenced by African art and culture. Artists include: William Artis, Edward Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Skunder Boghossian, Ed Clark, James Cooper, Eldzier Cortor, Aaron Douglas, Robert Douglass, Robert Duncanson, William Edmondson, Meta Warrick Fuller, Henry Gudgell, Edwin Harleston, William Harper, Palmer Hayden, Rosalind Jeffries, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Lois Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Jim Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Samella Lewis, McLean's Slave, Evangeline Montgomery, Scipio Moorhead [as Morehead], Archibald Motley, J. W. C. Pennington, James Phillips, Gary Rickson, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, William Simpson, Henry O. Tanner, Lovett Thompson, Jack Thurman, Neptune Thurston, William Walker, Eugene Warburg, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. Ph.D. Dissertation. COLLEGE PARK (MD). David C. Driskell Center, University of Maryland. Tradition Redefined: The Larry and Brenda Thompson Collection of African American Art. February 18-May 29, 2009. 101 pp. exhib. cat., illus. Artists included: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Herman Kofi Bailey, Radcliffe Bailey, Amiri Baraka, Camille J. Billops, Moe Brooker, Vivian Browne, Archie Byron, Carl Christian, Claude Clark, Sr., Kevin E. Cole, Ernest Crichlow, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Louis Delsarte, David C. Driskell, Michael Ellison, David Fludd, Ramon Gabriel, Reginald Gammon, Sam Gilliam, John W. Hardrick, Palmer Hayden, Vertis Hayes, Humbert Howard, Stefanie Jackson, Wadsworth A. Jarrell, Fred Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Ronald Joseph, Larry Lebby, Norman Lewis, Donald Locke, James H. Malone, Edward Martin, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Ealy Mays, E.J. Montgomery, Norma Morgan, Hayward Oubre, Joe Overstreet, Howardena Pindell, Charles Porter, James A. Porter, Teri Richardson, Preston Sampson, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Jewel Simon, Walter A. Simon, Thelma Johnson Streat, Freddy Styles, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Bill Taylor, Bob Thompson, Mildred J. Thompson, Larry Walker, Joyce Wellman, Jack H. White, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Hartwell Yeargans, James Yeargans. [Traveled to: Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA, January 30-March 28, 2011, and other venues.) COOKS, BRIDGET R. Exhibiting Blackness: African Americans and the American Art Museum. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011. 240 pp., color illus., notes, index. The narrative begins in 1927 with the Chicago "Negro in Art Week" exhibition, and in the 1930s with the Museum of Modern Art's exhibition of "William Edmondson" (1937) and "Contemporary Negro Art" (1939) at the Baltimore Museum of Art; the focus, however, is on exhibitions held from the 1960s to present with chapters on "Harlem on My Mind" (1969), "Two Centuries of Black American Art" (1976); "Black Male" (1994-95); and "The Quilts of Gee's Bend" (2202). Numerous artists, but most mentioned only in passing: Cedric Adams, Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, numerous Bendolphs (Annie, Jacob, Mary Ann, Mary Lee, Louisiana) and Loretta Bennett, Ed Bereal, Donald Bernard, Nayland Blake, Gloria Bohanon, Leslie Bolling, St. Clair Bourne, Cloyd Boykin, Kay Brown, Selma Burke, Bernie Casey, Roland Charles, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Claude Clark, Linda Day Clark, Robert Colescott, Dan Concholar, Emilio Cruz, Ernest Crichlow (footnote only), Alonzo Davis, Selma Day (footnote only), Roy DeCarava, Aaron Douglas, Emory Douglas, Robert M. Douglass, Jr., David Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Elton Fax (footnote only), Cecil L. Fergerson, Roland Freeman, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Reginald Gammon (footnote only), K.D. Ganaway, Sam Gilliam, David Hammons, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, Vertis C. Hayes, Barkley L. Hendricks, James V. Herring, Richard Hunt, Rudy Irwin, May Howard Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Joshua Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Gwendolyn Knight, Wifredo Lam, Artis Lane, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Alvin Loving (footnote only), William Majors (footnote only), Richard Mayhew, Reginald McGhee, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Richard Mayhew, Willie Middlebrook, Ron Moody, Lottie and Lucy Mooney, Flora Moore, Scipio Moorhead, Norma Morgan, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Sara Murrell (footnote only), Otto Neals (footnote only), Odili Donald Odita, Noni Olubisi, Ademola Olugebefola, John Outterbridge, Gordon Parks, six Pettways (Annie E., Arlonzia, Bertha, Clinton, Jr., Jesse T., Letisha), James Phillips, Howardena Pindell, Horace Pippin, Carl Pope, James A. Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Noah Purifoy, Martin Puryear, Okoe Pyatt (footnote only), Robert Reid (footnote only), John Rhoden, John Riddle, Faith Ringgold (footnote only), Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders (footnote only), Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Georgette Seabrook, James Sepyo (footnote only), Taiwo Shabazz (footnote only), Gary Simmons, Lorna Simpson, Merton Simpson (footnote only), Albert Alexander Smith, Arenzo Smith, Frank Stewart, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Danny Tisdale, Melvin Van Peebles, James Vanderzee, Annie Walker, Kara Walker, Augustus Washington, Timothy Washington, Carrie Mae Weems, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Pat Ward Williams, William T. Williams, Deborah Willis, Fred Wilson, Ernest C. Withers, Beulah Ecton Woodard, Hale Woodruff, Lloyd Yearwood, Annie Mae and Nettie Pettway Young. 8vo (9 x 6 in.), wraps. CUREAU, HAROLD G. The Historic Roles of Black American Artists: A Profile of Struggle. 1977. In: Black Scholar 9 (November 1977) 3, 2-13. Mentions Edward M. Bannister, Edmonia Lewis, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Patrick H. Reason, Robert S. Duncanson, Aaron Douglas, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Hale Woodruff, Palmer Hayden, Richmond Barthé, Sargent Johnson, James A. Porter, Elizabeth Catlett, Benny Andrews, Cliff Johnson. 8vo, wraps. DALLAS (TX). Hall of Negro Life, Texas Centennial Exposition. Texas Centennial Exposition: Exhibition of Fine Art Productions by American Negroes. June 19-November 29, 1936. The visual arts exhibitions were curated by Alonzo J. Aden. Art in the Hall of Negro Life included: a large bas-relief seal sculpted by Raoul Josset over the door depicting a figure with broken chains. Four murals of black history were commissioned from Aaron Douglas and were displayed in the lobby: Bondage (Corcoran Gallery) and Aspiration (San Francisco Museum of Art); the other two are believed lost. Two rooms of paintings and sculpture by Texas artists Samuel A. Countee and an unknown artist from Galveston named Frank Sheinall as well as artists from other states whose work was loaned by the Harmon Foundation. Included: Henry O. Tanner, James Latimer Allen, Allan Rohan Crite, Palmer Hayden, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., James L. Wells, Hale Woodruff, Laura Wheeler Waring, Arthur Diggs, Malvin Gray Johnson, and Hilda Brown, Richmond Barthé, Sargent Johnson, Robert Pious, Leslie Bolling, and Henry Letcher (potter.) [Review/article by curator Alonzo J. Aden, "Educational Tour Through the Hall of Negro Life," Southern Workman [Hampton, VA] 65 (November 1936):331-341 mentions Aaron Douglas murals, Richmond Barthé, Archibald Motley, Sargent Johnson, James Wells, Hale Woodruff, Samuel Countee, Laura Waring, Leslie Bolling [as Boling], Henry Letcher, R.A. Johnson; photo of Elton Fax.] DEACON, DEBORAH. The Art and Artifacts Collection of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture: A Preliminary Catalogue. 1981. In: Bulletin of Research on the Humanities Issue 84, no. 2, 1981:145-65. DOSS, ERIKA. Twentieth-Century American Art. Oxford University Press, 2002. 288 pp., 151 illus. (including 91 in color). Although it includes a chapter on "Feminist art and Black art," this by no means summarizes the level of inclusion of black artists at every point throughout the text. There are many glaring omissions (John Biggers, Mildred Howard, Lois Mailou Jones, Martin Puryear, Bob Thompson, etc.) and some odd summary comments (for example, Norman Lewis's work is described as "improvisatory environments"), but it's hard to quibble with the first survey of American art to give more than token acknowledgement to the work of African American artists. Over fifty artists and 17 illustrations are included: Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Amiri Baraka, Jean-Michel Basquiat (illus.), Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Michael Ray Charles (illus.), Barbara Chase-Riboud, Robert Colescott (illus.), Thornton Dial (illus.), Aaron Douglas, Emory Douglas, Melvin Edwards (illus.), Sam Gilliam, Coco Fusco (illus.), David Hammons (illus.), Palmer Hayden, Lonnie Holley, Cliff Joseph, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson (illus.), William H. Johnson, Cliff Joseph, Byron Kim, K.O.S., Jacob Lawrence (illus.), Norman Lewis (illus.), Alvin Loving, Kerry James Marshall, Archibald J. Motley (illus.), Chris Ofili, Lorraine O'Grady, Joe Overstreet, Gordon Parks, Adrian Piper, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Gary Rickson, Faith Ringgold (illus.), Alison Saar (illus.), Betye Saar (illus.), Augusta Savage, Gary Simmons, Lorna Simpson, Alma Thomas, Iké Udé, James Vanderzee, Kara Walker, Carrie Mae Weems (illus.), Charles White, Pat Ward Williams (illus.), Fred Wilson (illus.), Hale Woodruff. Karamu House, the Black Arts Movement and Spiral are mentioned in passing. 8vo (9.2 x 6.5 in..), wraps. DRISKELL, DAVID C. The Other Side of Color: African American Art in the Collection of Camille O. and William H. Cosby, Jr. San Francisco: Pomegranate, 2001. 240 pp., 105 b&w and color illus., excellent quality color plates throughout, biogs. of 47 artists, bibliog., index. Texts by David C. Driskell, Camille O. Cosby and William H. Cosby, Jr., Rene Hanks (biogs.) An astounding collection of over 300 major works of African American painting, sculpture, graphics, etc. that is not truly represented in this publication. Large 4to (34 cm.), cloth, d.j. First ed. DRISKELL, DAVID C. Two Centuries of Black American Art. Los Angeles: Museum of Art, 1976. 221 pp. exhib. cat., 205 illus., 32 in color, bibliog., index. Groundbreaking survey exhibition of African American art. Texts by Driskell; catalogue notes by Leonard Simon. Includes Dave the Potter, Charles H. Alston, William E. Artis, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Grafton Tyler Brown, David Butler, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Eldzier Cortor, Allan Rohan Crite, Thomas Day, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Minnie Evans, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Felrath Hines, Earl J. Hooks, Julien Hudson, Clementine Hunter, Wilmer Jennings, James Butler Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Richard Mayhew, Sam Middleton, Leo Moss, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Patrick Reason, John Rhoden, Gregory Ridley, Jr., William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Henry Ossawa Tanner, William (Bill) Taylor, Alma Thomas, Dox Thrash, Laura Wheeler Waring, Edward Webster, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Walter Williams, Ed Wilson, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff. Additional artists mentioned in the text: James Allen, Leslie Bolling, John Kane (?), Jules Lion, James Vanderzee, many more. [Traveled to Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA; High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA; Museum of Fine Arts, Dallas, TX; and the Brooklyn Museum, NY.] 4to, wraps. First ed. DURHAM (NC). Duke University. Southern Gate: African American Paintings from the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. August 21, 1999-June 30, 2002. An exhibition curated by Richard J. Powell of seven major paintings by African American artists from the National Museum of American Art, ranging in date from 1927-1967: a portrait by Laura Wheeler Waring; Palmer C. Hayden's A Janitor who Paints; William H. Johnson's Sowing; Eldzier Cortor's Southern Gate; Charles Sebree's Harlem Saltimbanques; Minnie Evans' Design Made at Alrie Gardens; Jacob Lawrence's Dreams #2; ESTELL, KENNETH. African America: Portrait of a People. Detroit: Visible Ink, 1994. Section on Fine and Applied Arts pp. 593-655 mentions a sizeable number of artists (with many misspellings): Scipio Moorhead, Eugene Warburg, Bill Day [presumably Thomas Day], Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Henry Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé (photo), Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Robert Blackburn, curator Horace Brockington, Elmer Brown, Eugene Brown, Kay Brown, Linda Bryant, Selma Burke, Margaret Burroughs, E. Simms Campbell, Elizabeth Catlett, Cathy Chance, Dana Chandler, Gylbert Coker, Robert Colescott, Houston Conwill, Michael Cummings, Ernest Crichlow, Emilio Cruz, Roy DeCarava (with photo), Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, David Driskell, Robert Duncanson, William Edmondson, Elton Fax, (with photo), Meta Warrick Fuller, Sam Gilliam, David Hammons, Philip Hampton, Florence Harding (as Harney), Palmer Hayden, James V. Herring, George Hulsinger, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Zell Ingram, Venola Jennings, Larry Johnson, Lester L. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Emeline King, Jacob Lawrence (with photo); Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Ionis Bracy Martin, Cheryl McClenny, Geraldine McCullough, Evangeline J. Montgomery, Jimmy Mosely, Juanita Moulon, Archibald Motley (with photo), Otto Neals, Senga Nengudi, Ademola Olugebefola, Hayward Oubré, John Outterbridge, Gordon Parks, Marion Perkins, Delilah Pierce, Howardena Pindell, Jerry Pinkney, Horace Pippin, James Porter, Florence Purviance, Martin Puryear, Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Charles Sallee, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Searles, Lorna Simpson, Willi Smith (with photo), William E. Smith, Edward Spriggs, F. [Doc] Spellmon, Nelson Stevens, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Jean Taylor, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Dox Thrash, James VanDerZee, Laura Waring, Faith Weaver, Edward T. P. Welburn, Charles White, Randy Williams, William T. Williams (with photo), John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Dolores Wright, Richard Yarde, and George Washington Carver. Also mentions fashion designers Stephen Burrows (photo), Gordon Henderson, Willi Smith. 4to, cloth. FABRE, MICHEL. From Harlem to Paris: Black American Writers in France, 1840-1980. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991. 358 pp. Although the focus is on writers, musicians and visual artists are mentioned as well. Artists mentioned include: Josephine Baker, Richmond Barthé, Hart Leroy Bibbs, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Ed Clark, Beauford Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Hector Hyppolite, Ted Joans, Clarence Major, Sam Middleton, Gordon Parks, Elizabeth Prophet, Henry O. Tanner, Melvin Van Peebles, Eugene Warburg, Hale Woodruff. Passing mention of numerous others such as Larry Potter, Walter Coleman, Agustín Cardenas, Wifredo Lam (as Wilfredo), Hervé Télémaque, et al. [Fabre's earlier "Les Noirs Americains" (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin, 1970) had mentioned only 8 black visual artists Jacob Lawrence, Palmer Hayden, Charles White, Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Lawrence Taylor, Beulah Woodward, Richard Hunt.] 8vo (9.3 x 6.2 in.), cloth, d.j. First ed. FALK, PETER HASTINGS, ed. Who Was Who in American Art, 1564-1975. Madison, CT: Sound View Press, 1999. 3 Vols. 3724 pp. The 1985 publication is a summary compiled from the original 34 volumes of American Art Annual: Who's Who in Art, no new entries. It is in some ways an account of the spotty knowledge that the white art world had acquired about black artists during the decades after WWII. Many glaring omissions. The 1999 edition seems to have substantial additions. Included: Alonzo Aden, Frank Herman Alston, Jr., Frederick Cornelius Alston, Dorothy Austin, Henry Avery, Henry Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Richmond Barthé, John Biggers, Leslie Bolling, William E. Braxton, Wendell T. Brooks, Elmer William Brown, Eugene J. Brown, Samuel Joseph Brown, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs, Elmer Simms Campbell, William S. Carter, Dana C. Chandler, Jr., Samuel O. Collins, Eldzier Cortor, Norma Criss, Allan Crite, Charles C. Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Arthur Diggs, Frank J. Dillon, Aaron Douglas, Charles Early, Walter W. Ellison, Annette Ensley, William M. Farrow, Allan Freelon, Meta Fuller, Robert Gates, Rex Goreleigh, Donald O. Greene, Samuel P. Greene, Charles E. Haines, John Wesley Hardrick, William A. Harper, John Taylor Harris, Palmer Hayden, Dion Henderson, James V. Herring, Clifton Thompson Hill, Hector Hill, Raymond Howell, Bill Hutson, May Howard Jackson, Oliver Jackson, Wilmer Jennings, George H. Benjamin Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Frederick D. Jones, Jr., Henry B. Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Joseph Kersey, Vivian Schuyler Key, Jacob Lawrence, Bertina B. Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Elba Lightfoot, Ed Loper, John Lutz, William McBride, Sr., Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Robert L. Neal, John B. Payne, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Nancy Prophet, Oliver Richard Reid, Earl Richardson, Marion Sampler, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Albert Alexander Smith, Teressa Staats, Thelma J. Streat, Henry O. Tanner, Dox Thrash, Laura Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Benjamin L. Wigfall, Ellis Wilson, John W. Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Terrance Yancey. 4to, cloth. FINE, ELSA HONIG. The Afro-American Artist: A Search for Identity. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1973. x, 310 pp., 342 b&w illus., 38 color plates, bibliography and notes, index. Survey of work from the colonial period through the 1970s. Approx. 100 artists represented. An important reference work with many women artists included: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Malcolm Bailey, Edward Bannister, Amiri Baraka, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Henry Bibb, Betty Blayton, Grafton Tyler Brown, Kay Brown, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Emilio Cruz, Thomas Day, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Robert M. Douglass, Jr., Robert S. Duncanson, Melvin Edwards, Frederick J. Eversley, Allan Freelon, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Reginald Gammon, Sam Gilliam, Henry Gudgell, David Hammons, Marvin Harden, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, Felrath Hines, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Julien Hudson, Richard Hunt, Bill Hutson, Walter C. Jackson, Daniel Larue Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Marie Johnson, Milton Derr (as Milton Johnson), Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Cliff Joseph, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, James Lewis, Norman Lewis, Tom Lloyd, Al Loving, Richard Mayhew, Donald McIlvaine, Scipio Moorhead, Norma Morgan, Archibald Motley, George Neal, Joe Overstreet, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Patrick Reason, Robert Reid, Gary Rickson, Faith Ringgold, Raymond Saunders, William E. Scott, Christopher Shelton, Thomas Sills, Merton Simpson, William H. Simpson, John H. Smith, Tony Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Lovett Thompson, Neptune Thurston, Ulysses Vidal, Bill Walker, Eugene Warburg, Charles White, William T. Williams, A. B. Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Excellent quality reprint in sturdy cloth binding with all original color plates was issued by Hacker, NY, 1982.] Small, 4to, black cloth with silver lettering, d.j. First ed. FRANCIS, JACQUELINE. Making Race: Modernism and "Racial Art" in America. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011. 256 pp., illus., notes, bibliog., index. A scholarly study of the flowering of racial art rhetoric in criticism and history published in the 1920s and 1930s, and its underlying presence in contemporary discussions of artists of color. Francis takes as her subjects the careers of three artists -- Malvin Gray Johnson, Yasuo Kuniyoshi and Max Weber - exploring the topics across a broader spectrum than the exclusive focus on African American art would permit. Other artists mentioned in passing include: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Beauford Delaney, Frank J. Dillon, Lillian Dorsey, Palmer Hayden, Edwin Harleston, Wilmer Jennings, William H. Johnson, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Henry Ossawa Tanner, Laura Wheeler Waring, and Hale Woodruff. 4to (22.8 x 17.8 cm.; 9 x 7 in.), wraps GATES, HENRY LOUIS and EVELYN BROOKS HIGGINBOTHAM, eds. African American National Biography. 2009. Originally published in 8 volumes, the set has grown to 12 vollumes with the addition of 1000 new entries. Also available as online database of biographies, accessible only to paid subscribers (well-endowed institutions and research libraries.) As per update of February 2, 2009, the following artists were included in the 8-volume set, plus addenda. A very poor showing for such an important reference work. Hopefully there are many more artists in the new entries: Jesse Aaron, Julien Abele (architect), John H. Adams, Jr., Ron Adams, Salimah Ali, James Latimer Allen, Charles H. Alston, Amalia Amaki, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, William E. Artis, Herman "Kofi" Bailey, Walter T. Bailey (architect), James Presley Ball, Edward M. Bannister, Anthony Barboza, Ernie Barnes, Richmond Barthé, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Cornelius Marion Battey, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, Arthur Bedou, Mary A. Bell, Cuesta Ray Benberry, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Howard Bingham, Alpha Blackburn, Robert H. Blackburn, Walter Scott Blackburn, Melvin R. Bolden, David Bustill Bowser, Wallace Branch, Barbara Brandon, Grafton Tyler Brown, Richard Lonsdale Brown, Barbara Bullock, Selma Hortense Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs, John Bush, Elmer Simms Campbell, Elizabeth Catlett, David C. Chandler, Jr., Raven Chanticleer, Ed Clark, Allen Eugene Cole, Robert H. Colescott, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest T. Crichlow, Michael Cummings, Dave the Potter [David Drake], Griffith J. Davis, Thomas Day, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Thornton Dial, Sr., Joseph Eldridge Dodd, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Sam Doyle, David Clyde Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, Ed Dwight (listed as military, not as artist); Mel Edwards, Minnie Jones Evans, William McNight Farrow, Elton Fax, Daniel Freeman, Meta Warrick Fuller, Reginald Gammon, King Daniel Ganaway, the Goodridge Brothers, Rex Goreleigh, Tyree Guyton, James Hampton, Della Brown Taylor (Hardman), Edwin Augustus Harleston, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Lyle Ashton Harris, Bessie Harvey, Isaac Scott Hathaway, Palmer Hayden, Nestor Hernandez, George Joseph Herriman, Varnette Honeywood, Walter Hood, Richard L. Hunster, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Bill Hutson, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Claude Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Ann Keesee, Gwendolyn Knight, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Samella Lewis, Glenn Ligon, Jules Lion, Edward Love, Estella Conwill Majozo, Ellen Littlejohn, Kerry James Marshall, Lynn Marshall-Linnemeier, Richard Mayhew, Carolyn Mazloomi, Aaron Vincent McGruder, Robert H. McNeill, Scipio Moorhead, Archibald H. Motley, Jr., Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Mr. Imagination (Gregory Warmack), Lorraine O'Grady, Jackie Ormes, Joe Overstreet, Carl Owens, Gordon Parks, Sr., Gordon Parks, Jr., C. Edgar Patience, Howardena Pindell, Adrian Margaret Smith Piper, Rose Piper, Horace Pippin, William Sidney Pittman, Stephanie Pogue, Prentiss Herman Polk (as Prentice), James Amos Porter, Harriet Powers, Elizabeth Prophet, Martin Puryear, Patrick Henry Reason, Michael Richards, Arthur Rose, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, Joyce J. Scott, Addison Scurlock, George Scurlock, Willie Brown Seals, Charles Sebree, Joe Selby, Lorna Simpson, Norma Merrick Sklarek, Clarissa Sligh, Albert Alexander Smith, Damballah Smith, Marvin and Morgan Smith, Maurice B. Sorrell, Simon Sparrow, Rozzell Sykes, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, J.J. Thomas, Robert Louis (Bob) Thompson, Mildred Jean Thompson, Dox Thrash, William Tolliver, Bill Traylor, Leo F. Twiggs, James Augustus Joseph Vanderzee, Kara Walker, William Onikwa Wallace, Laura Wheeler Waring, Augustus Washington, James W. Washington, Jr., Carrie Mae Weems, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, John H. White, Jack Whitten, Carla Williams, Daniel S. Williams, Paul Revere Williams (architect), Deborah Willis, Ed Wilson, Ellis Wilson, Fred Wilson, John Woodrow Wilson, Ernest C. Withers, Beulah Ecton Woodard, Hale Aspacio Woodruff. GATES, HENRY LOUIS, JR. and EVELYN BROOKS HIGGINBOTHAM, ed. African American Lives. Oxford University Press, 2004. 1080 pp. biographies of 611 African-Americans over more than four centuries, of which some 257 of the entries have been reprinted from American National Biography (Oxford, 1999). For far more entries on women than are found here, the reader should consult Darlene Clark Hine's Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia (Carlson, 1993). The visual artists include a heavily skewed emphasis on photographers which seems to have come from copying the entries in Deborah Willis's Black Photographers: 1940-1988, without doing the same for any of the equivalent research on African American painters, sculptors, printmakers, etc. Hopefully this will be remedied in some future edition. Includes: Jesse James Aaron, Randy Abbott, Lancy O'Neal Abel, Julian Francis Abele, Billy (Fundi) Abernathy, Alonzo J. Aden, Terry Adkins, Jim Alexander, Salimah Ali, James Lattimer Allen, Jules Allen, Vance Allen, Winifred Hall Allen, Charles H. Alston, Frederick C. Alston, Emma Amos, Allie Anderson, Gordon Anderson, Ron Akili Anderson, William J. Anderson, Benny Andrews, Bert Andrews, Darius Anthony, John Arterbery, William E. Artist, Thomas E. Askew, John James Audubon (who was Haitian-born but of white French descent), Gene Austin, Calvin Bailey, George Edward Bailey, Herman Kofi Bailey, J. Edward Bailey, Malcolm Bailey, Josephine Baker, James Presley Ball, Henry Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Anthony Barboza, Donnamarie Barnes, Ernie Barnes, Vanessa Barnes-Hillian, Edward Barnett, Romare Bearden, Robert Blackburn, Erlena Chisholm Bland, Elmer Simms Campbell, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, William M. Farrow, Meta Warrick Fuller, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Ed Love, Alvin D. Loving, Anderson Macklin, Estella Conwill Majozo, Stephen Marc, Kerry James Marshall, Lynn Marshall-Linnemeier, Archibald J. Motley, Marion James Porter, James A. Porter, Augusta Savage, Albert A. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James Lesesne Wells, Hale Woodruff, et al. [No others cross-referenced in this database since there did not seem to be any new information here.] 4to (11.6 x 8.1 in.), cloth. GRIGSBY, J. EUGENE. Art and Ethnics: Background for Teaching Youth in a Pluralistic Society. Dubuque (IA): Wm. C. Brown Company, 1977. 147 pp., illus. Includes: Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, William Artis, Malcolm Bailey, Mike Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Bob Blackburn, Betty Blayton, Selma Burke, George Washington Carver, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Dan R. Concholar, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Dale Brockman Davis, Beauford Delaney, James T. Diggs, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, William M. Farrow, Perry Ferguson, Elton Fax, Doyle Foreman, Meta Vaux Fuller, Reginald Gammon, Sam Gilliam, Joseph W. Gilliard, Manuel Gomez, Rex Goreleigh, Ethel Guest, Edwin A Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Esther P. Hill, Felrath Hines, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Richard, Hunt, Bob Jefferson, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Cliff Joseph, Edward Judie, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Tom Lloyd, Hughie Lee-Smith, William Majors, Richard Mayhew, Earl B. Miller, E.J. Montgomery, Scipio Moorhead, Archibald J. Motley, Robert L. Neal, John Outterbridge, Joe Overstreet, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Patrick Reason, Gary Rickson, Augusta Savage, Merton D. Simpson, Albert A. Smith, Vincent D. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Neptune Thurston, Ruth Waddy, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Rip Woods, Hartwell Yeargans. HAJOSY, DOLORES. Gallery 62: An Outlet . . . A Bridge. 1985. In: Black American Literature Forum 19, No. 1 (Spring 1985):22-23. Mentions artists in 1978 inaugural exhibition at Gallery 62: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, William Braxton, Selma Burke, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Archibald Motley, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Henry O. Tanner, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. Mentions the many other artists subsequently shown in Gallery 62 exhibitions: Jules Allen, Emma Amos, Toyce Anderson, Aleta Bass, Carole Byard, Adger Cowans, Virginia Cox, Nicholas Davis, Avel DeKnight, Nadine DeLawrence-Maine, Louis Delsarte, James Denmark, Tom Feelings, Manuel Hughes, Bill Hutson, Oliver Johnson, Ben Jones, Richard Leonard, James Little, Fern Logan, Jacqueline Patten, John Pinderhughes, John Rhoden, Faith Ringgold, Arthur Robinson (presumably Leo A. Robinson?), Betye Saar, Sidney Schenck, Coreen Simpson, Beauford Smith, George Smith, John Spaulding, Charles Stewart, Frank Stewart, Sharon Sutton, Jon Thomas, Leon Waller, Joyce Wellman, George Wilson, Maryam Zafar. HAMPTON (VA). Hampton University. The International Review of African American Art Vol. 16, no. 1 (1998). 1998. 64 pp., color and b&w illus. Articles on Hughie Lee-Smith, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, and Paul Keene. Artwork by: Palmer Hayden (cover), Hughie Lee-Smith, Edwin Harleston, Aaron Douglas, Paul Keene, Renée Stout, Charles White, Charlotte Hill O'Neal, Frederick Flemister, and Ed Love. 4to, wraps. HAMPTON (VA). Hampton University. The International Review of African American Art Vol. 20, no. 1. 2004-5. This issue surveys Hampton University’s historic art and archival collections. Hampton was the first university to establish an African American art collection. Artists included: Joshua Johnson, Henry O. Tanner (4 works), Robert S. Duncanson, Edward M. Bannister, Charles Ethan Porter, William Edouard Scott, John Wesley Hardrick, Albert Alexander Smith, James Lesesne Wells, Augusta Savage, Aaron Douglas, Lois Mailou Jones, Ellis Willis, Malvin Gray Johnson, Archibald Motley, Jr., William Artis, Sargent Johnson, Hale Woodruff (2), Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson (2), Jacob Lawrence (3), Charles White (2), Elizabeth Catlett (2), Beauford Delaney, Charles Alston, Samella Lewis (2), Joseph Gilliard, Persis Jennings, Claude Clark, John Biggers (3), Mose Tolliver, Felrath Hines, William Pajaud, Romare Bearden, Herman (Kofi) Bailey, Ed Hamilton, Charles Young, Nanette Carter, and Moe Brooker. Contemporary African-born artists include: Skunder Boghossian, Bruce Onabrakpeya, Ben Enwonwu, Ibrahim el Salahi and Akinola Lasekan. Archival photographs by white photographers Leigh Minor and Frances Benjamin Johnston; and photographs by Reuben Burrell. 4to, wraps. HAMPTON (VA). Hampton University. The International Review of African American Art Vol. 8, no. 2 (1989). 1989. 64 pp., 41 illus. (17 in color). Includes: "The Legacy of The Amistad in Visual Arts" by Clifton H. Johnson; "From Blues to Protest / Assertiveness: The Art of Romare Bearden and John Coltrane" by Robert L. Douglas. Artists include: Romare Bearden, Hale Woodruff, Richmond Barthé, Charles Keck, Herman Kofi Bailey, Aaron Douglas, Charles White, Elizabeth Catlett, Arnold Hurley, Jacob Lawrence, Palmer Hayden, Reginald Gammon, Noah Purifoy, Naomi Caryl, and Cliff Joseph. Photography by P. H. Polk, Bob Thiele and Chuck Stewart. 4to, wraps. HARLEY, RALPH L., JR. Checklist of Afro-American Art and Artists. 1970. In: Serif 7 (December 1970):3-63. What could have been the foundation of future scholarship is unfortunately marred by errors of all kinds and the inclusion of numerous white artists. All Black artists are cross-referenced. HARRIS, MICHAEL D. From Double Consciousness to Double Vision: The Africentric Artist. 1994. In: African Arts Vol. 27, No. 2 (April 1994):44-53, 94-95, color illus., bibliog. Discusses Sargent Johnson, James Phillips, E. H. Sorrells-Adewale. Numerous other artists mentioned in passing: Jeff Donaldson, Palmer Hayden, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Richmond Barthé, Wall of Respect mural, Jacob Lawrence, John Biggers, Africobra, Charles Searles, Barkley Hendricks, Renée Stout. 4to, wraps. HARTFORD (CT). CRT's Craftery Gallery. In Celebration of the Samella S. Lewis Collection. June, 1991. Group exhibition. Seems to have included: Ed Johnetta Miller, Herman Kofi Bailey, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, David Butler, Elizabeth Catlett, Floyd Coleman, Palmer Hayden, Leon Hicks, Margo Humphrey, Clementine Hunter, Jacob Lawrence, Noah Purifoy, Betye Saar, Howard Smith, Mildred Thompson, Mose Tolliver, Ruth Waddy. HEMPSTEAD (NY). Emily Lowe Gallery, Hofstra University. A Blossoming of New Promises: Art in the Spirit of the Harlem Renaissance. February 5-March 14, 1984. 28 pp., 19 b&w illus., 5 full-page color plates (including cover plate), checklist of 55 works by 25 artists, notes, bibliog. Text by Gail Gelburd. Includes (only 5 women artists): Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Aaron Douglas, Meta Warrick Fuller, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald Motley, P.H. Polk, James Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, William Scott, Albert Alexander Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James Vanderzee, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. 4to, stapled wraps. First ed. HIGGINBOTHAM, EVELYN BROOKS, et al, Eds. The Harvard Guide to African-American History. 2001. 923 pp., visual arts bibliography of approximately 80 books in addition to the monographs mentioned in the text. Review of publications cites only four monographs from the 1940s-1971 (Rodman's Horace Pippin; Lois Mailou Jones Peintures; Images of Dignity; Mathews' Henry Ossawa Tanner) along with mention of the illustrated books by Elton Fax and John T. Biggers (on their trips to Africa), Allan Rohan Crite and Oliver Harrington. Only five additional books from the 1970s are mentioned, one of which is referred to as "that unusual publication, an artist's autobiography," but fails to note that the book is for children and that children's literature biographies of successful African American men were published in droves during the 70s, even in the form of history comic books. The author of this section states that roughly 50 monographic publications (including books and exhibition catalogues) were published during the 1990s. A highly misleading body count; we count well over 1000. Text includes mention of publications from the 1970s-90s on Charles Alston, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett, Aaron Douglas, Thomas Day, Beauford Delaney, Thornton Dial, Robert S. Duncanson, Melvin Edwards, Minnie Evans, Elton Fax, Tom Feelings, Amos Ferguson, David Hammons, Oliver Harrington, Palmer Hayden, Clementine Hunter, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Lois Mailou Jones, Raymond Lark, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Archibald Motley, Elijah Pierce, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Faith Ringgold, Ellis Ruley, Philip Simmons, Renée Stout, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bill Traylor, James W. Washington, Jr., James Lesesne Wells, and several others. A highly biased list omitting most major artists under 45. HILDEBRANDT, LORRAINE and RICHARD S. AIKEN, eds. A Bibliography of Afro-American Print and Non-Print Resources in Libraries of Pierce County, Washington. Tacoma Community College Library, 1969. Artists include: Charles Alston, William Artis, Henry Avery, Henry Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Carter Bazile, Romare Bearden, Richmond Beadon (painter), Carl Beathea, Rigaud Bénoit, Charles Bible, John Biggers, Wilson Bigaud, Eloise Bishop, Robert Blackburn, Ramos Blanco (Uruguayan), James Bland, Julius Bledsoe (painter), Leslie Bolling, Seymour Bottex, Elmer Brown, Fred Brown, Samuel Brown, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, E. Simms Campbell, William Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Barbara Chase, Don Cherry, Ernest Crichlow, Claude Clark, William Arthur Cooper, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Crite, Harvey Cropper, Charles Dawson, Joseph Delaney, Richard Dempsey, Lillian A. Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, Glanton Dowdell, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, William Farrow, Elton Fax, Fred Flemister, Allan Freelon, Meta Fuller, Rex Goreleigh [as Gorleigh], Bernard Goss, Eugene Grigsby, John Hardrick, Edwin Harleston, William Harper, Isaac Hathaway, Palmer Hayden, William Hayden, Vertis Hayes, Geoffrey Holder, Al Hollingsworth, Humbert Howard, Richard Hunt, May Jackson, Daniel Larue Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent C. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Henry B. Jones, Lois Jones, Ronald Joseph, Paul Keene, Joseph Kersey, Oliver LaGrone, Jacob Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Edward Loper, John C. Lutz, Geraldine McCullough, Charles McGee, Lloyd McNeil, William Majors, Sam Middleton, Ronald C. Moody, Scipio Moorhead, Norma Morgan, Archibald Motley, Robert L. Neal, Hayward L. Oubré, Joe Overstreet, Pastor Argudin y Pedroso [as Argudin (Pastor) Pedrosa], Marion Perkins, Harper Phillips, Delilah Pierce, Horace Pippin, Robert Pious, James Porter, Elizabeth Prophet, Florence Purviance, John Robinson, Leo Robinson, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Georgette Seabrooke, Charles Sebree, Merton Simpson, William H. Simpson, Albert Alexander Smith, Marvin Smith, Thelma Johnson Streat, Henry O. Tanner, Bob Thompson, Dox Thrash [as Thrasher], Laura Waring, James Washington, James Wells [see also Lesesne Wells], Charles White, Jack Whitten, Walter Williams, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff. HOUSTON (TX). O'Kane Gallery, University of Houston-Downtown College. Highlights from the Collection of Corrine Jennings and Joe Overstreet. January 19-March 23, 2006. Group exhibition of twenty-four works by African American master and contemporary artists. Included: Edward M. Bannister, Camille Billops, Bob Blackburn, Margaret Burroughs, Eldzier Cortor, Robert S. Duncanson, Lawrence Finney, Palmer Hayden, Linda Hiwot, Wilmer Jennings, Oliver Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Charlotte Ka, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Joe Overstreet, Howardena Pindell, Rose Piper, Debra Priestly, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dox Thrash. HOUSTON (TX). University Museum, Texas Southern University. Converging Voices, Transforming Dialogue: Selections from the Elliot and Kimberly Perry Collection. May 6-August 21, 2011. Group exhibition. Included: Nina Chanel Abney, Mequitta Ahuja, Charles H. Alston, Benny Andrews, Radcliffe Bailey, Ernie Barnes, John T. Biggers, Chakaia Booker, Michael Britto, iona brown, Elizabeth Catlett, Michael Ray Charles, Eldzier Cortor, Renee Cox, Ernest Crichlow, Beauford Delaney, Theaster Gates, Jr., Sam Gilliam, Jr., Deborah Grant, Luther Hampton, Lyle Ashton Harris, Palmer Hayden, Leslie Hewitt, Ann Johnson, Rashid Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Lauren Kelly, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Glenn Ligon, Whitfield Lovell, Kerry James Marshall, Richard Mayhew, Wardell Milan, II, Wangechi Mutu, Kermit Oliver, Robert A. Pruitt, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Xaviera Simmons, Shinique Smith, Jeff Sonhouse, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Hank Willis Thomas, Mickalene Thomas, Kara Walker, Carrie Mae Weems, Charles White, Kehinde Wiley, John Wilson, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, and Brenna Youngblood. Ivoryton (CT). ART Gallery Magazine. The ART Gallery Magazine: Afro-American issue (Vol. 11, no. 7, April 1968). 1968. Special Afro-American issue. Approx. 100 pp., b&w and color illus. Includes: Alonzo J. Aden, Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Eric Anderson, Benny Andrews, William E. Artis, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Sheman Beck, Ed Bereal, John T. Biggers, Betty Blayton, Sylvester Britton, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, William S. Carter, Bernie Casey, Elizabeth Catlett, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Edward Christmas, Claude Clark, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Emilio Cruz, Mary Reed Daniel, Charles C. Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Avel DeKnight, Richard Dempsey, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, David C. Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, Eugene Eda, William Edmondson, Melvin Edwards, John Farrar, Frederick C. Flemister, Meta Warrick Fuller, Reginald Gammon, Sam Gilliam, Robert Glover, Russell T. Gordon, Bernard Goss, Phillip Hampton, Marvin Harden, Romaine Harris, Eugene Hawkins, Palmer Hayden, Wilbur Haynie, Reginald Helm, James Herring, Leon Hicks, Vivian Hieber (?), Felrath Hines, Alvin Hollingsworth, Humbert Howard, Richard Hunt, A.B. Jackson, Hiram E. Jackson, Daniel LaRue Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Frederic Jones (presumably Frederick D. Jones, Jr.), Lois Mailou Jones, Robert Edmond Jones, Jack Jordan, Sr., Louis Joseph Jordan, Ronald Joseph (as Joseph Ronald), Paul Keene, Joseph Kersey, Herman King, Sidney Kumalo, Jacob Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Clifford Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, James Edward Lewis, Jr., Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Tom Lloyd, Alvin Loving, William Majors, Howard Mallory, Jr., David Mann, Richard Mayhew, Anna McCullough, Geraldine McCullough, Charles W. McGee, Lloyd McNeill, Jr., Earl Miller, Norma Morgan, Jimmie Mosely, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Texeira Nash, Frank W. Neal, George E. Neal, Hayward L. Oubre, Jr., James D. Parks, Marion Perkins, Robert S. Pious, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Judson Powell, Ramon Price, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Noah Purifoy, Mavis Pusey, Robert D. Reid, John W. Rhoden, Haywood "Bill" Rivers, Henry C. Rollins, Mahler Ryder, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Jewel Simon, Merton D. Simpson, Van Slater, Carroll Sockwell, John Stevens, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Ralph M. Tate, Lawrence Taylor, John Torres, Jr., Alfred J. Tyler, Ruth G. Waddy, William Walker, Eugene Warburg, Howard N. Watson, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Jack H. White, Jack Whitten, Garrett Whyte, Sam William, Douglas R. Williams, Jose Williams, Todd Williams, Walter H. Williams, Stan Williamson, Ed Wilson, Ellis Wilson, John W. Wilson, Roger Wilson, Hale A. Woodruff, James E. Woods, Roosevelt (Rip) Woods, Charles Yates, Hartwell Yeargans, et al. 8vo (24 cm.; 9 x 6 in.), wraps. JEGEDE, DELE. Encyclopedia of African American Artists (Artists of the American Mosaic). Westport (CT): Greenwood, 2009. 280 pp., b&w illus. and 8 pp. color plates, brief bibliogs. after biographical entries, short general bibliog., index. 66 artists included, some with full entries, some additional artists named in passing. Not remotely encyclopedic. Includes: Charles Alston, Olu Amoda, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, George Andrews, Herman Kofi Bailey, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, John T. Biggers, Elmer Simms Campbell, George Washington Carver, Elizabeth Catlett, Sonya Clark, Robert Colescott, Larry Collins, Ed Colston, Achamyele Debela, Roy DeCarava, Gebre Desta, Buddie Jake Dial, Thornton Dial, Sr., Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, David Driskell, Melvin Edwards, Victor Ekpuk, Ben Enwonwu, Tolulope Filani, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Charnelle Holloway, George Hughes, Richard Hunt, Wadsworth Jarrell, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Lois Mailiou Jones, Ronald Joseph, Byron Kim, Wosene Worke Kosrof, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Cynthia Lockhart, Frank (Toby) Martin, Richard, Mayhew, Carolyn Mazloomi, Julie Mehretu, Archibald Motley, Wangechi Mutu, Barbara Nesin, Odili Donald Odita, Christopher Okigbo, Bruce Onobrakpeya, Kolade Oshinowo, Gordon Parks, Thomas Phelps, Horace Pippin, Willi Posey (under Jones), Ellen Jean Price, Martin Puryear, Femi Richards, Faith Ringgold, Aminah Brenda Lynn Robinson, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, John T. Scott, Gerard Sekoto, Thomas Shaw, Lorna Simpson, Edgar Sorrells-Adewale, SPIRAL, Renée Stout, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Fatimah Tuggar, Obiora Udechukwu, James Vanderzee, Ouattara Watts, Carrie Mae Weems, Charles White, William T. Williams, Hale Woodruff. 4to (10.1 x 7.2 in.), boards. JORDAN, DENISE. Harlem Renaissance Artists. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2003. 64 pp., illus. in color and b&w, bibliog., index. General survey designed for juvenile readers, with brief biographies of 11 artists: Richmond Barthé, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Claude Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Augusta Savage, Hale Woodruff, James Vanderzee. 8vo (24 cm.). LEININGER-MILLER, THERESA. New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922-1934. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001. xiii, 320 pp., 20 color plates and 120 b&w illus., bibliog., index. Organized as a series of individual art-historical biographies with critical discussion of the different aesthetic principles of each artist and the issues of patronage. Includes the sculptors Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, Palmer Hayden, Hale Woodruff, Archibald Motley, and Albert Alexander Smith. Briefer mention of numerous other artists. 4to (27 cm.), cloth, d.j. First ed. LEWIS, SAMELLA. African American Art & Artists. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 302 pp., 204 illus., many in color, substantial bibliog. A history of African American art from the seventeenth-century to the '90s. Revised and updated from Lewis's original publication Art: African American (1978). [See also entry on expanded edition, 2003]. Foreword by Floyd Coleman. Artists include: the slaves of Thomas Fleet, Boston,.Scipio Moorhead, Neptune Thurston, G.W.Hobbs (white artist), Joshua Johnston, Julien Hudson, Robert M. Douglass, Jr., Patrick Henry Reason, David Bustill Bowser, William Simpson, Robert S. Duncanson, Eugene Warburg, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Grafton Tyler Brown, Nelson A. Primus, Charles Ethan Porter, (Mary) Edmonia Lewis, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Meta Vaux Warrick (Fuller), William Edouard Scott, Laura Wheeler Waring, Aaron Douglas, Hale Woodruff, Palmer Hayden, Archibald Motley, Jr., Malvin Gray Johnson, Ellis Wilson, Sargent Claude Johnson, Augusta Savage, Richmond Barthé, William H. Johnson, James Lesesne Wells, Beauford Delaney, Selma Burke, Lois Mailou Jones, Alma Thomas, James A. Porter, William E. Artis, William Edmondson, Horace Pippin, Clementine Hunter, David Butler, Charles Alston, Norman Lewis, Romare Bearden, Hughie Lee-Smith, Eldzier Cortor, Jacob Lawrence, Charles White, Elizabeth Catlett, John Wilson, John Biggers, Ademola Olugebefola, Herman Kofi Bailey, Raymond Saunders, Lucille Malkia Roberts, David Driskell, Floyd Coleman, Paul Keene, Arthur Carraway, Mikelle Fletcher, Varnette Honeywood, Phoebe Beasley, Benny Andrews, Reginald Gammon, Faith Ringgold, Cliff Joseph, David Bradford, Bertrand Phillips, Manuel Hughes, Phillip Lindsay Mason, Dana Chandler, Malaika Favorite, Bob Thompson, Emilio Cruz, Leslie Price, Irene Clark, Al Hollingsworth, William Pajaud, Richard Mayhew, Bernie Casey, Floyd Newsum, Frank Williams, Louis Delsarte, William Henderson, Daniel LaRue Johnson, Joe Overstreet, Adrienne W. Hoard, Sam Gilliam, Mahler Ryder, Oliver Jackson, Eugene Coles, Vincent Smith, Calvin Jones, Pheoris West, Noah Purifoy, Ed Bereal, Betye Saar, Ron Griffin, John Outterbridge, Marie Johnson, Ibibio Fundi, John Stevens, Juan Logan, John Riddle, Richard Hunt, Mel Edwards, Allie Anderson, Ed Love, Plla Mills, Doyle Foreman, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Artis Lane, John Scott, William Anderson, Martin Puryear, Thomas Miller, Fred Eversley, Larry Urbina, Ben Hazard, Sargent Johnson, Doyle Lane, Willis (Bing) Davis, Curtis Tucker, Yvonne Tucker, Bill Maxwell, Camille Billops, James Tatum, Douglas Phillips, Art Smith, Bob Jefferson, Evangeline Montgomery, Manuel Gomez, Joanna Lee, Allen Fannin, Leo Twiggs, James Tanner, Therman Statom, Marion Sampler, Arthur Monroe, James Lawrence, Marvin Harden, Raymond Lark, Murray DePillars, Donald Coles, Joseph Geran, Ron Adams, Kenneth Falana, Ruth Waddy, Van Slater, Joyce Wellman, William E. Smith, Leon Hicks, Marion Epting, Russell Gordon, Stephanie Pogue, Devoice Berry, Margo Humphrey, Howard Smith, Jeff Donaldson, Lev Mills, Carol Ward, David Hammons, Michael Kelly Williams, Laurie Ourlicht, Gary Bibbs, Houston Conwill, Mildred Howard, Martha Jackson-Jarvis, Alison Saar, Lorenzo Pace. 4to (28 cm.), wraps. 2nd edition (Revised). Reprinted 1994. LEWIS, SAMELLA. Art: African American. Los Angeles: Hancraft, 1990. x (ii), 298 pp., 294 illus. (104 in color), bibliog. Excellent survey of African American art as of the mid-70s, with a discriminating selection of plates. Unfortunately very poor quality reproductions. [All 169 artists are cross-referenced, although not separately listed here.) 4to, wraps. Second revised ed. 1990 Lewis, Samella, ed. Black Art: an international quarterly Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1976). 1976. 68 pp., b&w and color illus. Articles include: African Influences On Black American Art by Floyd Coleman; Armando Solis by Mati Robinson; Collecting Black Art by Bob Holmes; Profile: Elizabeth Catlett (13 illus., 3 photos of artist, and 4 panel color fold-out); Profile: LaMonte Westmoreland; The Emerging Voice of the Black Visual Artists by Murray DePillars; Black American Music: the beginning by Bette Cox; Afro-Brazilian Art by Abdias do Nascimento (translation by Elizabeth Larkin); The Black Presence -- A Theatre of Creative Alternatives by Joan Sandler; African American Folk Tale. Artwork by: Sargent Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Aaron Douglas, Jacob Lawrence, Palmer Hayden, Richmond Barthé, Wadsworth Jarrell, Eldzier Cortor, Armando Solis, John Wilson, Elliot Pinkney, Elizabeth Catlett (including a four- page, color fold-out), Jose Heitor, Abdias do Nascimento, Sebastiao Januario. Festac poster. 4to, wraps. LEWISBURG (PA). Center Gallery, Bucknell University. Since the Harlem Renaissance: 50 Years of Afro-American Art. April 13-June 6, 1984. 124 pp. exhib. cat., 96 illus. (19 in color), exhib. checklist of 133 works by 77 artists, bibliog. Text includes interviews with 12 of the artists: Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, David Driskell, Sam Gilliam, Lois Mailou Jones, James Little, Al Loving, Howardena Pindell, Faith Ringgold, Frank E. Smith, Jack Whitten, William T. Williams. Intro. mentions the following artist interviews which were not used but which are on deposit with the Hatch-Billops Collection: Jeff Donaldson, Mel Edwards, Bill Hutson, Richard Mayhew, Joe Overstreet. Excellent survey with many dozens of additional artists mentioned in passing. [Traveled to: SUNY, Old Westbury, November 1-December 9; Munson-Williams- Proctor Institute, Utica , NY, January 11-March 3, 1985; University of Maryland, College Park, MD, March 27-May 3; Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, July 19-September 1, 1985; The Chrysler Museum, Norfolk, VA, September 22-November 1, 1985.] 4to (31 cm.; 12 x 9 in.), wraps. First ed. Life Magazine editors. Negro Artists: Their Works Win Top U.S. Honors. 1946. In: Life Magazine Vol. 21, no. 4 (July 22, 1946):62-65; color plate for each painter, b&w plates for sculptors. Important illustrated national coverage of African American artists, including: Marion Perkins ("Moses"), William Artis ("Draped Head"), Sargent Johnson ("Chester"), Richmond Barthé ("Head"), Eloise Bishop ("Head of a Boy"), Eldzier Cortor ("Southern Gate"), Jacob Lawrence ("Interior"), Horace Pippin ("John Brown Going to His Hanging"), Romare Bearden ("Factory Workers"), William H. Johnson ("Mount Calvary"), John Wilson ("Mother and Child") and Palmer Hayden ("Baptizing Day"). Tall 4to, wraps. LIVERPOOL (UK). Tate Liverpool. Afro Modern: Journeys through the Black Atlantic. January 29-April 25, 2010. 208 pp. exhib. cat., 100 color and b&w illus., bibliog. Curated and text by Tanya Barson and Peter Gorschlüter. Scholarly texts include: Petrine Archer ("Negrophilia, diaspora, and moments of crisis"); Roberto Conduru ("Bridging the Atlantic and other gaps: artistic Connections between Brazil and Africa--and beyond"); Manthia Diawara and Edouard Glissant ("A conversation with E´douard Glissant aboard the Queen Mary II"); Courtney J. Martin ("They’ve all got painting : Frank Bowling’s modernity and the post-1960 Atlantic"); Kobena Mercer ("Cosmopolitan contact zones"); Huey Copeland; and "Post/Black/Atlantic: a conversation with Thelma Golden and Glenn Ligon." Over 140 works by more than sixty artists. [Traveled to: Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.] [Review: Jonathan Jones, "Afro-Modern at Tate Liverpool: Voyage of rediscovery," The Guardian, January 28, 2010.] 4to (26 x 22.4 cm.; 9.9 x 8.4 in.), wraps. LOCKE, ALAIN. Advance on the Art Front. 1939. In: Opportunity 17 (May 1939):132-36. Includes 29 artists. [Reprinted in In The Negro in Music and Art, ed.Lindsay Patterson. New York: Publishers Co.:239-245.] William Blackburn [presumably Robert Blackburn]. 4to (11 x 8 in.), wraps. LOCKE, ALAIN. Negro Art: Past and Present. Washington, DC: Associates in Negro Folk Education (Bronze Booklet No. 3), 1936. (vi) 122 pp., no illustrations, bibliography for each chapter. Covers the history of images of African Americans and art by African Americans through contemporary artists of the mid-1930s; the final chapter is on African art. Highly important early book on African American art by one of its most eminent cultural spokespersons. Includes: Charles Alston, William E. Artis, Henry Bannarn, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Samual Blount, Richard Lonsdale Brown, Samuel J. Brown, William A. Cooper, Samuel Countee, Allan Rohan Crite, William Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Gamaliel Derrick, Arthur Diggs, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, William Farrow, Elton Fax, Allan Freelon, Meta Vaux Fuller, Rex Goreleigh, John Hardrick, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, Vertis C. Hayes, Hanry Hudson, May Howard Jackson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Henry Bozeman Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Charles Keene, Edmonia Lewis, Lenwood Morris, Archibald Motley, Sara Murrell, Bruce Nugent, Robert Pious, James A. Porter, Georgette Seabrooke (Powell), Nancy E. Prophet, Dan Terry Reid, (Oliver) Richard Reid, Earle Richardson, Winfred Russell, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Henry O. Tanner, John Urquhart, Grayson Walker, Eugene Warburg, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Hale Woodruff. [Also mentions an artist named Otto Farrill for whom there is no independent listing; the Serif and Cederholm listings are derived from Locke.] [Reprinteed by Arno Press 8vo, wraps. First ed. LOCKE, ALAIN. The American Negro as Artist. New York. American Federation of Arts, 1931. In: The American Magazine of Art Vol. 23, No. 3 (September 1931):210-220. This issue contains the groundbreaking illustrated article by Alain Locke, the leading art critic of the Harlem Renaissance. 12 b&w illustrations of work by Edwin A. Harleston, Lillian Dorsey, Malvin Gray Johnson, Archibald T. Motley, William H. Johnson, Hale Woodruff, James Lesesne Wells, Laura Wheeler Waring, Sargent Johnson, Richmond Barthé. Also includes mention of Edward M. Bannister, Edmonia Lewis, Robert Duncanson, William Farrow, Meta Warrick Fuller, Palmer Hayden, Edwin A. Harleston, May Jackson, William Edouard Scott, Albert A. Smith, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, Henry Ossawa Tanner. This issue also includes an article by Walter R. Agard on the paintings of Africa by Clarence Carter and Paul B. Travis. [Locke's essay is reprinted in: The Critical Temper of Alain Locke. A Selection of His Essays on Art and Culture, edited by Jeffrey C. Stuart. [New York: Garland]:171-79.] 8vo, wraps. LOCKE, ALAIN, ed. The Negro in Art: A Pictorial Record of The Negro Artist and of The Negro Theme In Art. Washington, DC: Associates in Negro Folk education, 1940. 224 pp., leaf of plates, illus. (1 in color), selected bibliography. Reprinted by Hacker Books, 1968, 1968, 1971, 1979 (0878170138). 4to (31 cm.), green gilt-lettered cloth. First printing, December 1940. LONDON (UK). Hayward Gallery and Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 180 pp. exhib. cat., 153 color plates, numerous b&w illus., checklist of over 130 works. Foreword by David A. Bailey; texts by Richard J. Powell, Simon Callow, Andrea D. Barnwell, Jeffrey C. Stewart, Paul Gilroy, Martina Attille, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Artists include: Charles Alston, Aaron Douglas, Richmond Barthé, Meta Vaux Fuller, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Isaac Julien, Jacob Lawrence, Archibald Motley, Richard S. Roberts, Augusta Savage, James VanDerZee, and white artist Winold Reiss. 4to, cloth, d.j. First hardcover ed. LOS ANGELES (CA). California African American Museum. In the Hands of African American Collectors: The Personal Treasures of Bernard and Shirley Kinsey. September 28, 2006-March 11, 2007. 112 pp. exhib. cat., full-page color illus., biogs. of most artists. Curated by Evelyn Carter, Jill Moniz and Christopher D. Jimenez y West; texts by Gary Nash and Rita Roberts; reflections as collectors, Bernard and Shirley Kinsey. Group exhibition of work collected by the Kinseys in Los Angeles for the past 35 years. Includes some 90 paintings, sculptures, prints, books, documents, manuscripts and vintage photographs. Artists include: Ron Adams, Tina Allen, Charles Alston, Edward M. Bannister, Ernie Barnes, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, John Biggers, Bob Blackburn, Grafton Tyler Brown, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Allan Rohan Crite, Bill Dallas, Robert S. Duncanson, Samuel L. Dunson Jr., Ed Dwight, Sam Gilliam, Jonathan Green, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Artis Lane, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Lionel Lofton, Richard Mayhew, William Pajaud, James Porter, Edward Pratt, Sue Jane Mitchell Smock, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Matthew Thomas, William Tolliver, James Lesesne Wells. [Traveled to: South Side Community Art Center, Chicago, July 13, 2007-March 2, 2008; Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL, May 1-July 20, 2008.] 4to (28 cm.), wraps. LOS ANGELES (CA). California African American Museum. The Portrayal of the Black Musician in American Art. March 7-August 14, 1987. 40 pp. exhib. cat., 29 b&w illus. 5 color plates, notes, bibliog., checklist of works. Texts by Lizzetta LeFalle-Collins and Leonard Simon. Artists mentioned include: Robert Duncanson, Romare Bearden, William H. Johnson, Betye Saar, Edward Bannister, Palmer Hayden, Archibald Motley, Charles Alston, Aaron Douglas, Sargent Johnson, Augusta Savage, Hale Woodruff, Norman Lewis, Horace Pippin, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Charles White, Ernest Crichlow, Elizabeth Catlett, Margo Humphrey, Dana Chandler. Exhibition checklist: Pippin, Douglas, White, B. Andrews, Ashby, B. Saar, Humphrey, Chandler, Crichlow, Bearden, Duncanson, Albert Smith, W. H. Johnson, Motley, S. Johnson, Lewis, Catlett, Lawrence, Woodruff, Motley, Lee-Smith, Bearden, Pajaud, Brice. [Traveled to: Studio Museum in Harlem; Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, January 8-March 15, 1988.] [Review: Raoul Abdul, "Reading the Score," NYT Amsterdam News (August 6, 1988:):30. 4to (26 cm.;10 x 8 in.), wraps. First ed. LUBBOCK (TX). Museum of Texas Tech University. Living With Art: Modern & Contemporary African American Art from collection of Alitash Kebede. January 1-March 31, 2003. Traveling exhibition of 75 works (painting, drawing, prints, sculpture) by 38 artists. Includes: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Skunder Boghossian, David Butler, Nanette Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Ed Clark, Emilio Cruz, Melvin Edwards, Herbert Gentry, Sam Gilliam, Maren Hassinger, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Bill Hutson, Lois Mailou Jones, Gwendolyn Knight, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, James Little, Al Loving, Richard Mayhew, Tyrone Mitchell, Mary Lovelace O'Neal, Betye Saar, Alison Saar, Lezley Saar, Eve Sandler, Charles Searles, William Smith, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Phyllis Thompson, Charles White, Richard Wyatt, Richard Yarde. [Traveled to: Center For Contemporary Art, Univ. of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, October 1-December 31, 2003; Pritchard Art Gallery, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, January 23-February 29, 2004; Smith Robertson Cultural Center, Jackson, MS, July 14-October 31, 2004; Stark University Ctr. Galleries, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, January 19-March 19, 2006; Peninsula Fine Arts Center, Newport News, VA, June 3-August 27, 2006; Shaw Center for the Arts, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA, January 26-April 27, 2007; California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA, May 31-September 2, 2007; Bermuda National Gallery of Art, October 8, 2007-January 4, 2008, and other venues.] 4to, wraps. LUCIE-SMITH, EDWARD. Race, Sex, and Gender in Contemporary Art. New York, Abrams, 1994. 224 pp., 100 color illus., 15 b&w, notes, bibliog., index. Includes chapters on Afro-American, Afro-Brit., feminist art, African and Asian art, and more. Uniquely interesting book. Black artists include: Benny Andrews, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, Frank Bowling, Aaron Douglas, Robert Duncanson, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Glenn Ligon, Ronald Moody, Regenia A. Perry, Adrian Piper, Martin Puryear, Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Chéri Samba, John Scott, Henry Ossawa Tanner. 4to (11.3 x 8.5 in.), cloth, d.j. MARLOR, CLARK B. The Society of Independent Artists Exhibition Record 1917-1944. Noyes, 1985. 600 pp. Included: Beauford Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, et al. 8vo (9.6 x 6.6 in.), brown leatherette binding. McELROY, GUY C., et al. African-American Artists 1880-1987. Selections from the Evans-Tibbs Collection. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1989. 125 pp. exhib. cat., 68 illus. of work by 55 artists, most are excellent quality full-page color plates, biogs., bibliog. Texts by McElroy, Richard J. Powell, Sharon F. Patton. Intro. by David Driskell. A selection from one of the most important wide-ranging collections of African American art ever assembled. Artists include: Charles H. Alston, Elizabeth Catlett, Richard Dempsey, Palmer C. Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Delilah Pierce, Raymond Saunders, Sylvia Snowden, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bill Traylor, et al. [Major traveling exhibition.] 4to (11.3 x 8.9 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. MINNEAPOLIS (MN). University Art Museum, University of Minnesota. A Stronger Soul Within a Finer Frame: Portraying African Americans in the Black Renaissance. 1990. 64 pp. exhib. cat., 21 b&w illus., color cover illus., exhib. checklist. Multi-disciplinary exhibition rather randomly covering literature, painting, graphic arts, film and music. Many works were exhibited in reproduction only. Text by John S. Wright and Tracy E. Smith. Includes: James Latimer Allen, Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, C.M. Battey, Aaron Douglas, E. Simms Campbell, Palmer Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald Motley, Jr., Augusta Savage, Addison Scurlock, Albert A. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James Vanderzee, Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias, and many white artists. Also includes a section on the Black Arts movement of the Sixties with images of work by Alison Saar and Gordon Parks. 4to (28 cm), pictorial stapled wraps. First ed. NASHVILLE (TN). Fisk University. The Afro-American Collection, Fisk University. 1976. 64 pp. exhib. cat., illus., brief biogs., checklist of works by 63 artists in the Fisk University Collection as of 1976. Pref. by Robert L. Hall; text by David C. Driskell. Artists include: Skunder Boghossian, Ellen Bond, Jacqueline Bontemps, Michael Borders, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Samuel Countee, Ralph Arnold, William Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, G. Caliman Coxe, Allan Crite, Dante (Donald Graham), Jeff Donaldson, Lilian Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, John Dowell, David Driskell, Elton Fax, Wilhelmina Godfrey [as Godfrey Wilhelmina], Clementine Hunter, Louise Jefferson, Adrienne Jenkins, Wilmer Jennings, Palmer Hayden, Earl J. Hooks, Manuel Hughes, Ben Jones, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ben Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Sam Middleton, James Miles, Keith Morrison, Roderick Owens, James Phillips, Stephanie Pogue, James Porter, Martin Puryear, Gregory Ridley, Leo Robinson, William E. Scott, John Scott, Albert A. Smith, Vincent Smith, David Stephens, Nelson Stevens, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Bill Traylor, Alma Thomas, Mildred Thompson, James Wells, Charles White, Benjamin Wigfall, Walter Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, Viola Wood, Hale Woodruff, Charles Young. 4to (28 cm.), wraps. NASHVILLE (TN). Fisk University, Department of Art. Amistad II: Afro-American Art. 1975. 92 pp. exhib. cat., 74 b&w illus., checklist of 79 works by 53 African American artists. Text by David C. Driskell, self-interview by Allan M. Gordon, text on Amistad incident by Grant Spradling. Artists include: Benny Andrews, William Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Betty Blayton, Michael Borders, Elizabeth Catlett, Jacob Lawrence, Henry O. Tanner, Claude Clark, Sr., Claude Lockhart Clark, Eldzier Cortor, Allan Rohan Crite, Bing Davis, Philip Randolph Dotson, Aaron Douglas, John Dowell, David Driskell, William Edmondson, Palmer Hayden, Earl Hooks, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Lawrence Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Ted Jones, David McDonald, Sam Middleton, Keith Morrison, Archibald Motley, James Porter, Gregory Ridley, Raymond Saunders, Charles Sebree, Albert Alexander Smith, Vincent D. Smith, Bill Taylor, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Walter Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilson, and others. 4to (29 cm.), wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY).. Homage to Alain Locke. May 7-15, 1970. Exhib. brochure. Group exhibition. Curated by Richard A. Long. Included: Charles H. Alston, Romare Bearden, John Carlis, Jr., Aaron Douglas, Elton C. Fax, Palmer Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, James E. Lewis, Delilah Pierce, James A. Porter, Malkia Roberts, Charles Sebree, Alma Thomas, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Brochure: Box 7, Folder 5, Aaron Douglas papers, Fisk University. Also mentioned in: Black World, April 1970:82 and Black World, June 1970:50.] NEW YORK (NY). Bertha and Karl Leubsdorf Art Gallery, Hunter College, CUNY. Afro-American Artists in Paris, 1919-1939. November 8-December 22, 1989. 24 pp. exhib. cat., 5 b&w illus., 3 color plates, exhib. checklist of 28 works, biogs., bibliog. Text by Catherine Bernard. 8 artists included in the exhibition: William Harper, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald Motley, Augusta Savage, Henry O. Tanner, Hale Woodruff. The text also mentions Edmonia Lewis, Robert Duncanson, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Laura Waring, Romare Bearden, David Driskell, and James Porter. Sq. 8vo (8.5 x 8.5 in.; 22 x 23 cm.), black stapled wraps, lettered in white. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). City College, CUNY. The Evolution of Afro-American Artists; 1800-1950. 1967. 70 pp., 47 full-page b&w illus., biogs. and checklist of works exhibited. Co-curated by Romare Bearden and Carroll Greene, Jr. Includes: 6 works of African heritage art and 54 artists: Joshua Johnson (as Johnston), Edward M. Bannister, Edmonia Lewis, Robert S. Duncanson, William Simpson, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Meta Warrick Fuller, Aaron Douglas, Richmond Barthé, Palmer Hayden, Hale Woodruff, Archibald Motley, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert Smith, James A. Porter, Allan Rohan Crite, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, O. Richard Reid, Laura Waring, William E. Braxton, James L. Wells, Edwin A. Harleston, Lois Mailou Jones, Hughie Lee-Smith, Fred Flemister, John T. Biggers, Jacob Lawrence, Romare Bearden, Charles Alston, Charles White, John Wilson, Elizabeth Catlett, William Artis, William Edmondson (as Edmonson), Horace Pippin, Earle Richardson (as Earl), Claude Clark, Ernest Crichlow, Ellis Wilson, Robert Blackburn, Robert S. Pious, Norman Lewis, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Selma Burke, Eldzier Cortor, Ronald Joseph, Humbert Howard, Heywood Rivers, Richard Mayhew, Merton D. Simpson, and John Farrar. NEW YORK (NY). Downtown Gallery. American Negro Art, 19th and 20th Centuries. December 9, 1941-January 3, 1942. Exhib. cat. The first show of African American art held at a mainstream commercial gallery, the exhibition, curated by gallery owner Edith Halpert, was sponsored by a committee of prominent white patrons including Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, Archibald MacLeish, A. Philip Randolph, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Among its aims were to raise money for the Negro Art Fund, to promote museum acquisitions of work by Black artists, and to encourage galleries to represent the living participants. In addition to providing its facilities, the Downtown Gallery donated all sales commissions to the Negro Art Fund and added Jacob Lawrence to its roster of artists at this time. Artists included: 19th century: Edward Bannister, Robert Duncanson, Edwin Harleston, William H. Simpson, Henry O. Tanner; 20th century: Charles Alston, Henry Avery, Romare Bearden, Samuel J. Brown, William S. Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Felton Coleman, Eldzier Cortor, Cleo Crawford, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Crite, Charles Davis, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ron Joseph, Paul Keene, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Elba Lightfoot, Archibald Motley, Frederick Perry, Horace Pippin, Charles Sebree, George N. Victory, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. Printmakers: Robert Blackburn, John Borican, Claude Clarke, Wilmer Jennings, Bryant Pringle, Raymond Steth, Dox Thrash, James L. Wells. Sculptors: William Artis, Richmond Barthé, Selma Burke, William Edmondson, Sargent Johnson, Martha Manning, Augusta Savage, John Henry Smith. [See copy of catalogue in National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian, vertical files.] [Listed in Magazine of Art 34 (Nov. 1941):497 with incorrect dates. Review in Art Digest, December 15, 1941, praises the show, but in exceedingly demeaning racist language: "The American Negro has at last spoken in art -- firmly and distinctively, his voice having as definite an intonation with colors as his soul has in singing and dancing. His choice of dazzling colors is just as typical as his exaggerated sense of humor, his strut and guffaw; his concern with the burdened just as characteristic as his pleading songs to his Maker." NEW YORK (NY). Ebony Editors. Ebony Handbook. Chicago: Johnson Publisnt Company Pub., 1974. Of historical interest only. Includes over 150 artists, more than double the number who were included in Ebony's Negro Handbook of 1966. Nonetheless, this represents a very limited selection compared with the St. Louis Index (1972) and Cederholm (1973) which had been published in the two years immediately preceeding this revision. Includes: Charles Alston, Eileen Anderson, Ralph Arnold, William E. Artis, Kwasi Asante, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Sherman Beck, Ben Bey, Michelle C. Bey, John T. Biggers, Gloria Bohanon, Lorraine Bolton, Shirley Bolton, Elmer Brown, Samuel J. Brown, Herbert Bruce, Joan Bryant, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Nathaniel Bustion, William S. Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Benjamin Clark, Claude Clark, Irene V. Clark, Floyd Coleman, Eldzier Cortor, Samuel Countee, G. C. Coxe, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Alonzo J. Davis, Charles C. Dawson, Richard Dempsey, J. Brooks Dendy, Jeff Donaldson, Harold S. Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, Annette Ensley, Marion Epting, P. Fernand (listed only in this publication), Frederick C. Flemister, Ausbra Ford, Leroy Foster, Meta Vaux Fuller, Rex Goreleigh, Joseph E. Grey, J. Eugene Grigsby, John W. Hardrick, Oliver Harrington, Frank Hayden, Palmer Hayden, Vertis C. Hayes, Eselean Henderson, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Humbert Howard, Kenneth Howard (in this publication only), Richard Hughes, Richard Hunt, J.D. Jackson, Wilmer Jennings, Lester L. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ben Jones, Lawrence Jones, Lois Maillou Jones, Mark Jones, Charles Keck, James E. Kennedy, Joseph Kersey, Henri Umbaji King, Omar Lama, Jacob Lawrence, Clifford Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Leon Leonard, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Edward L. Loper, Anderson Macklin, William Majors, Stephen Mayo, Geraldine McCullough, Eva Hamlin Miller, Rosetta Dotson Minner, Corinne Mitchell, James Mitchell, Norma Morgan, Jimmie Mosely, Archibald J. Motley, Dindga McCannon, David Normand, Hayward Oubre, Sandra Peck, Marion Perkins, Alvin Phillips, Delilah Pierce, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Georgette Seabrooke Powell, Leo Twiggs, Al Tyler, Anna Tyler, Steve Walker, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Kenneth V. Young, et al. NEW YORK (NY). Gallery 62, National Urban League. Golden Opportunity. September 18-November 30, 1978. Unpag. (6 pp.) exhibition brochure, 1 b&w front panel illus. (Motley, The Jockey Club, Paris, c.1929), checklist of 26 works by 15 artists (loaned from the Schomburg Center, Terry Dintenfass Gallery, Merton D. Simpson Gallery, and Just Above Midtown Gallery). Includes: Charles Alston (1 work), Richmond Barthé (2 works), Romare Bearden (1 work), William Braxton (1 work), Selma Burke (1 work), Aaron Douglas (Cathedral, Port au Prince, 1938; Coll. Mr. & Mrs. Henry Lee Moon), Palmer Hayden (2 works), Jacob Lawrence (2 works), Archibald Motley (1 work), Augusta Savage (3 works), William E. Scott (1 work), Albert A. Smith (4 works), Henry O. Tanner (4 works), Charles White (1 work), Hale Woodruff (The Card Players, 1978; Coll. artist). A show of artists whose work appeared in the pages of Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life from 1923-1949. The inaugural exhibition of this important midtown venue for Black art during the 1970s and 1980s. Single bi-fold sheet (8.5 x 24 in.), printed on both sides. NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation / International House. Exhibit of Fine Arts by American Negro Artists. January 7-19, 1930. Unpag. (16 pp.) exhib. cat.; cover illus. of Self-Portrait painting by William H. Johnson. Traveling exhibition shown in 16 U.S. cities, 1930-31. [Review: George E. Haynes, ""Negro Achievement as Shown by Harmon Awards," Southern Workman 59 (April 1930):113-121.] 8vo (22 cm.), pictorial wraps. NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation / International House. Exhibit of Fine Arts by American Negro Artists. January 3-15, 1929. Unpag. (16 pp.) exhib. cat. Group exhibition held at International House where it is said to have been viewed by over 6500 visitors. Gold medal: William H. Johnson; silver medal: Albert A. Smith; bronze medal to Sargent Johnson; special prize for best single exhibit went to Elizabeth Prophet for her two busts "Silence" and "Head of a Negro." Included: Frederick Cornelius Alston, Richmond Barthé, Samuel Ellis Blount, William E. Braxton, Elmer J. Campbell, Frank J. Dillon, Ferdinand W. Ellington, Allan R. Freelon, William Grant, Ruth Gray, John T. Hailstalk, John W. Hardrick, Palmer C. Hayden, Clifton T. Hill, Jessie M. Howard, May Howard Jackson, George H. Benjamin Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Henry Bozeman Jones, Richard W. Lindsey, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Edward T. McDowell, James Porter, Hale Woodruff, et al. [Winners listed in The Crisis, February 1930.] The exhibition traveled next to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, where it was exhibited in the museum foyer, and then to other venues. [Review: Ada Rainey, "Negro Art Exhibition Has Merit," Washington Post, May 19, 1929: Arts Review section, p.9.] 8vo (22 cm.), wraps. NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation at International House. Exhibit of Fine Arts. Productions of American Negro Artists. 1928. Exhib. cat. Group exhibition of 87 pieces by 41 artists. Included: Louis Bellinger, Samuel Ellis Blount, William E. Braxton, Geraldine Charles, William M. Farrow, H. Fontaine, Allan R. Freelon, John Wesley Hardrick, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Clifton T. Hill, Donzleigh H. Jefferson, Gladys L. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Richard W. Lindsey, Samuel E. MacAlpine, Effie Mason, C. G. McKenzie, Elenor McLaren, John Phillipis, James A. Porter, D. Richard Reid, Charles A. Robinson, Hilyard R. Robinson, Winfred J. Russell, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Helen Smith, William L. Smith, Mary Lee Tate, Daniel Norman Tillman, Evelyn Tompkins, John E. Toodles, Laura Wheeler Waring, Edgar Wiggin(s), John Louis Wilson, Suzanne Ogunjami Wilson. Hale Woodruff, et al. [Review: "Negro Artists," NYT, December 25, 1927: X13; "National Show Reveals Worth of Negro Artists," Christian Science Monitor, January 11, 1928:5.] NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation at the Art Center. Exhibition of productions by Negro artists: presented by the Harmon Foundation at the Art Center. February 20-March 4, 1933. 55 pp. exhib. cat., 36 illus., checklist of 107 works. Text "The Negro Takes His Place in American Art" by Alain Locke; unsigned essay, "News Happenings in the Field of Negro Art;" "A Forecast" by Howard Giles; list of 1933 award winners and Prize winner in previous exhibitions, 1926-1930, plus notes on 125 "Negro artists whose works have been shown in Harmon Foundation Exhibitions." Exhibited artists include: Palmer Hayden (Winner, Mrs. John D. Rockefeller Prize), James Lesesne Wells (bronze medal for most representative work in black and white.) and Charles J., Charles Henry Anderson, Frederick Cornelius Alston, Pastor Argudin y Pedroso, William Artis, George Edward Bailey, Mike Bannarn, Richmond Barthé, Humphreys Becket, James Bland, Samuel Ellis Blount, David P. Boyd, Cloyd L. Boykin, Edward J. Brandford, William E. Braxton, Daisy Brooks, Mabel Brooks, Samuel Joseph Worthington Brown, Eugene Burkes, William A. Cooper, Samuel A. Countee, Allan Crite, Charles C. Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Arthur Diggs, Frank J. Dillon, Lilian Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Ferdinand W. Ellington, William Farrow, Elton Fax, Allan R. Freelon, Meta Vaux Fuller, Otis Galbreath, William Goss, William E. Grant, Ruth Gray, Constance Grayson, John Hailstalk, John W. Hardrick, Edwin A. Harleston, John Taylor Harris, Palmer C. Hayden, Anzola D. Laird Hegomin, James V. Herring, Clifton Hill, Jesse Mae Housley, May Howard Jackson, J. Antonio Jarvis, Cornelius W. Johnson, George H. Benjamin Johnson, Gertrude Johnson, Gladys L. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Archie Jones, Henry Bozeman Jones, Vivian Key, Benjamin Kitchin, Richard W. Lindsey, Romeyn Van Vleck Lippmann, Howard H. Mackey, Harold E. Marshall, Effie Mason, Helen Mason, Samuel E. MacAlpine, Edward T. McDowell, Susie McIver, C. G. McKenzie, Elenor McLaren, Archibald J. Motley, Richard B. Nugent, Allison Oglesby, Maude Owens, Suzanne Ogunjami Wilson (as Suzanna Ogunjami), Kenneth R. O'Neal, Elenor E. Paul, John Phillipis, Philip Leo Pierre, Robert S. Pious, Celestine Gustava Johnson Pope, James Porter, Elizabeth Prophet, Oliver Reid, Teodoro Ramos Blanco y Penita, Charles A. Robinson, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Albert A. Smith, Walter W. Smith, Charles Spears, Jr., Teressa Staats, Jesse Stubbs, Mary Lee Tate, Ulysses S. Tayes, Daniel Tillman, John E. Toodles, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Simeon Sir Henry Williams, Ellis Wilson, Arthur Glenn Winslow, Hale Woodruff, et al. [Review: Rose Henderson, "Negro Artists In the Fifth Harmon Exhibition," The Southern Workman 62 (April 1933):175-181.] 8vo (22 cm.), stapled wraps. Cover illus. by James Porter; back cover illus. by Back cover illus. Head of a Girl by William Ellisworth Artis. NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation at the Art Center. Exhibition of the Work of Negro Artists presented by the Harmon Foundation at the Art Center. February 16-28, 1931. 47 pp. exhib. cat., 34 b&w illus., checklist of 123 works by more than fifty artists. Illustrations include: "Chester" by Sargent Claude Johnson (front cover); . back cover illus. "The Old Servant" by Edwin Augustus Harleston. Texts: "Some Historical Reflections" by A. A. Schomburg and "The African Legacy and the Negro Artist" by Alain Locke; "Art and the Public Library" by Ernestine Rose; "A university Art Service" by James V. Herring. Artists include: James Latimer Allen, Frederick Alston, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, James Bland, Cloyd L. Boykin, Edward J. Brandford, Eugene A. Burkes, William A. Cooper, Allan Rohan Crite, Lilian A. Dorsey, Robert S. Duncanson, William M. Farrow, Allan R. Freelon, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, King Daniel Ganaway, William T. Goss, William E. Grant, John Wesley Hardrick, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Anzola D. Laird Hegomin, May Howard Jackson, Malvin G. Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Henry Bozeman Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Vivian S. Key, Benjamin S. Kitchin, Edward T. McDowell, Richard W. Lindsey, Archibald J. Motley, Richard Nugent, Allison L. Oglesby, Philip Leo Pierre, Robert S. Pious (5 paintings), Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Dan Terry Reid, Donald Redvers Reid, D. Richard Reid, J. H. D. Robinson, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Mary Lee Tate, Daniel Norman Tillman, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Richard Milby Williams, Arthur Glenn Winslow, Hale Woodruff, et al. 8vo (22 cm.), tan wraps. Front cover illus. by Sargent Johnson. NEW YORK (NY). Harmon Foundation in cooperation with the Delphic Studios. Negro Artists. An Illustrated Review of Their Achievements. April 22-May 4, 1935. 59 (1) pp. exhib. cat., 39 b&w illus. and photographs. Contains an important 18 page artist directory with addresses, brief bios and exhibition info. on 113 artists. Illustrations of work by Richmond Barthé, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Charles Alston, Hale Woodruff, Lawrence Edelin, Samuel Joseph Brown, Suzanne Ogunjami Wilson (as Suzanna Ogunjami), Leslie Garland Bowling, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, Wilmer Jennings; news notes on exhibitions by many others. The last and largest of the blockbuster Harmon Foundation exhibitions of the 1930s. Included roughly 150 artists in all media. The Malvin Gray Johnson Memorial section included the equivalent of a large solo exhibition: 35 oils and 18 watercolors; 21 works by Barthé and Johnson. [Reprint editions issued by Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press, 1971 and by Ayer Co., Salem, NH, 1991.] 8vo (23 cm.), stapled wraps. Cover illus. by Malvin Gray Johnson. NEW YORK (NY). Kenkeleba House. Unbroken Circle: Exhibition of African American Artists of the 1930's and 1940's. 1986. 36 pp., 55 b&w illus., checklist of work by 56 artists (including 10 women artists). Intro. Corinne Jennings; text by David C. Driskell, and beautiful memoir by curator / artist Vincent D. Smith. Well-chosen examples of each artist's work. Includes: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Robert Blackburn, William Braxton, Selma Burke, Samuel J. Brown, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Richard Dempsey, Reba Dickerson-Hill, Aaron Douglas, Elton Fax, Charlotte White Franklin, Meta Fuller, Herbert Gentry, Rex Goreleigh, Palmer Hayden, Humbert L. Howard, May Howard Jackson, Wilmer A. Jennings, Malvin G. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Paul Keene, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, James Lewis, Norman Lewis, Joan Maynard, Archibald Motley, Delilah Pierce, Robert Pious, Georgette Powell, Daniel Pressley, Donald Reid, John Rhoden, Charles Sebree, Thomas Sills, Alma Thomas, Dox Thrash, Masood A. Warren, James Wells, Charles White, Walter Williams, Ed Wilson, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff. Text includes discussion of some additional artists: Robert Duncanson, Edmonia Lewis, Henry Tanner, Valerie Maynard, James Porter. 4to, stapled wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Metropolitan Museum of Art. African-American Artists, 1929-1945: Prints, Drawings and Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 91 pp., 60 b&w illus., 7 color plates, checklist of 47 works, notes. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, January 15-July 6, 2003. The collection is discussed topically rather than in chronological order: Cultural Heritage, North, South, Religion, Labor, Recreation, War. Texts by Lisa Mintz Messinger, Lisa Gail Collins and Rachel Mustalish ("Printmaking Techniques of the WPA Printmakers.") Artists include: Charles Alston, Romare Bearden, Bob Blackburn, Elmer W. Brown, Samuel Joseph Brown, Calvin Burnett, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Louise E. Jefferson, Lois Mailou Jones, William H. Johnson, Wilmer Jennings, Ronald Joseph, Louise Jefferson, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Horace Pippin, David Ross, Charles Sallee, Albert A. Smith, Raymond Steth, Dox Thrash, Bill Traylor, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Albert A. Smith, William E. Smith, Hale Woodruff. 4to (28 cm.; 10.8 x 8.4 in.), laminated pictorial self-wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African American Art, 20th century Masterworks, VI. January 14-March 6, 1999. 60 pp., 41 color plates, 36 b&w illus. Foreword by Michael Rosenfeld. Artists include: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Selma Burke, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Harold Cousins, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Betye Saar, William Edouard Scott, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, James VanDerZee, Charles White and Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to Flint Institute of Art, Flint, MI.] 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African American Art: 200 Years: 40 distinctive voices reveal the breadth of nineteenth and twentieth century art. January 11-March 15, 2008. 156 pp. exhib. cat., color illus. Texts by Jonathan P. Binstock and Lowery Stokes Sims. Includes: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden John Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Harold Cousins, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Allan Freelon, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Archibald Motley Jr., Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, Charles Ethan Porter, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Charles Sebree, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Laura Wheeler Waring, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. 4to (34 cm.), boards. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African American Art: 20th century Masterworks, III. February 1-April 6, 1996. 48 pp. exhib. cat., 49 color plates (most full-page), exhib. checklist; statements by artists and brief biogs. of each. Includes: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Bearden, Richmond Barthé, Eldzier Cortor, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, William Edmondson, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois. Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Richard Mayhew, Prentiss Polk, James Porter, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, Henry O. Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, James Vanderzee, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African American Art: 20th century Masterworks, V. January 22-March 21, 1998. 52 pp., checklist of 44 works, all illus. in color, plus b&w photos of artists with brief biog. notes for each. Text by Leslie King-Hammond. Includes: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Harold Cousins, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, William Edmondson, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Haywood Oubré, Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, Betye Saar, Henry O. Tanner, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, VanDerZee, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to Newcombe Art Gallery, Tulane University, New Orleans.] 8vo (8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African-American Art: 20th Century Masterworks. November 18-February 12, 1994. 32 pp., 29 color illus. Text by Beryl Wright. Work by 23 artists: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Alan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Archibald Motley, Jr., Hayward Oubré, Augusta Savage, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Bob Thompson, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. Sq. 8vo (8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African-American Art: 20th Century Masterworks, IV. January 23-March 26, 1997. 48 pp. exhib. cat., 38 color illus., biogs. 30 artists included: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, William Ellisworth Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Eldzier Cortor, Beauford Delaney, William Edmondson, Sam Gilliam, William Harper, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Richard Mayhew, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Charles White, and Hale Woodruff. [Also exhibited at Fisk University, Nashville, April 1-June1, 1997.] 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African-American Art: 20th Century Masterworks, VII. Educating our children. January 13-March 4, 2000. 70 pp., color illus., bibliog. Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, William E. Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Selma Burke, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Harold Cousins, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Edward Loper, Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, Betye Saar, Albert Alexander Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, James VanDerZee, Laura Wheeler Waring, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to Appleton Museum, Florida State University, Ocala, FL.] 8vo (23 cm., 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African-American Art: 20th Century Masterworks, VIII. January 18-March 10, 2001. 68 pp. exhib. catalogue, 70 illus. (mostly in color), bibliog. Foreword by Alvia J. Wardlaw; text by hallery k harrisburg and Michael Rosenfeld. Artists include: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, William E. Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Herbert Gentry, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Richard Mayhew, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, Charles Sebree, Albert Alexander Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, James VanDerZee, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to: Texas Southern University Museum, Houston, TX.] Sq. 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. African-American art: 20th Century Masterworks, X. January 17-March 8, 2003. 80 pp. exhib. cat., illus. (44 in color), bibliog. Text by Robin Kelley. 27 artists included: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Eldzier Cortor, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Marion Perkins, Horace Pippin, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Charles Sebree, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, James VanderZee, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. American Identity: Figurative Painting and Sculpture, 1930-1945. May 9-July 11, 2003. Group exhibition. Included: Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Augusta Savage. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Building Community: The African American Scene. January 13-March 11, 2006. 28 pp. exhib. cat., color illus. 19 artists included: Charles Alston, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Eldzier Cortor, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Robert Duncanson, Allan Freelon, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Hughie Lee-Smith, Horace Pippin, William Edouard Scott, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James Vanderzee, Hale Woodruff. Poem by Richard Wright "We of the Streets." 12mo (16 cm.), card wraps. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Exultations: African American Art: 20th century Masterworks, II. February 1-April 8, 1995. 48 pp., 45 color plates, 3 b&w illus., exhib. checklist of 51 works by 29 artists. Text by Richard J. Powell. Includes: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Ernie Barnes, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Norman Cousins, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Horace Pippin, Robert Pious, Prentice H. Polk, James A. Porter, Betye Saar, Augusta Savage, Henry O. Tanner, Bob Thompson, James VanDerZee, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, and Hale Woodruff. [Traveled to Flint Art Institute, Flint, MI.] Sq. 8vo (23 cm.; 8.5 x 6 in.), pictorial stiff wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Heartland: The American Scene. May 19-August 4, 2006. Group exhibition of 8 artists. Included 2 African American artists: Romare Bearden and Palmer Hayden. NEW YORK (NY). Museum of Biblical Art. Ashe to Amen: African Americans and Biblical Imagery. February 15-May 25, 2013. Group exhibition of 60 works. Curated by Leslie King-Hammond. Included: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Xenobia Bailey, George Bandele, Romare Bearden, Willie Birch, Carl Clark, Linda Day Clark, Oletha DeVane, William Edmondson, Joan Gaither, Maren Hassinger, Palmer Hayden, Chester Higgins, Jr., Leslie King-Hammond and Jose Mapily, Jacob Lawrence, Januwa Moja, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Horace Pippin, William C. Rhodes, III, Joyce J. Scott, Arvie Smith, Renee Stout, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Adejoke Tugbiyele. [Traveled to: Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History and Culture, Maryland, MD, June 22-September 29, 2013; and Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis, TN, October 20, 2013-January 5, 2014.] [Review: Mary Carole McCauley, The Baltimore Sun, June 29, 2013; Staff, "Ashe to Amen Explores the Crossroads of Aesthetics and Belief in African-American Art," AFRO, April 3, 2013: http://www.afro.com/sections/news/baltimore/story.htm?storyid=77994.] NEW YORK (NY). New York Cultural Center. Blacks: USA: 1973. September 26-November 15, 1973. 28 pp. exhib. cat., 20 b&w illus., checklist of approx. 100 works by 42 artists. Intro. Mario Amaya; text by artist Benny Andrews. Excellent reference to many of the leading African American artists of the '60s and early '70s. Includes work by Roland Ayers, Ellen Banks, Camille Billops, Kay Brown, Vivian Browne, Carole Byard, Art Carraway, Dana Chandler, Art Coppedge, Melvyn Ettrick, Frederick J. Eversley, Reginald Gammon, Palmer Hayden, Ben Hazard, Leon Hicks, Manuel Hughes, Suzanne Jackson, Marie Johnson-Callaway, Ben Jones, Stephanie Jones, Cliff Joseph, Robert Jerden, Kassan (a.k.a. Joseph Washington), Jacob Lawrence, Al Loving, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Ademola Olugebefola, James Phillips, Howardena Pindell, Leslie K. Price, Mahler Ryder, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Vincent Smith, John Steptoe, Nelson Stevens, Russel Thompson, William Travis, Charles White, Hale Woodruff. The first major exhibition of Black art chosen by an all-Black jury. 4to (11 x 8.5 in.), wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). New York Public Library. Bulletin of Research in the Humanities Vol. 84, No. 2 (Summer 1981) Schomburg Center Issue. 1981. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Art and Artifacts collection of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Mentions the following artists: Charles Alston, Pastor Argudin y Pedroso, Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, William Braxton, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Ernest Crichlow, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, David Driskell, Melvin Edwards, William Farrow, Elton Fax, Meta Fuller, Rex Goreleigh, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Malvin Gray Johnson, Lois Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Horace Pippin, (white South American artist) Teodoro Ramos Blanco, Earle Richardson, Faith Ringgold, Bernie Robynson, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Marvin Smith, Morgan Smith, Vincent Smith, Henry O. Tanner, Laura Waring, James L. Wells, Charles White, William T. Williams. 8vo, wraps. NEW YORK (NY). Sacks Fine Art, Inc. African American Artists of the Harlem Renaissance period and later. ca. 1992. 24 pp. exhibition catalogue, b&w illus., 1 color plate, brief biogs. of artists. Intro. by Beverly Sacks. Includes: Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Crite, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Minnie Evans, John Hardrick, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis (The Group, gouache on masonite, 8 x 4.5 in.), Edward Loper, Bernie Robynson (3 brush and ink drawings), Charles Sebree, Bob Thompson, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. Small 4to, wraps. NEW YORK (NY). Sacks Fine Art, Inc. African American Artists Then and Now. 1993. Unpag. sale catalogue, illus. A greatly expanded roster over the previous year's offering including several women artists for the first time. Listing of New York. Artists currently available includes: Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Ernest Crichlow, Alan Rohan Crite, Eldzier Cortor, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Beauford Delaney, John Wesley Hardrick, Palmer Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Augusta Savage, Charles Sebree, Allen Stringfellow, Henry O. Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff, et al. NEW YORK (NY). Salmagundi Club. The First Annual Auction of Afro-American Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture, and Prints. October 25, 1980. 114 pp., over 170 lots (including over 140 African American works of art by dozens of artists), b&w illus., brief commentary, exhibs., selected bibliog. for most artists. A significant and substantial early auction of African American work with African sculpture from Nigeria and fine antiquities from Egypt. 8vo, stapled wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Black New York Artists of the 20th Century: Selections from the Schomburg Center Collections. November 19, 1998-March 31, 1999. 96 pp. exhib. cat., 127 illus. (36 in color), bibliog. Ed. and text by curator Victor N. Smythe. Includes 125 artists: Tina Allen, Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Ellsworth Ausby, Abdullah Aziz, Xenobia Bailey, Ellen Banks, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Camille Billops, Bob Blackburn, Kabuya Bowens, William E. Braxton, Kay Brown, Selma Burke, Carole Byard, Elmer Simms Campbell, Nanette Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Violet Chandler, Colin Chase, Schroeder Cherry, Ed Clark, Houston Conwill, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Emilio Cruz, Michael Cummings, Diane Davis, Lisa Corinne Davis, Francks Francois Deceus, Avel C. DeKnight, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Louis Delsarte, James Denmark, Aaron Douglas, Taiwo Duvall, Melvin Edwards, Elton Fax, Tom Feelings, Robert T. Freeman, Herbert Gentry, Rex Goreleigh, Theodore Gunn, Inge Hardison, Oliver Harrington, Verna Hart, Palmer Hayden, Carl E. Hazlewood, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Manuel Hughes, Bill Hutson, Harlan Jackson, Laura James, Wadsworth Jarrell, Jamillah Jennings, M.L.J. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Oliver Johnson, Gwen Knight, Jacob Lawrence, Cecil Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Richard Leonard, Norman Lewis, Bell Earl Looney, Valerie Maynard, Dindga McCannon, Sam Middleton, Onaway K. Millar, Louis E. Mimms, Tyrone Mitchell, Mark Keith Morse, George J.A. Murray, Sr., Sana Musasama, Otto Neals, Jide Ojo, Ademola Olugebefola, James Phillips, Anderson Pigatt, Robert S. Pious, Rose Piper, Georgette Seabrooke Powell, Debra Priestly, Ronald Okoe Pyatt, Abdur-Rahman, Patrick Reason, Donald A. Reid, Earle Richardson, Faith Ringgold, Winfred J. Russell, Alison Saar, Augusta Savage, Charles Searles, Charles Sebree, James Sepyo, Milton Sherrill, Danny Simmons, Deborah Singletary, Albert Alexander Smith, Mei Tei Sing-Smith, Vincent Smith, Tesfaye Tessema, Dox Thrash, Haileyesus Tilahun, Bo Walker, Arlington Weithers, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Emmett Wigglesworth, Billy Doe Williams, Grace Williams, Michael Kelly Williams, Walter H. Williams, William T. Williams, Ellis Wilison, George Wilson, Ron and Addelle Witherspoon, Hale Woodruff. as well as work by members of the collectives Spiral and Weusi and the early '70s exhibit by black women artists called Where We At, and dozens more. 4to (28 x 22 cm.), pictorial wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Studio Museum in Harlem. Challenge of the Modern: African American Artists, 1925-1946. January 23-March 30, 2003. 125 pp., illus. (many in color), bibliog. Texts by Lowery Stokes Sims, Rocio Aranda-Alvarado, Leronn Brooks, Leslie King-Hammond and Helen Shannon. Artists include: James Latimer Allen, Charles Alston, William Artis, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Robert Blackburn, Samuel Joseph Brown, Jr., Selma Burke, Albert I. Cassell, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Stuart Davis, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, William Edmondson, Louis Fry, Palmer Hayden, Clementine Hunter, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Anna Russell Jones, Wifredo Lam, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Howard Mackey, Edna Manley, Robert McNeil, Archibald Motley, Bruce Nugent, Philomé Obin, Hayward Oubré, Horace Pippin, Elizabeth Prophet, Hilyard Robinson, Charles Sebree, Morgan and Marvin Smith, James Vanderzee, Carl Van Vechten (white), James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, Clarence "Cap" Wigington, Hale Woodruff. 4to (11 x 8.5 in.; 30 cm.), wraps. First ed. NEW YORK (NY). Studio Museum in Harlem. Tradition and Conflict: Images of a Turbulent Decade 1963-1973. 1985. 100 pp. exhib. cat., 69 b&w illus., checklist of 151 works, bibliog. Important exhibition curated by Mary Schmidt Campbell. Includes Benny Andrews' journal/chronology of black political art activism 1963-1973, the curator's chronologies of historical and art historical events. Included: Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Malcolm Bailey, Romare Bearden, Kay Brown, Vivian Browne, Arthur Carraway, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Houston Conwill, Murry Depillars, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Calvin Douglass, Melvin Edwards, Perry Ferguson, Reginald Gammon, Sam Gilliam, Linda Goode-Bryant, Emilio Cruz, David Hammons, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Wadsworth Jarrell, Sargent Johnson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Carolyn Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, William Majors, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Dindga McCannon, Earl B. Miller, Tyrone Mitchell, Joe Overstreet, James Phillips, Howardena Pindell, Adrian Piper, Willi Posey, Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Merton Simpson, George H. Smith, Vincent D. Smith, Charles White, Jack Whitten, Hale Woodruff, Richard Yarde, James Yeargans, photographs by Robert A. Sengstacke. [Traveled to: Galleries of the Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA; The Heckscher Museum, Huntington, NY; Museum of the Center of Afro-American Artists, Boston, MA; New York State Museum, Albany, NY; David and Alfred Smart Gallery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, AK; Tower Fine Arts Gallery, State University College, Brockport, NY.] 4to, wraps. First ed. NEWARK (NJ). Newark Museum. Black Artists: Two Generations. May 13-September 6, 1971. 36 pp. exhib. catalogue listing 115 works by 59 artists (only 10 women artists included), 58 b&w illus. plus b&w cover design by Dmitri Wright; addresses for approx. 30 artists. Text by Samuel C. Miller; poem by Paul Waters. Important record of one of the major African American exhibitions of the early 1970s. Includes: Charles Axt, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Betty Blayton, Samuel Brown, Ernest Crichlow, Norma Criss, Allan Rohan Crite, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, William Edmondson, Barbara Fudge, John Fudge, James Green, Palmer Hayden, Eddie Holmes, Raymond Hunt, Bill Hutson, Zell Ingram, Gerald Jackson, Bob James, Florian Jenkins, Wilmer Jennings, Ben Johnson, Jeanne Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Ben Jones, Leon Jones, Robert Knight, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Edward Loper, Frank Marshall, Marietta (Betty) Mayes, Gordon Mayes, Richard Mayhew, Don Miller, Julia Miller, Joe Overstreet, Horace Pippin, Rev. Arthur Roach, Junius Redwood, Robert Reid, Haywood Bill Rivers, Bernard Séjourne, Christopher Shelton, Margaret Slade (Kelley), George Smith, Vincent Smith, Thelma Johnson Streat, Dox Thrash, Paul Waters, Charles White, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, and Dmitiri Wright. Small 4to (26 cm.), pictorial stapled card wraps. First ed. OAKLAND (CA). Thelma Harris Gallery. Minuentee: Small Works Exhibition. 2012. Group exhibition. Included: Charles Alston, Romare Bearden, Marianne Brown, Claude Clark, Bill Dallas, Alonzo Davis, Carl Davis, Jonathan Green, Eugene Grigsby, Palmer Hayden, Clementine Hunter, Dana King, Samella Lewis, Richard Mayhew, James Moore, Yvonne Muinde, Cedric Smith, William Tolliver, Charles White. OKLAHOMA CITY (OK). Oklahoma City Museum of Art. Harlem Renaissance. February 5-April 19, 2009. 156 pp. exhib. cat. Included more than 100 paintings, sculptures, and photographs by artists such as: James Lattimore Allen, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Archibald J. Motley Jr., Faith RInggold, James Vanderzee, Hale Woodruff, and others. 4to (31 x 23 cm.), wraps. OTFINOSKI, STEVEN. African Americans in the Visual Arts. New York: Facts on File, 2003. x, 262 pp., 50 b&w photos of some artists, brief 2-page bibliog., index. Part of the A to Z of African Americans series. Lists over 170 visual artists (including 18 photographers) and 22 filmmakers with brief biographies and token bibliog. for each. An erratic selection, far less complete than the St. James Guide to Black Artists, and inexplicably leaving out over 250 artists of obvious historic importance (for ex.: Edwin A. Harleston, Grafton Tyler Brown, Charles Ethan Porter, Wadsworth Jarrell, John Outterbridge, Noah Purifoy, William Majors, Camille Billops, Whitfield Lovell, Al Loving, Ed Clark, John T. Scott, Maren Hassinger, Lorraine O'Grady, Winnie Owens-Hart, Adrienne Hoard, Oliver Jackson, Frederick Eversley, Glenn Ligon, Sam Middleton, Ed Hamilton, Pat Ward Williams, etc. and omitting a generation of well-established contemporary artists who emerged during the late 70s-90s. [Note: a newly revised edition of 2012 (ten pages longer) has not rendered it a worthy reference work on this topic.] 8vo (25 com), laminated papered boards. PAINTER, NELL IRVIN. Creating Black Americans: African American History and its Meanings 1619 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. xvi, 458 pp., 148 illus. (110 in color), 4 maps, bibliog., index. Valuable for its images. A historical and cultural narrative that stretches from Africa to hip-hop with unusual attention paid to visual work. However, Painter is a historian not an art historian and therefore deals with the art in summary fashion without discussion of its layered imagery. Artists named include: Sylvia Abernathy, Tina Allen, Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Xenobia Bailey, James Presley Ball, Edward M. Bannister, Amiri Baraka (as writer), Richmond Barthé, Jean-Michel Basquiat, C. M. Battey, Romare Bearden, Arthur P. Bedou, John T. Biggers, Camille Billops, Carroll Parrott Blue, Leslie Bolling, Chakaia Booker, Cloyd Boykin, Kay Brown, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Chris Clark, Claude Clarke, Houston Conwill, Brett Cook-Dizney, Allan Rohan Crite, Willis "Bing" Davis, Roy DeCarava, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, David C. Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, Melvin Edwards, Tom Feelings, Roland L. Freeman, Meta Warrick Fuller, Paul Goodnight, Robert Haggins, Ed Hamilton, David Hammons, Inge Hardison, Edwin A. Harleston, Isaac Hathaway, Palmer Hayden, Kyra Hicks, Freida High-Tesfagiogis, Paul Houzell, Julien Hudson, Margo Humphrey, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Wadsworth Jarrell, Joshua Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Jacob Lawrence, Viola Burley Leak, Charlotte Lewis, Edmonia Lewis, Samella Lewis, Glenn Ligon, Estella Conwill Majozo, Valerie Maynard, Aaron McGruder, Lev Mills, Scipio Moorhead, Archibald Motley, Jr., Howardena Pindell, Horace Pippin, James A. Porter, Harriet Powers, Faith Ringgold, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, JoeSam, Melvin Samuels (NOC 167), O.L. Samuels, Augusta Savage, Joyce J. Scott, Herbert Singleton, Albert A. Smith, Morgan & Marvin Smith, Vincent Smith, Nelson Stevens, Ann Tanksley, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dox Thrash, James Vanderzee, Kara Walker, Paul Wandless, Augustus Washington, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Pat Ward Williams, Hale Woodruff, Purvis Young. 8vo (9.4 x 8.2 in.), cloth, d.j. First ed. PATTON, SHARON F. African American Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 319 pp., illus. throughout in color and b&w, notes, list of illus., timeline, index. Excellent new survey covering approximately 108 artists from Scipio Moorhead to Dawoud Bey, including 22 women artists: Charles Alston, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Malcolm Bailey, James Presley Ball, Henry (Mike) Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Dutreuil Barjon, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Romare Bearden, Peter Bentzon, Dawoud Bey, Bob Blackburn, Grafton Tyler Brown, Vivian E. Browne, Jacob (Jacoba) Bunel, Elizabeth Catlett, Dana Chandler, Ed Clark, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Houston Conwill, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Dave (the Potter), Thomas Day, Beauford Delaney, Jean-Louis Dolliole, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Robert M. Douglass, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Melvin Edwards, Minnie Evans. Frederick J. Eversley, John Frances, Meta Fuller, Reginald Gammon, Herbert Gentry, Sam Gilliam, Célestin Glapion, Thomas Goss, Jr., Henry Gudgell, David Hammons, James Hampton, Maren Hassinger, Palmer Hayden, Alvin C. Hollingsworth, Richard Hunt, Bill Hutson, Clifford L. Jackson, May Howard Jackson, Martha Jackson-Jarvis, Oliver Jackson, Wadsworth A. Jarrell, Daniel Larue Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Jules Lion, Tom Lloyd, Al Loving, Richard Mayhew, Sam Middleton, Scipio Moorhead, Keith Morrison, Archibald Motley, Ademola Olugebefola, Mary Lovelace O'Neal, Howardena Pindell, Adrian Piper, Rose Piper, Horace Pippin, Harriet Powers, Noah Purifoy, Martin Puryear, Patrick Reason, Faith Ringgold, Jean Rousseau, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, Addison Scurlock, Lorna Simpson, Merton D. Simpson, Vincent D. Smith, Thelma Streat, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Dox Thrash, James Vanderzee, Christian Walker, William W. Walker, Eugene Warburg, Charles White, Pat Ward Williams, Walter J. Williams, Hale Woodruff. 4to, cloth, d.j. First ed PHILADELPHIA (PA). School District and Museum of the Philadelphia Civic Center. Afro-American Artists, 1800-1969. December 5-29, 1969. 40 pp., list of over 100 artists. Important exhibition juried by Al Hollingsworth, Reginald Gammon and Louis Sloan. Intro. by curator Randall J. Craig mentions many artists not in the exhibition. Exhibition includes: Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Ralph Arnold, James Ayers, Frederick Bacon, Joseph C. Bailey, Janette Banks, Edward M. Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Harry W. Bayton, Romare Bearden, Betty Blayton, James Brantley, Arthur Britt, Charles E. Brown, Samuel J. Brown, Reginald Bryant, Barbara Bullock, Selma Burke, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Frederick Campbell, Barbara Chase-Riboud, LeRoy Clarke, Louise Clement, Eldzier Cortor, R. J. Craig, Nicholas Davis, William Day, Avel DeKnight, J. Brooks Dendy, James Denmark, Reba Dickerson (a.k.a. Reba Dickerson-Hill), Thomas Dickerson Jr., Robert Duncanson, Walter Edmonds, Cliff Eubanks Jr., Charlotte White Franklin, Allan Freelon, Reginald Gammon, Charles W. Gavin, Ranson Z. Gaymon, Walter S. Gilliam, Marvin Hardin, Bernard Harmon, Palmer Hayden, Barkley Hendricks, Alvin Hollingsworth, Humbert Howard, Alfonzo Hudson, Leroy Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnson, Lois M. Jones, Cliff Joseph, Paul Keene, Columbus P. Knox, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, James Lewis, Norman Lewis, Tom Lloyd, Geraldine McCullough, Charles McGee, Thomas A. McKinney, Lloyd McNeill, Juanita Miller, Robert C. Moore, Jimmie Mosely, Horace Pippin, James Porter, Simon D. Prioleau, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Ed J. Purnell, Percy Ricks, Anita B. Riley, Faith Ringgold, Raymond Saunders, Charles Searles, Michael Shelton, Thomas Sills, John Simpson, Merton Simpson, Louis Sloan, Carl R. Smith, Dolphus Smith, Philippe Smith, Frank Stephens, Mary L. Stuckey, Eldridge Suggs III, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Mary Alice Taylor, Russ Thompson, Dox Thrash, Ellen Powell Tiberino, Lloyd Toone, John Wade, Cranston Oliver Walker, Laura Wheeler Waring, Howard Watson, John Brantley Wilder, Earl A. Wilkie, Ed Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Charles E. Yates, Hartwell Yeargans. 4to (26 cm.), wraps. First ed. PINE BLUFF (AR). Southeast Arkansas Arts and Science Center. Selections from the John M. Howard Memorial Collection of African-American Art. 1991. Exhib. cat., checklist. Text by Garland F. Jenkens. includes unknown Africobra [as AfraCobra] artist, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, Camille Billops, Bernard W. Brooks III, Vivian Browne, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Arthur Coppedge, Tarrance Corbin, Eldzier Cortor, J. Brooks Dendy III, Palmer Hayden, Leon N. Hicks, Manuel Hughes [as Manual], Rosalind Jeffries, Jacob Lawrence, Samella Lewis, Juan Logan, John Nichols, James D. Parks, Vincent Smith, Nelson Stevens, John Wilson, Henry Wolf, Rip Woods. PLOSKI, HARRY A., ed. The Negro Almanac: A Reference Work on the Afro-American. New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1983. 1550 pp. Includes essay on The Black Artist. Gylbert Coker cited as art consultant. Many misspellings. Artists mentioned include: Scipio Moorhead, James Porter, Eugene Warburg, Robert Duncanson, William H. Simpson, Edward M. Bannister, Joshua Johnston, Robert Douglass, David Bowser, Edmonia Lewis, Henry O. Tanner, William Harper, Dorothy Fannin, Meta Fuller, Archibald Motley, Palmer Hayden. Malvin Gray Johnson, Laura Waring, William E. Scott, Hughie Lee-Smith, Zell Ingram, Charles Sallee, Elmer Brown, William E. Smith, George Hulsinger, James Herring, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, Charles Alston, Hale Woodruff, Charles White, Richmond Barthé, Malvin Gray Johnson, Henry Bannarn, Florence Purviance, Dox Thrash, Robert Blackburn, James Denmark, Dindga McCannon, Frank Wimberly, Ann Tanksley, Don Robertson, Lloyd Toones, Lois Jones, Jo Butler, Robert Threadgill, Faith Ringgold, Romare Bearden, Ernest Crichlow, Norman Lewis, Jimmy Mosley, Samella Lewis, F. L. Spellmon, Phillip Hampton, Venola Seals Jennings, Juanita Moulon, Eugene Jesse Brown, Hayward Oubré, Ademola Olugebefola, Otto Neals, Kay Brown, Jean Taylor, Genesis II, David Hammons, Senga Nengudi, Randy Williams, Howardena Pindell, Edward Spriggs, Beauford Delaney, James Vanderzee, Melvin Edwards, Vincent Smith, Alonzo Davis, Dale Davis, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Gordon Parks, Rex Goreleigh, William McBride, Jr., Eldzier Cortor, James Gittens, Joan Maynard. Kynaston McShine, Coker, Cheryl McClenney, Faith Weaver, Randy Williams, Florence Hardney, Dolores Wright, Cathy Chance, Lowery Sims, Richard Hunt, Roland Ayers, Frank Bowling, Marvin Brown, Walter Cade, Catti, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Manuel Hughes, Barkley Hendricks, Juan Logan, Alvin Loving, Tom Lloyd, Lloyd McNeill, Algernon Miller, Norma Morgan, Mavis Pusey, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Thomas Sills, Thelma Johnson Streat, Alma Thomas, John Torres, Todd Williams, Mahler Ryder, Minnie Evans, Jacob Lawrence, Haywood Rivers, Edward Clark, Camille Billops, Joe Overstreet, Louise Parks, Herbert Gentry, William Edmondson, James Parks, Marion Perkins, Bernard Goss, Reginald Gammon, Emma Amos, Charles Alston, Richard Mayhew, Al Hollingsworth, Calvin Douglass, Merton Simpson, Earl Miller, Felrath Hines, Perry Ferguson, William Majors, James Yeargans. Ruth Waddy; Evangeline Montgomery, Jeff Donaldson, Wadsworth Jarrell, Gerald Williams, Carolyn Lawrence, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Frank Smith, Howard Mallory, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, Nelson Stevens, Vivian Browne, Kay Brown, William Harper, Isaac Hathaway, Julien Hudson, May Howard Jackson, Edmonia Lewis, Patrick Reason, William Simpson, A. B. Wilson, William Braxton, Allan Crite, Alice Gafford, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, William Artis, John Biggers, William Carter, Joseph Delaney, Elton Fax, Frederick Flemister, Ronald Joseph, Horace Pippin, Charles Sebree, Bill Traylor, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Starmanda Bullock, Dana Chandler, Raven Chanticleer, Roy DeCarava, John Dowell, Sam Gilliam, David Hammons, Daniel Johnson, Geraldine McCullough, Earl Miller, Clarence Morgan, Norma Morgan, Skunder Boghossian, Bob Thompson, Clifton Webb, Jack Whitten. 4to, cloth. 4th ed. PORTER, JAMES A. Modern Negro Art. New York: Dryden Press, 1943. 200 pp. text and indices, bibliog, index of names, plus 76 pp. illus. (4 colorplates.) Foundation reference work from which many others still take their information. Includes: John Henry Adams, Jr., Charles Alston, William E. Artis, Henry A. Avery, Henry (Mike) Bannarn, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, Gwendolyn Bennett, Edmund Bereal, Bob Blackburn, Leslie G. Bolling, David Bustill Bowser, William Ernest Braxton, Elmer Brown, Hilda Brown (also listed as Hilda Wilkerson), Richard L. Brown, Samuel J. Brown, Selma Burke, John P. Burr, E. Simms Campbell, John Carlis, Jr., Fred Carlo, William S. Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, John G. Chaplin, Samuel O. Collins, William Arthur Cooper, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Robert Crump, Charles Davis, Thomas Day, Charles C. Davis, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Elba Lightfoot DeReyes, Joseph C. DeVillis, Frank J. Dillon, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, William M. Farrow, Slave of Thomas Fleet, Frederick C. Flemister, B.E. Fountaine (as Fontaine), Allan Freelon, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, John W. Gore, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, Henry Gudgell, John Hailstalk, Clark Hampton, John W. Hardrick, John T. Hailstalk, Edwin A. Harleston, William A. Harper, Oliver Harrington (as Henry), Marcellus Hawkins, Palmer Hayden, Vertis Hayes, James V. Herring, G. W. Hobbs (now known to have been a white artist), Charles F. Holland, Fred Hollingsworth, Julien Hudson, George Hulsinger, Thomas W. Hunster, Sterling V. Hykes, Zell Ingram, John Spencer Jackson, May Howard Jackson, Wilmer Jennings, Everett Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Allen Jones, Henry B. Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Ronald Joseph, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Bertina Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Norman Lewis, Robert H. Lewis, Gerrit Loguen, Edward Loper, Scipio Moorhead, Lenwood Morris, Lottie E. Moss, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., George E. Neal, Robert L. Neal, Alexandre Pickhil, Horace Pippin, Georgette Seabrooke Powell, Pauline Powell, Nelson A. Primus, Elizabeth Prophet, Patrick Reason, Earle W. Richardson, William Ross, Winfred Russell, Charles L. Sallee, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, William Simpson, Albert A. Smith, William E. Smith, Ella Spencer, Teresa Staats, Edward Stidum, Curtis E. Tann, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dox Thrash, W.O. Thompson, Neptune Thurston, Thurmond Townsend, Vidal, Earl Walker, Daniel Warburg, Eugene Warburg, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Aedina White, Charles White, James Williams, A.B. Wilson, Hale Woodruff. [Reprinted in 1969 with a new preface by Porter; and in 1992 in an important scholarly edition by Howard University Press with new introduction by David Driskell, a James A. Porter chronology by Constance Porter Uzelac, and including the prefaces to all prior editions.] 8vo, wraps. Reprint ed. POWELL, RICHARD. African American Art. 2005. Entry in AFRICANA: The Encyclopeida of the African and African American Experience (Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah. Oxford University Press; April 2005.) Includes mention of: Scipio Moorhead, Joshua Johnson, Patrick Reason, William Simpson, Robert Douglass, Daniel and Eugene Warburg, Edmonia Lewis, Robert S. Duncanson, Edward M. Bannister, William Harper, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Harriet Powers, Edwin A. Harleston, Isaac Scott Hathaway, May Howard Jackson, John Henry Adams, Jr., Meta Warrick Fuller, Palmer C. Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Laura Wheeler Waring, Richmond Barthé, Sargent Johnson, Augusta Savage, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Allan Rohan Crite, Ernest Crichlow, Dox Thrash, William Edmondson, Jacob Lawrence, Horace Pippin, William H. Johnson, Charles Sebree, Eldzier Cortor, Hughie-Lee Smith, Charles White, Minnie Evans, James Hampton, Bob Thompson, Romare Bearden, Murry N. DePillars, Ben Jones, Dana Chandler, Jeff Donaldson, Lois Mailou Jones, John T. Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett, Frank Bowling, Sam Gilliam, Richard Hunt, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Raymond Saunders, Alma Thomas, Al Loving, Ed Clark, Joe Overstreet, Jack Whitten, William T. Williams, Clementine Hunter, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Barkley L. Hendricks, Ernie Barnes, Benny Andrews, Betye Saar, (David Driskell, Samella Lewis and Ruth Waddy - as curators), David Hammons, Robert Colescott, Houston Conwill, Alison Saar, Renée Stout, Albert Chong, Lyle Ashton Harris, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Glenn Ligon, Lorna Simpson, Dawoud Bey, Renée Cox, Lorraine O'Grady, Kerry James Marshall, Howardena Pindell, Gary Simmons, Kara Walker, and Fred Wilson. POWELL, RICHARD J. Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997. 256 pp., 176 illus. (including 31 in color), biog. notes, list of illus., bibliog. 8vo, cloth, d.j. First ed. POWELL, RICHARD J. Black Art: A Cultural History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002. 272 pp., 192 illus. including 39 in color, biog. notes, list of illus., index. Revised and slightly enlarged from 1997 edition. 8vo, wraps. Second Revised ed. READING, LEE and GRETCHEN O'REILLY (producers). African-American Art: Past and Present (Video). Wilton (CT): Reading and O'Reilly, 1992. Survey of African American art. Over 65 artists represented. The program is divided into three sections: African Art, 18th and 19th Century Fine Art Survey, and 20th Century Fine Art Survey: In the Artist's Words. Part 1: The heritage of African Art, the Decorative Arts of Seagrass Basketry, Pottery, Quiltmaking, Shotgun Houses, Ironwork and the 18th and 19th Century Fine Art Survey with artists Joshua Johnson, Robert S. Duncanson, Edmonia Lewis, Edward Bannister and Henry Ossawa Tanner. Part 2: The 20th Century Fine Art Survey. Some of the painters, sculptors and photographers included are: Malvin Gray Johnson, Aaron Douglas, Hale Woodruff, William Henry Johnson, Archibald Motley Jr., Palmer Hayden, Sargent Johnson, Horace Pippin, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Selma Burke, Romare Bearden, Alma Thomas, Gordon Parks, Elizabeth Catlett, Faith Ringgold, Howardena Pindell, John Biggers, Bob Thompson, Jean Michel Basquiat, Sam Gilliam, Richard Hunt, Alison Saar, Beverly Buchanan, and David Hammons. Part 3: A continuation of the 20th Century Fine Art Survey plus In the Artists Words - ten artists and educators talk about their lives, philosophy and art. VHS-NTSC: color; sd; 90 min. (3 videocassettes) REYNOLDS, GARY A. and BERYL J. WRIGHT. Against the Odds: African American Artists and the Harmon Foundation. Newark: The Newark Museum, 1989. 298 pp., 129 illus., 28 in color, plus photos of all artists, exhib. Checklist of 130 works, Harmon Foundation exhib. records and awards, bibliog., index. A major reference catalogue with eight important scholarly texts by David Driskell, Gary A. Reynolds, Richard J. Powell, Deborah Willis, and Beryl J. Wright. Artists include: James Latimer Allen, William Ellisworth Artis, Richmond Barthé, Leslie Garland Bolling, Samuel Joseph Brown, Jr., Allan Rohan Crite, Charles Clarence Dawson, Beauford Delaney, Frank Joseph Dillon, William McKnight Farrow, Allan Randall Freelon, King Daniel Ganaway; Edwin Augustus Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Wilmer Angier Jennings, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Claude Johnson, William Henry Johnson, Henry Bozeman Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald John Motley Jr., Edgar Eugene Phipps, Robert Savon Pious, James Amos Porter, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Albert Alexander Smith, James Lesesne Wells, Ellis Wilson, Hale Aspacio Woodruff. 4to (29 x 23 cm.), cloth, dust jacket. First ed. RIGGS, THOMAS, ed. St. James Guide to Black Artists. Detroit: St. James Press, 1997. xxiv, 625 pp., illus. A highly selective reference work listing only approximately 400 artists of African descent worldwide (including around 300 African American artists, approximately 20% women artists.) Illus. of work or photos of many artists, brief descriptive texts by well-known scholars, with selected list of exhibitions for each, plus many artists' statements. A noticeable absence of many artists under 45, most photographers, and many women artists. Far fewer artists listed here than in Igoe, Cederholm, or other sources. Stout 4to (29 cm.), laminated yellow papered boards. First ed. ROTILY, JOCELYNE. Artistes américains à Paris, 1914-1939: des artistes en quête d'identité dans le contexte franco-américain d'une époque entre guerres et paix. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. 463 pp., substantial bibliog. Scholarly study with new research. In French. Includes: Palmer Hayden, Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, Albert A. Smith, et al. 8vo (22 cm.), cloth. SALZMAN, JACK, CORNEL WEST and DAVID LIONEL SMITH, eds. Encyclopedia of African American Culture and History. University of Michigan, 1996. 3203 pp. SAN ANTONIO (TX). San Antonio Museum of Art. The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American Art. February 4-April 3, 1994. 68 pp. exhib. cat., 59 illus., 23 color plates, checklist of 124 works, bibliog. Essays by Gylbert Coker and Corinne Jennings. Artists in the exhibition: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, John W. Banks, Edward Bannister, Basquiat, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Grafton Tyler Brown, Samuel J. Brown, William Carter, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Sr., John Coleman, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Crite, Mary R. Daniel, Alonzo Davis, Joseph Delaney, Thornton Dial, Aaron Douglas, Robert S. Duncanson, Minnie Evans, William Farrow, Rex Goreleigh, John W. Hardrick, William A. Harper, Palmer Hayden, Clementine Hunter, J. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Frank Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Lionel Lofton, Edward L. Loper, Ulysses Marshall, Sam Middleton, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Ike Morgan, Emma Lee Moss, Archibald Motley, Marion Perkins, Charles Ethan Porter, Patrick Reason, Charles Sallee, Raymond Saunders, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, William E. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Dox Thrash, William Tolliver, Bill Traylor, James Vanderzee, Laura Wheeler Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, and Joseph Yoakum. [Traveled to: El Paso Museum of Art, El Paso, TX; Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH; Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, TN.] 4to (28 cm.), pictorial wraps. First ed. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery. Masterpieces of African American Art: An African American Perspective. 2002. 57 pp. exhib. cat., color illus., bibliog. Texts by Camille Cosby on why she and her husband collect African American art; by Phoebe Beasley on her experience as a black artist in America; and interview with David C. Driskell. Includes: Phoebe Beasley, Elizabeth Catlett, Alva Curry, Aaron Douglas, Meta Warrick Fuller, Palmer Hayden, David Hammons, Sargent Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Lawrence Compton Kolawole, Artis Lane, John Offutt, William Pajaud, Augusta Savage, Walter Williams, 8vo (23 cm.), wraps. First ed. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery. Masterpieces of African American Art: An African American Perspective. 2008. Exhib. cat., color illus. Text by David C. Driskell, text by Paul Von Blum, and an interview with Richard Long. Includes: Romare Bearden, Archibald Motley, Jr., Benny Andrews, David C. Driskell, Walter Williams, Charles Sebree, Palmer Hayden, Varnette Honeywood, Charles Searles, Michael Massenburg, William Pajaud, Phoebe Beasley, Charles Sallee, Willie Robert Middlebrook, La Monte Westmoreland, Hale Woodruff, John Offutt, William Artis, Beauford Delaney, Elizabeth Catlett, Thomas Sills, Rene Hanks, Eric Hanks, Tom Feelings, Amiri Baraka, Lois M. Jones, William Edouard Scott, and Grafton Tyler Brown. 8vo (23 cm.), wraps. First ed. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery. Masterpieces of African American Art: An African American Perspective. January 18-April 1, 2006. iv, 65 pp. exhib. cat., color illus., bibliog. Interview by Marie Johnson-Calloway with Elizabeth Catlett; and an essay, printed in 1985, by Benny Andrews entitled "Is There a Black Aesthetic?" Includes: Charles H. Alston, Benny Andrews, Phoebe Beasley, Elizabeth Catlett, Erika Cosby, Ernest Crichlow, David C. Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, Joseph Delaney, Palmer Hayden, Varnette Honeywood, Bill Hutson, Lois M. Jones, Michael Massenburg, Jerome Meadows, Richard Mayhew, Temisan Okpaku, William Pajaud, Charles Ethan Porter, Augusta Savage, Keinyo White, Walter Williams. 8vo (23 cm.), wraps. First ed. SANTA MONICA (CA). M. Hanks Gallery. Masterpieces of African American Art: An African American Perspective. January 16-March 29, 2007. 58 pp. exhib. cat., color illus., checklist of work by 25 artists, cbiogs. Iincludes a talk by Charles White given in 1971 to an art class at San Jose State Uniuversity taught by Marie Calloway, and an interview with Charmaine Jefferson, Includes: Includes: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, Howard Bingham, Roland Charles, Meta Warrick Fuller, Palmer Hayden, Lois Mailou Jones, Michael Massenburg, Sam Middleton, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Temisan Okpaku, Johnny Otis, William Pajaud, Augusta Savage, Frank Stewart, Alma Thomas, Mildred Thompson, William Tolliver, James Vanderzee, Charles White, Walter J. Williams. 8vo (23 cm.), wraps. First ed. SCHENECTADY (NY). Schenectady Museum of Art. Black Artists in Historical Perspective. February 14-April 4, 1976. 52 pp. exhib. cat., illus. Organized by Black Dimensions in Art. Includes statement by Elton Fax. [Traveled to Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, New York, May 1-May 31, 1976.] Artists included (not all in exhibition): William E. Braxton, Robert S. Duncanson, Allan R. Freelon, John Hardrick, Palmer Hayden, Clementine Hunter, Malvin Gray Johnson, Edmonia Lewis, Bell Earl Looney, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Horace Pippin, O. Richard Reid, Bernie Robynson, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Albert A. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Ellis Wilson, Hale Woodruff. 8vo (23 x 18 cm.), wraps. SIRMANS, MEREDITH. Collecting the Work of Black Artists. 1985. In: Black American Literature Forum 19, No. 1, Contemporary Black Visual Artists Issue. (Spring 1985):40-41. SPRADLING, MARY MACE. In Black and White: Afro-Americans in Print. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo Public Library, 1980. 2 vols. 1089 pp. Includes: John H. Adams, Ron Adams, Alonzo Aden, Muhammad Ali, Baba Alabi Alinya, Charles Alston, Charlotte Amevor, Benny Andrews, Ralph Arnold, William Artis, Ellsworth Ausby, Jacqueline Ayer, Calvin Bailey, Jene Ballentine, Casper Banjo, Henry Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Dutreuil Barjon, Ernie Barnes, Carolyn Plaskett Barrow, Richmond Barthé, Beatrice Bassette, Ad Bates, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, Roberta Bell, Cleveland Bellow, Ed Bereal, Arthur Berry, DeVoice Berry, Cynthia Bethune, Charles Bible, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Bob Blackburn, Irving Blaney, Bessie Blount, Gloria Bohanon, Leslie Bolling, Shirley Bolton, Charles Bonner, Michael Borders, John Borican, Earl Bostic, Augustus Bowen, David Bowser, David Bradford, Edward Brandford, Brumsic Brandon, William Braxton, Arthur Britt Sr., Benjamin Britt, Sylvester Britton, Elmer Brown, Fred Brown, Kay Brown, Margery Brown, Richard L. Brown, Samuel Brown, Vivian E. Browne, Henry Brownlee, Linda Bryant, Starmanda Bullock, Juana Burke, Selma Burke, Eugene Burkes, Viola Burley, Calvin Burnett, John Burr, Margaret Burroughs, Nathaniel Bustion, Sheryle Butler, Elmer Simms Campbell, Thomas Cannon, Nick Canyon, Edward Carr, Art Carraway, Ted Carroll, Joseph S. Carter, William Carter, Catti, George Washington Carver, Yvonne Catchings, Elizabeth Catlett, Mitchell Caton, Dana Chandler, Kitty Chavis, George Clack, Claude Clark, Ed Clark, J. Henrik Clarke, Leroy Clarke, Ladybird Cleveland, Floyd Coleman, Donald Coles, Margaret Collins, Paul Collins, Sam Collins, Dan Concholar, Arthur Coppedge, Wallace X. Conway, Leonard Cooper, William A. Cooper, Art Coppedge, Eldzier Cortor, Samuel Countee, Harold Cousins, William Craft, Cleo Crawford, Marva Cremer, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Crite, Jerrolyn Crooks, Harvey Cropper, Doris Crudup, Robert Crump, Dewey Crumpler, Frank E. Cummings, William Curtis, Mary Reed Daniel, Alonzo Davis, Charles Davis, Willis "Bing" Davis, Dale Davis, Charles C. Dawson, Juette Day, Thomas Day, Roy DeCarava, Paul DeCroom, Avel DeKnight, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Richard Dempsey, Murry DePillars, Robert D'Hue, Kenneth Dickerson, Leo Dillon, Raymond Dobard, Vernon Dobard, Jeff Donaldson, Aaron Douglas, Emory Douglas, Robert Douglass, Glanton Dowdell, David Driskell, Yolande Du Bois, Robert Duncanson, Eugenia Dunn, John Dunn, Adolphus Ealey, Eugene Eda, Melvin Edwards, Gaye Elliington, Annette Ensley, Marion Epting, Minnie Evans, Frederick Eversley, James Fairfax, Kenneth Falana, Allen Fannin, John Farrar, William Farrow, Elton Fax, Muriel Feelings, Tom Feelings, Frederick Flemister, Mikelle Fletcher, Curt Flood, Thomas Floyd, Doyle Foreman, Mozelle Forte (costume and fabric designer), Amos Fortune, Mrs. C.R. Foster, Inez Fourcard (as Fourchard), John Francis, Miriam Francis, Allan Freelon, Meta Warrick Fuller, Stephany Fuller, Gale Fulton-Ross, Ibibio Fundi, Alice Gafford, Otis Galbreath, West Gale, Reginald Gammon, Jim Gary, Herbert Gentry, Joseph Geran, Jimmy Gibbez, Sam Gilliam, Robert Glover, Manuel Gomez, Russell Gordon, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, Samuel Green, William Green, Donald Greene, Joseph Grey, Ron Griffin, Eugene Grigsby, Henry Gudgell, Charles Haines, Clifford Hall, Horathel Hall, Wesley Hall, David Hammons, James Hampton, Phillip Hampton, Lorraine Hansberry, Marvin Harden, Arthur Hardie, Inge Hardison, John Hardrick, Edwin Harleston, William A. Harper, Gilbert Harris, John Harris, Maren Hassinger, Isaac Hathaway, Frank Hayden, Kitty Hayden, Palmer Hayden, Vertis Hayes, Wilbur Haynie, Dion Henderson, Ernest Herbert, Leon Hicks, Hector Hill, Tony Hill, Geoffrey Holder, Al Hollingsworth, Varnette Honeywood, Earl Hooks, Humbert Howard, James Howard, Raymond Howell, Julien Hudson, Manuel Hughes, Margo Humphrey, Thomas Hunster, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Norman Hunter, Orville Hurt, Bill Hutson, Nell Ingram, Tanya Izanhour, Ambrose Jackson, Earl Jackson, May Jackson, Nigel Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Walter Jackson, Louise Jefferson, Ted Joans, Daniel Johnson, Lester L. Johnson, Jr., Malvin Gray Johnson, Marie Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Barbara Jones, Ben Jones, Calvin Jones, Frederick D. Jones Jr., James Arlington Jones, Lawrence Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Eddie Jack Jordan, Ronald Joseph, Lemuel Joyner, Paul Keene, Elyse J. Kennart, Joseph Kersey, Gwendolyn Knight, Lawrence Compton Kolawole, Oliver LaGrone, Artis Lane, Doyle Lane, Raymond Lark, Lewis H. Latimer, Jacob Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Bertina Lee, Joanna Lee, Peter Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Leon Leonard, Curtis Lewis, Edmonia Lewis, James Edward Lewis, Norman Lewis, Samella Lewis, Charles Lilly, Henri Linton, Jules Lion, Romeyn Lippman, Tom Lloyd, Jon Lockard, Juan Logan, Willie Longshore, Ed Loper, Ed Love, Al Loving, Geraldine McCullough, Lawrence McGaugh, Charles McGee, Donald McIlvaine, James McMillan, William McNeil, Lloyd McNeill, David Mann, William Marshall, Helen Mason, Philip Mason, Winifred Mason, Calvin Massey, Lester (Nathan) Mathews, William Maxwell, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Yvonne Meo, Sam Middleton, Onnie Millar, Aaron Miller, Eva Miller, Lev Mills, P'lla Mills, Evangeline J. Montgomery, Arthur Monroe, Frank Moore, Ron Moore, Scipio Moorhead, Norma Morgan, Ken Morris, Calvin Morrison, Jimmie Mosely, Leo Moss, Lottie Moss, Archibald Motley, Hugh Mulzac, Frank Neal, George Neal, Otto Neals, Shirley Nero, Effie Newsome, Nommo, George Norman, Georg Olden, Ademola Olugebefola, Conora O'Neal (fashion designer), Cora O'Neal, Lula O'Neal, Pearl O'Neal, Ron O'Neal, Hayward Oubré, John Outterbridge, Carl Owens, Lorenzo Pace, Alvin Paige, Robert Paige, William Pajaud, Denise Palm, Norman Parish, Jules Parker, James Parks, Edgar Patience, Angela Perkins, Marion Perkins, Michael Perry, Jacqueline Peters, Douglas Phillips, Harper Phillips, Delilah Pierce, Howardena Pindell, Horace Pippin, Julie Ponceau, James Porter, Leslie Price, Ramon Price, Nelson Primus, Nancy Prophet, Noah Purifoy, Teodoro Ramos Blanco y Penita, Otis Rathel, Patrick Reason, William Reid, John Rhoden, Barbara Chase-Riboud, William Richmond, Percy Ricks, Gary Rickson, John Riddle, Gregory Ridley, Faith Ringgold, Malkia Roberts, Brenda Rogers, Charles Rogers, George Rogers, Arthur Rose, Nancy Rowland, Winfred Russell, Mahler Ryder, Betye Saar, Charles Sallee, Marion Sampler, John Sanders, Walter Sanford, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Thomas Sills, Carroll Simms, Jewel Simon, Walter Simon, Merton Simpson, William H. Simpson, Louis Slaughter, Gwen Small, Albert A. Smith, Alvin Smith, Hughie Lee-Smith, John Henry Smith, Jacob Lawrence, John Steptoe, Nelson Stevens, Edward Stidum, Elmer C. Stoner, Lou Stovall, Henry O. Tanner, Ralph Tate, Betty Blayton Taylor, Della Taylor, Bernita Temple, Herbert Temple, Alma Thomas, Elaine Thomas, Larry Thomas, Carolyn Thompson, Lovett Thompson, Mildred Thompson, Mozelle Thompson, Robert (Bob) Thompson, Dox Thrash, Neptune Thurston, John Torres, Nat Turner, Leo Twiggs, Bernard Upshur, Royce Vaughn, Ruth Waddy, Anthony Walker, Earl Walker, Larry Walker, William Walker, Daniel Warburg, Eugene Warburg, Carole Ward, Laura Waring, Mary P. Washington, James Watkins, Lawrence Watson, Edward Webster, Allen A. Weeks, Robert Weil, James Wells, Pheoris West, Sarah West, John Weston, Delores Wharton, Amos White, Charles White, Garrett Whyte, Alfredus Williams, Chester Williams, Douglas R. Williams, Laura Williams, Matthew Williams, Morris Williams, Peter Williams, Rosetta Williams (as Rosita), Walter Williams, William T. Williams, Ed Wilson, Ellis Wilson, Fred Wilson, John Wilson, Stanley Wilson, Vincent Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Bernard Wright, Charles Young, Kenneth Young, Milton Young. [Note the 3rd edition consists of two volumes published by Gale Research in 1980, with a third supplemental volume issued in 1985.] Large stout 4tos, red cloth. 3rd revised expanded edition. ST LOUIS (MO). St. Louis Public Library. An index to Black American artists. St. Louis: St. Louis Public Library, 1972. 50 pp. Also includes art historians such as Henri Ghent. In this database, only artists are cross-referenced. 4to (28 cm.) TAHA, HALIMA. Collecting African American Art: Works on Paper and Canvas. New York: Crown, 1998. xvi, 270 pp., approx. 150 color plates, brief bibliog., index, appendices of art and photo dealers, museums and other resources. Intro. by Ntozake Shange. Forewords by Dierdre Bibby and Samella Lewis. Text consists of a few sentences at best on most of the hundreds of listed artists. Numerous typos and other errors and misinformation throughout. 4to (29 cm.), laminated papered boards, d.j. THOMISON, DENNIS. The Black Artist in America: An Index to Reproductions. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1991. Includes: index to Black artists, bibliography (including doctoral dissertations and audiovisual materials.) Many of the dozens of spelling errors and incomplete names have been corrected in this entry and names of known white artists omitted from our entry, but errors may still exist in this entry, so beware: Jesse Aaron, Charles Abramson, Maria Adair, Lauren Adam, Ovid P. Adams, Ron Adams, Terry Adkins, (Jonathan) Ta Coumba T. Aiken, Jacques Akins, Lawrence E. Alexander, Tina Allen, Pauline Alley-Barnes, Charles Alston, Frank Alston, Charlotte Amevor, Emma Amos (Levine), Allie Anderson, Benny Andrews, Edmund Minor Archer, Pastor Argudin y Pedroso [as Y. Pedroso Argudin], Anna Arnold, Ralph Arnold, William Artis, Kwasi Seitu Asante [as Kwai Seitu Asantey], Steve Ashby, Rose Auld, Ellsworth Ausby, Henry Avery, Charles Axt, Roland Ayers, Annabelle Bacot, Calvin Bailey, Herman Kofi Bailey, Malcolm Bailey, Annabelle Baker, E. Loretta Ballard, Jene Ballentine, Casper Banjo, Bill Banks, Ellen Banks, John W. Banks, Henry Bannarn, Edward Bannister, Curtis R. Barnes, Ernie Barnes, James MacDonald Barnsley, Richmond Barthé, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Daniel Carter Beard, Romare Bearden, Phoebe Beasley, Falcon Beazer, Arthello Beck, Sherman Beck, Cleveland Bellow, Gwendolyn Bennett, Herbert Bennett, Ed Bereal, Arthur Berry, Devoice Berry, Ben Bey, John Biggers, Camille Billops, Willie Birch, Eloise Bishop, Robert Blackburn, Tarleton Blackwell, Lamont K. Bland, Betty Blayton, Gloria Bohanon, Hawkins Bolden, Leslie Bolling, Shirley Bolton, Higgins Bond, Erma Booker, Michael Borders, Ronald Boutte, Siras Bowens, Lynn Bowers, Frank Bowling, David Bustill Bowser, David Patterson Boyd, David Bradford, Harold Bradford, Peter Bradley, Fred Bragg, Winston Branch, Brumsic Brandon, James Brantley, William Braxton, Bruce Brice, Arthur Britt, James Britton, Sylvester Britton, Moe Brooker, Bernard Brooks, Mable Brooks, Oraston Brooks-el, David Scott Brown, Elmer Brown, Fred Brown, Frederick Brown, Grafton Brown, James Andrew Brown, Joshua Brown, Kay Brown, Marvin Brown, Richard Brown, Samuel Brown, Vivian Browne, Henry Brownlee, Beverly Buchanan, Selma Burke, Arlene Burke-Morgan, Calvin Burnett, Margaret Burroughs, Cecil Burton, Charles Burwell, Nathaniel Bustion, David Butler, Carole Byard, Albert Byrd, Walter Cade, Joyce Cadoo, Bernard Cameron, Simms Campbell, Frederick Campbell, Thomas Cannon (as Canon), Nicholas Canyon, John Carlis, Arthur Carraway, Albert Carter, Allen Carter, George Carter, Grant Carter, Ivy Carter, Keithen Carter, Robert Carter, William Carter, Yvonne Carter, George Washington Carver, Bernard Casey, Yvonne Catchings, Elizabeth Catlett, Frances Catlett, Mitchell Caton, Catti, Charlotte Chambless, Dana Chandler, John Chandler, Robin Chandler, Barbara Chase-Riboud, Kitty Chavis, Edward Christmas, Petra Cintron, George Clack, Claude Clark Sr., Claude Lockhart Clark, Edward Clark, Irene Clark, LeRoy Clarke, Pauline Clay, Denise Cobb, Gylbert Coker, Marion Elizabeth Cole, Archie Coleman, Floyd Coleman, Donald Coles, Robert Colescott, Carolyn Collins, Paul Collins, Richard Collins, Samuel Collins, Don Concholar, Wallace Conway, Houston Conwill, William A. Cooper, Arthur Coppedge, Jean Cornwell, Eldzier Cortor, Samuel Countee, Harold Cousins, Cleo Crawford, Marva Cremer, Ernest Crichlow, Norma Criss, Allan Rohan Crite, Harvey Cropper, Geraldine Crossland, Rushie Croxton, Doris Crudup, Dewey Crumpler, Emilio Cruz, Charles Cullen (White artist), Vince Cullers, Michael Cummings, Urania Cummings, DeVon Cunningham, Samuel Curtis, William Curtis, Artis Dameron, Mary Reed Daniel, Aaron Darling, Alonzo Davis, Bing Davis, Charles Davis, Dale Davis, Rachel Davis, Theresa Davis, Ulysses Davis, Walter Lewis Davis, Charles C. Davis, William Dawson, Juette Day, Roy DeCarava, Avel DeKnight, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Nadine Delawrence, Louis Delsarte, Richard Dempsey, J. Brooks Dendy, III (as Brooks Dendy), James Denmark, Murry DePillars, Joseph DeVillis, Robert D'Hue, Kenneth Dickerson, Voris Dickerson, Charles Dickson, Frank Dillon, Leo Dillon, Robert Dilworth, James Donaldson, Jeff Donaldson, Lillian Dorsey, William Dorsey, Aaron Douglas, Emory Douglas, Calvin Douglass, Glanton Dowdell, John Dowell, Sam Doyle, David Driskell, Ulric S. Dunbar, Robert Duncanson, Eugenia Dunn, John Morris Dunn, Edward Dwight, Adolphus Ealey, Lawrence Edelin, William Edmondson, Anthony Edwards, Melvin Edwards, Eugene Eda [as Edy], John Elder, Maurice Ellison, Walter Ellison, Mae Engron, Annette Easley, Marion Epting, Melvyn Ettrick (as Melvin), Clifford Eubanks, Minnie Evans, Darrell Evers, Frederick Eversley, Cyril Fabio, James Fairfax, Kenneth Falana, Josephus Farmer, John Farrar, William Farrow, Malaika Favorite, Elton Fax, Tom Feelings, Claude Ferguson, Violet Fields, Lawrence Fisher, Thomas Flanagan, Walter Flax, Frederick Flemister, Mikelle Fletcher, Curt Flood, Batunde Folayemi, George Ford, Doyle Foreman, Leroy Foster, Walker Foster, John Francis, Richard Franklin, Ernest Frazier, Allan Freelon, Gloria Freeman, Pam Friday, John Fudge, Meta Fuller, Ibibio Fundi, Ramon Gabriel, Alice Gafford, West Gale, George Gamble, Reginald Gammon, Christine Gant, Jim Gary, Adolphus Garrett, Leroy Gaskin, Lamerol Gatewood, Herbert Gentry, Joseph Geran, Ezekiel Gibbs, William Giles, Sam Gilliam, Robert Glover, William Golding, Paul Goodnight, Erma Gordon, L. T. Gordon, Robert Gordon, Russell Gordon, Rex Goreleigh, Bernard Goss, Joe Grant, Oscar Graves, Todd Gray, Annabelle Green, James Green, Jonathan Green, Robert Green, Donald Greene, Michael Greene, Joseph Grey, Charles Ron Griffin, Eugene Grigsby, Raymond Grist, Michael Gude, Ethel Guest, John Hailstalk, Charles Haines, Horathel Hall, Karl Hall, Wesley Hall, Edward Hamilton, Eva Hamlin-Miller, David Hammons, James Hampton, Phillip Hampton, Marvin Harden, Inge Hardison, John Hardrick, Edwin Harleston, William Harper, Hugh Harrell, Oliver Harrington, Gilbert Harris, Hollon Harris, John Harris, Scotland J. B. Harris, Warren Harris, Bessie Harvey, Maren Hassinger, Cynthia Hawkins (as Thelma), William Hawkins, Frank Hayden, Kitty Hayden, Palmer Hayden, William Hayden, Vertis Hayes, Anthony Haynes, Wilbur Haynie, Benjamin Hazard, June Hector, Dion Henderson, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, William Henderson, Barkley Hendricks, Gregory A. Henry, Robert Henry, Ernest Herbert, James Herring, Mark Hewitt, Leon Hicks, Renalda Higgins, Hector Hill, Felrath Hines, Alfred Hinton, Tim Hinton, Adrienne Hoard, Irwin Hoffman, Raymond Holbert, Geoffrey Holder, Robin Holder, Lonnie Holley, Alvin Hollingsworth, Eddie Holmes, Varnette Honeywood, Earl J. Hooks, Ray Horner, Paul Houzell, Helena Howard, Humbert Howard, John Howard, Mildred Howard, Raymond Howell, William Howell, Calvin Hubbard, Henry Hudson, Julien Hudson, James Huff, Manuel Hughes, Margo Humphrey, Raymond Hunt, Richard Hunt, Clementine Hunter, Elliott Hunter, Arnold Hurley, Bill Hutson, Zell Ingram, Sue Irons, A. B. Jackson, Gerald Jackson, Harlan Jackson, Hiram Jackson, May Jackson, Oliver Jackson, Robert Jackson, Suzanne Jackson, Walter Jackson, Martha Jackson-Jarvis, Bob James, Wadsworth Jarrell, Jasmin Joseph [as Joseph Jasmin], Archie Jefferson, Rosalind Jeffries, Noah Jemison, Barbara Fudge Jenkins, Florian Jenkins, Chester Jennings, Venola Jennings, Wilmer Jennings, Georgia Jessup, Johana, Daniel Johnson, Edith Johnson, Harvey Johnson, Herbert Johnson, Jeanne Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Marie Johnson-Calloway, Milton Derr (as Milton Johnson), Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Joshua Johnston, Ben Jones, Calvin Jones, Dorcas Jones, Frank A. Jones, Frederick D. Jones, Jr. (as Frederic Jones), Henry B. Jones, Johnny Jones, Lawrence Arthur Jones, Leon Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Nathan Jones, Tonnie Jones, Napoleon Jones-Henderson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Jack Jordan, Cliff Joseph, Ronald Joseph, Lemuel Joyner, Edward Judie, Michael Kabu, Arthur Kaufman, Charles Keck, Paul Keene, John Kendrick, Harriet Kennedy, Leon Kennedy, Joseph Kersey; Virginia Kiah, Henri King, James King, Gwendolyn Knight, Robert Knight, Lawrence Kolawole, Brenda Lacy, (Laura) Jean Lacy, Roy LaGrone, Artis Lane, Doyle Lane, Raymond Lark, Carolyn Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, James Lawrence, Clarence Lawson, Louis LeBlanc, James Lee, Hughie Lee-Smith, Lizetta LeFalle-Collins, Leon Leonard, Bruce LeVert, Edmonia Lewis, Edwin E. Lewis, Flora Lewis, James E. Lewis, Norman Lewis, Roy Lewis, Samella Lewis, Elba Lightfoot, Charles Lilly [as Lily], Arturo Lindsay, Henry Linton, Jules Lion, James Little, Marcia Lloyd, Tom Lloyd, Jon Lockard, Donald Locke, Lionel Lofton, Juan Logan, Bert Long, Willie Longshore, Edward Loper, Francisco Lord, Jesse Lott, Edward Love, Nina Lovelace, Whitfield Lovell, Alvin Loving, Ramon Loy, William Luckett, John Lutz, Don McAllister, Theadius McCall, Dindga McCannon, Edward McCluney, Jesse McCowan, Sam McCrary, Geraldine McCullough, Lawrence McGaugh, Charles McGee, Donald McIlvaine, Karl McIntosh, Joseph Mack, Edward McKay, Thomas McKinney, Alexander McMath, Robert McMillon, William McNeil, Lloyd McNeill, Clarence Major, William Majors, David Mann, Ulysses Marshall, Phillip Lindsay Mason, Lester Mathews, Sharon Matthews, William (Bill) Maxwell, Gordon Mayes, Marietta Mayes, Richard Mayhew, Valerie Maynard, Victoria Meek, Leon Meeks, Yvonne Meo, Helga Meyer, Gaston Micheaux, Charles Mickens, Samuel Middleton, Onnie Millar, Aaron Miller, Algernon Miller, Don Miller, Earl Miller, Eva Hamlin Miller, Guy Miller, Julia Miller, Charles Milles, Armsted Mills, Edward Mills, Lev Mills, Priscilla Mills (P'lla), Carol Mitchell, Corinne Mitchell, Tyrone Mitchell, Arthur Monroe, Elizabeth Montgomery, Ronald Moody, Ted Moody, Frank Moore, Ron Moore, Sabra Moore, Theophilus Moore, William Moore, Leedell Moorehead, Scipio Moorhead, Clarence Morgan, Norma Morgan, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Patricia Morris, Keith Morrison, Lee Jack Morton, Jimmie Mosely, David Mosley, Lottie Moss, Archibald Motley, Hugh Mulzac, Betty Murchison, J. B. Murry, Teixera Nash, Inez Nathaniel, Frank Neal, George Neal, Jerome Neal, Robert Neal, Otto Neals, Robert Newsome, James Newton, Rochelle Nicholas, John Nichols, Isaac Nommo, Oliver Nowlin, Trudell Obey, Constance Okwumabua, Osira Olatunde, Kermit Oliver, Yaounde Olu, Ademola Olugebefola, Mary O'Neal, Haywood Oubré, Simon Outlaw, John Outterbridge, Joseph Overstreet, Carl Owens, Winnie Owens-Hart, Lorenzo Pace, William Pajaud, Denise Palm, James Pappas, Christopher Parks, James Parks, Louise Parks, Vera Parks, Oliver Parson, James Pate, Edgar Patience, John Payne, Leslie Payne, Sandra Peck, Alberto Pena, Angela Perkins, Marion Perkins, Michael Perry, Bertrand Phillips, Charles James Phillips, Harper Phillips, Ted Phillips, Delilah Pierce, Elijah Pierce, Harold Pierce, Anderson Pigatt, Stanley Pinckney, Howardena Pindell, Elliott Pinkney, Jerry Pinkney, Robert Pious, Adrian Piper, Horace Pippin, Betty Pitts, Stephanie Pogue, Naomi Polk, Charles Porter, James Porter, Georgette Powell, Judson Powell, Richard Powell, Daniel Pressley, Leslie Price, Ramon Price, Nelson Primus, Arnold Prince, E. (Evelyn?) Proctor, Nancy Prophet, Ronnie Prosser, William Pryor, Noah Purifoy, Florence Purviance, Martin Puryear, Mavis Pusey, Teodoro Ramos Blanco y Penita, Helen Ramsaran, Joseph Randolph; Thomas Range, Frank Rawlings, Jennifer Ray, Maxine Raysor, Patrick Reason, Roscoe Reddix, Junius Redwood, James Reed, Jerry Reed, Donald Reid, O. Richard Reid, Robert Reid, Leon Renfro, John Rhoden, Ben Richardson, Earle Richardson, Enid Richardson, Gary Rickson, John Riddle, Gregory Ridley, Faith Ringgold, Haywood Rivers, Arthur Roach, Malkia Roberts, Royal Robertson, Aminah Robinson, Charles Robinson, John N. Robinson, Peter L. Robinson, Brenda Rogers, Charles Rogers, Herbert Rogers, Juanita Rogers, Sultan Rogers, Bernard Rollins, Henry Rollins, Arthur Rose, Charles Ross, James Ross, Nellie Mae Rowe, Sandra Rowe, Nancy Rowland, Winfred Russsell, Mahler Ryder, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Charles Sallee, JoeSam., Marion Sampler, Bert Samples, Juan Sanchez, Eve Sandler, Walter Sanford, Floyd Sapp, Raymond Saunders, Augusta Savage, Ann Sawyer, Sydney Schenck, Vivian Schuyler Key, John Scott (Johnny) , John Tarrell Scott, Joyce Scott, William Scott, Charles Searles, Charles Sebree, Bernard Sepyo, Bennie Settles, Franklin Shands, Frank Sharpe, Christopher Shelton, Milton Sherrill, Thomas Sills, Gloria Simmons, Carroll Simms, Jewell Simon, Walter Simon, Coreen Simpson, Ken Simpson, Merton Simpson, William Simpson, Michael Singletary (as Singletry), Nathaniel Sirles, Margaret Slade (Kelley), Van Slater, Louis Sloan, Albert A. Smith, Alfred J. Smith, Alvin Smith, Arenzo Smith, Damballah Dolphus Smith, Floyd Smith, Frank Smith, George Smith, Howard Smith, John Henry Smith, Marvin Smith, Mary T. Smith, Sue Jane Smith, Vincent Smith, William Smith, Zenobia Smith, Rufus Snoddy, Sylvia Snowden, Carroll Sockwell, Ben Solowey, Edgar Sorrells, Georgia Speller, Henry Speller, Shirley Stark, David Stephens, Lewis Stephens, Walter Stephens, Erik Stephenson, Nelson Stevens, Mary Stewart, Renée Stout, Edith Strange, Thelma Streat, Richard Stroud, Dennis Stroy, Charles Suggs, Sharon Sulton, Johnnie Swearingen, Earle Sweeting, Roderick Sykes, Clarence Talley, Ann Tanksley, Henry O. Tanner, James Tanner, Ralph Tate, Carlton Taylor, Cecil Taylor, Janet Taylor Pickett, Lawrence Taylor, William (Bill) Taylor, Herbert Temple, Emerson Terry, Evelyn Terry, Freida Tesfagiorgis, Alma Thomas, Charles Thomas, James "Son Ford" Thomas, Larry Erskine Thomas, Matthew Thomas, Roy Thomas, William Thomas (a.k.a. Juba Solo), Conrad Thompson, Lovett Thompson, Mildred Thompson, Phyllis Thompson, Bob Thompson, Russ Thompson, Dox Thrash, Mose Tolliver, William Tolliver, Lloyd Toone, John Torres, Elaine Towns, Bill Traylor, Charles Tucker, Clive Tucker, Yvonne Edwards Tucker, Charlene Tull, Donald Turner, Leo Twiggs, Alfred Tyler, Anna Tyler, Barbara Tyson Mosley, Bernard Upshur, Jon Urquhart, Florestee Vance, Ernest Varner, Royce Vaughn, George Victory, Harry Vital, Ruth Waddy, Annie Walker, Charles Walker, Clinton Walker, Earl Walker, Lawrence Walker, Raymond Walker [a.k.a. Bo Walker], William Walker, Bobby Walls, Daniel Warburg, Eugene Warburg, Denise Ward-Brown, Evelyn Ware, Laura Waring, Masood Ali Warren, Horace Washington, James Washington, Mary Washington, Timothy Washington, Richard Waters, James Watkins, Curtis Watson, Howard Watson, Willard Watson, Richard Waytt, Claude Weaver, Stephanie Weaver, Clifton Webb, Derek Webster, Edward Webster, Albert Wells, James Wells, Roland Welton, Barbara Wesson, Pheoris West, Lamonte Westmoreland, Charles White, Cynthia White, Franklin White, George White, J. Philip White, Jack White (sculptor), Jack White (painter), John Whitmore, Jack Whitten, Garrett Whyte, Benjamin Wigfall, Bertie Wiggs, Deborah Wilkins, Timothy Wilkins, Billy Dee Williams, Chester Williams, Douglas Williams, Frank Williams, George Williams, Gerald Williams, Jerome Williams, Jose Williams, Laura Williams, Matthew Williams, Michael K. Williams, Pat Ward Williams, Randy Williams, Roy Lee Williams, Todd Williams, Walter Williams, William T. Williams, Yvonne Williams, Philemona Williamson, Stan Williamson, Luster Willis, A. B. Wilson, Edward Wilson, Ellis Wilson, Fred Wilson, George Wilson, Henry Wilson, John Wilson, Stanley C. Wilson, Linda Windle, Eugene Winslow, Vernon Winslow, Cedric Winters, Viola Wood, Hale Woodruff, Roosevelt Woods, Shirley Woodson, Beulah Woodard, Bernard Wright, Dmitri Wright, Estella Viola Wright, George Wright, Richard Wyatt, Frank Wyley, Richard Yarde, James Yeargans, Joseph Yoakum, Bernard Young, Charles Young, Clarence Young, Kenneth Young, Milton Young. WALKER, ANNE KENDRICK. Tuskegee and the Black Belt: a portrait of a race. Richmond: The Dietz Press, 1944. xx, 180 pp., 30 illus. including frontis., index. Intro. by the Honorable Chauncey Sparks, Governor of Alabama. The illustrations from paintings, sculpture and photographs of Negro life include some black artists: paintings by Jacob Lawrence, Palmer Hayden and Archibald J. Motley, Jr., sculpture by Isaac Hathaway and Charles Keck; and photographs by P. H. Polk. 8vo (8.25 x 6.25 in.), cloth, pictorial d.j. First ed. WASHINGTON (DC). Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. A Checklist of the Collection. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1977. Description of holdings as of 1977, including materials by: Charles Alston, Benny Andrews, Romare Bearden, Cinque Gallery, Eldzier Cortor, Ernest Crichlow, Roy DeCarava, Avel DeKnight, Joseph Delaney, Melvin Edwards, Allen Fannin and Dorothy Fannin [as Farmen], Dakar Festival, Harmon Foundation, Palmer Hayden, Al Hollingsworth, Sargent Johnson, Cliff Joseph, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Norman Lewis, Edward Loper, Al Loving, Charles McGee, John Outterbridge, Howardena Pindell, Horace Pippin, John Rhoden, Faith Ringgold, Bill Rivers, Thomas Sills, Merton Simpson, Edward Spriggs, Henry Tanner, James Washington, Weusi Gallery, Charles White, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff WASHINGTON (DC). Howard University Gallery of Art. Art of the American Negro. October 31-November 15, 1937. Exhib. cat., brief biogs. Group exhibition curated by Alonzo Aden. Included: Robert(?) Bannister, Hilda Brown, Allen Crite, Samuel Countee, Aaron Douglas, Elton Fax, Allan Freelon, Edwin Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Henry Hudson, Henry B. Jones, Malvin Gray Johnson, William H. Johnson, Archibald Motley, James A. Porter, Dan Terry Reid, William Simpson, Charles Sallee, Charles Sebree, William E. Scott, Henry O. Tanner, George Walker, Annie Walker, Laura Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Hale Woodruff. WASHINGTON (DC). Library of Congress. Seventy Five Years of Freedom: Commemoration of the 75th Anniversary of the Proclamation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Mostly an annotated list of books and manuscripts on black history, however it also includes remarks on the exhibition curated by Alonzo Aden, and list of exhibitors (pp. 39-43). Included: Frank H. Alston, John Ingliss Atkinson, Henry Avery, Romare Bearden, Bob Blackburn, Samuel Brown, William S. Carter, Claude Clark, Sr., Eldzier Cortor, Samuel A. Countee, Ernest Crichlow, Allan Rohan Crite, Charles C. Davis, Selma Day, Joseph Delaney, Aaron Douglas, Elba Lightfoot DeReyes, Walter W. Ellison, John S. Glenn, Bernard Goss, Palmer Hayden, Fred Hollingsworth, Humbert Howard, Wilmer Jennings, Malvin G. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Ronald Joseph, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Edward Loper, John Lutz, Archibald Motley, James A. Porter, Georgette Seabrooke Powell, Angelica Pozo, Bryant Ringle, Charles Salee, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Raymond Steth, Dox Thrash, Earl Walker, James W. Washington, Jr., James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, and Hale Woodruff. WASHINGTON (DC). National Gallery of Art. Catalogue of An Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture by American Negro Artists. May 16-29, 1929. 15 pp., 11 b&w illus., checklist of 71 works. Text includes a brief foreword and a list of Harmon Awards in the Fine Arts. Artists include: Frederick C. Alston, Samuel Ellis Blount, Elmer Simms Campbell, Charles C. Dawson, Frank J. Dillon (Hon. mention), Allan Freelon, John Wesley Hardrick, Palmer C. Hayden, Jessie Housley, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson (bronze medal), Maude Irwin Owens, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., James A. Porter, Albert Alexander Smith, D. Norman Tillman, Hale Woodruff, and others. 8vo, wraps. First ed. WASHINGTON (DC). National Gallery of Art. Exhibit of Fine Arts by American Negro Artists. October 31-November 13, 1933. Exhib. brochure. Group exhibition sponsored by the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. List of artists included: James Allen, Allan Freelon, Edwin Harleston, Palmer Hayden, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Archibald Motley, William Scott, Albert Smith, Laura Waring, James Lesesne Wells, Hale Woodruff. WASHINGTON (DC). National Museum of American Art. Descriptive Catalogue of Painting and Sculpture in the National Museum of American Art. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1983. Of historical interest. As of October 31, 1982, the holdings included (multiple works indicated in paretheses): Edward Bannister, Ed Bereal, Claude Clark, Sr., Eldzier Cortor, Allan Rohan Crite (2), Emilio Cruz (3), Joseph Delaney, William Edmondson, Minnie Evans, Sam Gilliam (7), James Hampton, Palmer Hayden, Felrath Hines, Richard Hunt, Malvin Gray Johnson (2), Sargent Claude Johnson, William H. Johnson (177) Jacob Lawrence, Charles Searles, Henry O. Tanner, Alma Woodsey Thomas, (26), Bob Thompson (5), Laura Wheeler Waring (2), and Ellis Wilson. [For a fuller picture of the national holdings of African American art at this time see also National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist.] WASHINGTON (DC). National Museum of American Art. Free Within Ourselves: African-American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art. 1992. 205 pp., over 100 illus., 90 in excellent color, bibliog., list of works, checklist of 105 artists represented in National Museum of American Art. Curated and text by Regenia A. Perry. 32 artists discussed: Edward Mitchell Bannister, Romare Bearden, John Biggers, Frederick J. Brown, Elizabeth Catlett, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Robert S. Duncanson, William Edmondson, Minnie Evans, Sam Gilliam, James Hampton, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Joshua Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Frank Jones, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Keith Morrison, Marilyn Nance, James A. Porter, Augusta Savage, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Bob Thompson, Bill Traylor, Hale Woodruff, and Joseph Yoakum. Other artists mentioned as part of the collection, but not featured: Leroy Almon, Emma Amos, Benny Andrews, Steve Ashby, Ed Bereal, Wendell T. Brooks, Samuel Joseph Brown, Vivian E. Browne, Richard Burnside, Claude Clark, Houston Conwill, Eldzier Cortor, Emilio Cruz, William Dawson, Hilliard Dean, Roy DeCarava, Joseph Delaney, Richard Dempsey, Arthur "Pete" Dilbert, John Edward Dowell, Jr., Melvin Edwards, Frederick Eversley, Josephus Farmer, Walter Flax, Roland L. Freeman, Herbert Gentry, William Hawkins, Felrath Hines, Lonnie Holley, Margo Humphrey, Mr. Imagination, Keith Jenkins, Malvin Gray Johnson, Larry Francis Lebby, Norman Lewis, Ed Loper, Richard Mayhew, Eric Calvin McDonald, Lloyd McNeill, Robert McNeill, Inez Nathaniel-Walker, Joseph Norman, Leslie Payne, Elijah Pierce, Howardena Pindell, Michael Platt, Earle Richardson, John N. Robinson, Nellie Mae Rowe, Charles Sallee Charles Searles, Charles Sebree, Frank Smith, Edgar Sorrells-Adewale, Henry Speller, Raymond Steth, Lou Stovall, Jimmie Lee Sudduth, Mildred Thompson, Dox Thrash, Mose Tolliver, Laura Wheeler Waring, James W. Washington, Jr., Edward B. Webster, James Lesesne Wells, Charles White, Franklin A. White, George W. White, Jr., Ellis Wilson, Richard Yarde, Kenneth Young. [Traveled to: Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT; IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York, NY; Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, CA; Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis, TN; The Columbus Museum, Columbus, GA.] Small 4to, cloth, dust jacket. First ed. WILBERFORCE (OH). National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center. When the Spirit Moves: African American Art Inspired by Dance. August 8-November 28, 1999. 170 pp. exhib. cat., color and b&w illus., maps, bibliog. Curated by Samella Lewis. Ed. by Barbara Glass; texts by: Barbara Glass, Brenda Dixon Gottschild, Melanye White-Dixon, Jacqui Malone, Katrina Hazzard-Donald, Samella Lewis. Group exhibition. Included: Benny Andrews, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John T. Biggers, Camille Billops, Elizabeth Catlett, Louis Delsarte, Sam Gilliam, Palmer Hayden, Richard Hunt, Valerie Maynard, Archibald Motley, Ademola Olugebefola, Howardena Pindell, John T. Scott, Charles Searles, LaVon Van Williams, Richard Yarde, et al. [Traveled to: Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Detroit, MI, January 22-April 23, 2000; Camille Love Crosby Museum, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, June 20-November 18, 2000; Anacostia Museum, Washington, DC, February 15-June 2, 2001.] 4to (28 cm.), wraps. WINSTON-SALEM (NC). Benton Convention Center. Reflections: the Afro-American artist: an exhibit of paintings, sculpture, and graphics. October 8-15, 1972. Unpag. (14 pp.) exhib. cat., illus. Group exhibition. Presented by the Winston-Salem Alumnae Chapter, Delta Sigma Theta, Inc. Included: Charles Alston, William E. Artis, Edward Bannister, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, John T. Biggers, Ann Brewer, Francis H. Brown, Samuel J. Brown, Selma Burke, Elizabeth Catlett, Claude Clark, Sr., Eldzier Cortor, Barbara Collins-Eure, James Diggs, Aaron Douglas, David Driskell, Robert S. Duncanson, Adolphus Ealey, John Farrar, Elton Fax, Frederick C. Flemister, James Everette Funches, Jefferson Grigsby, Ethel D. Guest, Edwin A. Harleston, William A. Harper, Janie R. Harrington, Palmer C. Hayden, Esther Page Hill, Earl J. Hooks, Rennick C. Hoyle, Richard Hunt, Joshua Johnson, Lemuel L. Johnson, Malvin Gray Johnson, Robert H. Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lemuel L. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Joseph Kersey, Jacob Lawrence, Hughie Lee-Smith, Edmonia Lewis, Sam Middleton, Eva Hamlin Miller, Scipio Moorhead, Archibald J. Motley, Hayward Oubre, Delilah Pierce, Stephanie Pogue, James A. Porter, John Rhoden, Gregory D. Ridley, Irvin Riley, Charles D. Rogers, Arthur Rose, Augusta Savage, William E. Scott, Charles Sebree, Thomas Sills, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Alma Thomas, Mercedes Thompson, Leo Twiggs, Laura Wheeler Waring, Roland S. Watts, James Lesesne Wells, Glenda Wharton-Little, Charles White, Walter H. Williams, Ellis Wilson, John Wilson, Hale Woodruff, Alpha Worthy, Gilbert E. Young. 4to (11 x 8 in.), wraps. WINTZ, CARY D. and PAUL FINKELMAN, eds. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Routledge, 2004. An obvious inadequate allowance of space for the visual arts in the general subject entries. Only those artists allotted a biography entry receive any serious attention at all. Includes: Charles Alston, Richmond Barthé, Romare Bearden, William E. Braxton, Samuel Countee, Allan Rohan Crite, Beauford Delaney, Aaron Douglas, William McKnight Farrow, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Edwin A. Harleston, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, William H. Johnson, Lois Mailou Jones, Jacob Lawrence, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Augusta Savage, William Edouard Scott, Frank Sheinall, Albert A. Smith, Henry Ossawa Tanner, James Vanderzee, Hale Woodruff. n this date we celebrate Palmer Hayden's birth in 1890. He was a Black artist whose work became known during the Harlem Renaissance. Born Peyton Cole Hedgeman in Wide Water, Virginia, he was a prolific artist of his era. He depicted Black life, painting in both oils and watercolors. As a young man, Hayden studied at the Cooper Union in New York City and also practiced independent studies at Boothbay Art Colony in Maine. He created one of his first famous pieces in 1926, a still life called "Fetiche et Fleurs," which won the Harmon Foundation’s Gold Award, prompting his patrons to support him so he could live and study in France.  Over the next five years in Paris, Hayden was very productive, trying to capture elements of Parisian society. On his return to America, Hayden began working for the United States government. He worked for the U.S. Treasury Art Project as well as the Depression-era government-funded Works Progress Administration (WPA). Hayden took his inspiration from the environment around him, focusing on the Black experience. He tried to capture both rural life in the South, as well as urban backgrounds in New York City. Many of these urban paintings were centered in Harlem. The inspiration for "The Janitor Who Paints" came from Cloyde Boykin, a friend of Palmer's. Boykin was also a painter who supported himself through janitorial work. Hayden once said, “I painted it because no one called Cloyde a painter; they called him a janitor.” Many people consider this painting to be an expression of the tough times Palmer was having. Palmer Hayden created a painting series on Black folk hero John Henry. This series consisted of 12 works and took 10 years to complete. John Henry was said to be a strong, heroic Black man who used a hammer to create railroads and tunnel through mountains. His works had other exhibitions, including at the New Jersey State Museum and the Galerie Bernheim-Jeune. Palmer Hayden was a great artist who made many visual contributions to this country. He died on February 18, 1973. Palmer C. Hayden (January 15, 1890 – February 18, 1973) was an American painter who depicted African-American life, landscapes, seascapes, and African influences. He sketched, painted in both oils and watercolors, and was a prolific artist of his era. Contents 1 Early life 2 Artistic beginnings and Parisian travels 3 Return, racial commentary and stylistics 4 The aged Hayden 5 Works 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early life Palmer C Hayden, originally named Peyton Cole Hedgeman,[1] was born on January 15, 1890 in Widewater, Virginia. Hayden was introduced to the arts by his older brother who took up drawing at an early age. Despite his early interest in art, Hayden had ambitions to become a fiddle player. Unfortunately, several obstacles prevented this, including his reserved nature and financial instability in his family. Despite his great success as an artist, Hayden would later come to regret his decision to abandon his initial dream. Bitter frustration lingered in Hayden's mind as is reflected in some of his work. Midnight at the Crossroads is a painting that depicts the decision he was forced to make. While the notable tilt of his feet and face illustrate his inclination towards the path of the musician, he ultimately chooses the other road.[2] This piece demonstrates the personal significance of Hayden's conflict. Hayden moved to Washington, D.C. during his teenage years in order to find work to make a living. He worked as a carrier and an errand boy while finding inspiration for his work from the everyday bustle of the city. It was in Washington, D.C. where Hayden ultimately began to pursue an art career, and where he first encountered an experience with explicit racism. Hayden had placed an ad in the local paper for an artist’s assistant, and was bewildered when he was rejected for being African-American upon arriving at the interview. Discouraged, Hayden decided to go into employment as a laborer for the Buffalo Bill Circus and then the Ringling Brothers Circus. He bounced from occupation to occupation with little commitment, then decided to enter the army's black company stationed in the Philippines. Hayden enlisted into the military in 1912. While enrolled, he found himself pleased with the amount of spare time he had and even found a tutor in second lieutenant Arthur Boetscher, who enjoyed map drawing and would often loosely instruct Hayden. This was Hayden's first true experience with artistic education. After four years of service in the military, Hayden decided to re-enlist. He was assigned to the 10th Cavalry at West Point where his role was taking care and training the horses that the cadets learned to ride on. At this time, he also enrolled into a correspondence drawing course, on which he spent $10 of the $18 he made monthly. After he was discharged from the army, he relocated to Greenwich Village, a neighborhood located in lower Manhattan within New York City. During the pursuit of his developing art career, he worked as a postal clerk, janitor, and a variety of other part-time jobs in order to provide for himself. This period of his life was difficult, but was nevertheless worthwhile as Hayden became a prolific Harlem artist of his era.[3] Artistic beginnings and Parisian travels Hayden pursued artistic professionalism by studying charcoal drawing at Columbia University as he simultaneously worked nights at the post office. When Hayden decided his post office job took up too much of his time, he quit and began janitorial services in various apartment buildings throughout New York City. Coincidentally, the first tenant he worked for was Victor Perard, an artist and art instructor at the Cooper Union, previously called the Cooper Institute. Hayden was hired to clean Perard's studio and was encouraged to continue to develop his art. In 1925, Hayden had an incredible opportunity to study under Perard at the Cooper Union in New York City. In the same year, he traveled to Maine to study at Boothbay art colony. A chance encounter with Alice Dike, a woman for whom he was moving furniture, led to the discussion of art and his experience as an artist. Compelled by his cause, Dike provided him with a brochure from her church broadcasting The Harmon Foundation's Award for Distinguished Achievement, which encouraged individuals to participate and enter their pieces. Hayden decided to enter and in 1926, he won a sum of money and a gold medal for his painting Schooners after being recognized as the recipient of the Distinguished Achievement in Visual Arts in the Harmon Foundation's first awards ceremony.[4] In response to this honor, a New York Times headline crudely glorified him, stating “Negro Worker Wins Harmon Art Prizes: Gold Medal and $400 Awarded to Man who Washes Windows to Have Time to Paint", suggesting his employment and race were defining factors of his craft as opposed to his extensive efforts.[4] While racially involved themes were not quite yet prominent concepts in Hayden's work, The Harmon Foundation's white founder William E. Harmon was nonetheless making a blatant social statement by publicly praising art created by an African-American man from a struggling background. The award is additionally credited for launching his career as an artist because of how prestigious of an accomplishment it was seen for anyone, but especially for a simple janitor.[5] Hayden's success with The Harmon Foundation allowed the existence of his premier solo show in April 1926 at the Civic Club. Following his achievements, Hayden combined accumulated funds, as well as his trophy money from The Harmon Foundation and a gracious gift of $3,000 from Dike, to travel to Paris, France for five years, where he found further inspiration for his art. He did not enroll in art school there but rather learned from experience. Hayden captured not only Parisian society, but also the integration of Afro-European into the upscale environment. He was mentored for a short while by an artist named Clivette Le Fevre, but ultimately, the relationship ended because of Le Fevre's disbelief in Hayden's talents. Hayden's years in Paris, as well as his arguably primitive style, is particularly evident in the 1930 piece Nous Quatre a Paris, which portrays four black men in a cafe, drawn with stereotypically large lips and cartoonish facial features to emphasize characteristically black features that were shunned and often seen as revolting, as a result of the discourse from white beauty. While in France, Hayden did not remain stationed in Paris and also traveled to the coasts in order to continue painting landscapes and seascapes. He was particularly fond of Concarneau, a small village primarily sustained by fishermen, and painted several scenes of the town, one of which being Concarneau - Andrée de la Mer. He also visited several museums and a variety of exhibits, such as the Louvre, and found inspiration within its walls. Hayden became acquainted with philosopher Alain Locke, who showed him African art he had collected from his extensive travels. Hayden's admiration for African art led him to paintings depicting African designs, patterns, and forms, such as Fetiche et Fleurs in 1933. He was also fascinated by the establishment of colonial Northern African towns and sketched what he saw in museums and exhibits. Return, racial commentary and stylistics After five years abroad, traveling with funds borrowed from the American Aid Society of Paris, a non-profit organization meant to support Americans abroad, Hayden decided to return to the United States on August 11, 1932. He remained in New York City, where he had lived before going abroad, and upon his return, he became a Works Progress Administration artist with an impressive salary of about $30 weekly. In contrast to his active involvement with African culture and racism abroad, Hayden painted mostly buildings and landscapes at this time. In his free time, he continued with oil and watercolor paintings, but also dabbled in pen and ink drawings. His artwork is most notable for depicting African-American life during the Harlem Renaissance, as well as racial conflicts/obstacles, perceptions of racism, and African folklore. His paintings have been described by some critics as primitive and demeaning for depicting xenophobic stereotypes of African Americans by exaggerating bosoms, lips, and nostrils and portraying the mass consumption of watermelon and other foods associated with black racism, such as in The Watermelon Race. Other art historians find some of the earliest indications of black empowerment in Hayden's work for his ownership and embracement of defining stereotypes that he regurgitated at critics through their exaggerated impact. A great number of his paintings following his years in Paris were associated with the Harlem Renaissance and black urban life in the city. However, while depictions of African-American life are what he is most remembered for, they are not his sole claim to fame; Hayden's career began with landscape portrayal and this continued simultaneously alongside his racially influenced art, with nature originally more prominent than the depictions of African-American life.[6] A particular interest of his was seascapes and life in bustling harbors, as it had been in his adolescence. These particular scenes often held a religious significance for him, which was not further elaborated on by Hayden. Additionally, as his comfort within the artistic community grew, he offered a political voice in his paintings, and in 1935, he depicted The Execution of NIRA, which referenced the Supreme Court's refusal of the National Industrial Recovery Act on the grounds of unconstitutionality. Hayden branching out artistically became more evident as his work became more outspoken and experimental. One of Hayden's most prolific works came in 1937, when he created the iconic alleged narrative The Janitor Who Paints. This painting, labeled a protest painting à la The Execution of NIRA, was thought by critics to be a personal commentary on Hayden's sentiments regarding the assorted, meagerly paid early jobs he had to take in order to survive that he was criticized for in the press. Despite his success and popularity not only in America, but also in Europe, Hayden was still regarded by some as an lowly janitor who had little to no artistic training and worth. In this painting, an African-American woman, man, and child are depicted in a crowded area which is made even more stifled by a canvas, cleaning supplies, and simple home decoration. All three are shown with thick, prominent lips, characteristic of caricatures of African people, and in the first draft, a bold portrait of Abraham Lincoln was hung on the wall. The title of the painting, as well as the contrast of cleaning supplies and art material, imply a balance, such as the one that existed in Hayden's own life before he was recognized for his work. Inevitably, Hayden was scrutinized by both the black and white community as problematic for seemingly endorsing negative stereotypes in this painting as well. The aged Hayden Ten years after his initial visit in 1926, Hayden returned to Paris briefly; little else is known about this visit. He was back in New York within a year and at the age of 50, he married Miriam Huffman. He decided in 1944 to begin a new project, which resulted in a three-year effort that culminated his most fulfilling works: The John Henry series.[7] The idea was rooted in a legend he had been told in childhood by his father and he took to researching the legitimacy of the folktale, drawing inspiration to integrate into his art. Any other explanations for why Hayden felt so strongly about John Henry and the series as a whole are unclear and unspecified, but are most likely linked to his proud ties to the African-American community. In his elder years, Hayden continued to be active with his art, regularly being selected for prestigious awards and traveling between Paris and the United States to fuel his inspiration.[8] Racism remained a relevant topic in his life and art, leading him to publicly speak out against racist policies hindering the African-American and Hispanic communities. An example of this was seen in 1966, when Hayden wrote to William Booth, the Chairman of the City Commission on Human Rights, regarding the advocacy for an equal number of African Americans, Latinos, and white people on the board to prevent mistreatment fueled by prejudice and power. Hayden died on February 18, 1973, shortly after receiving a grant to depict Negro soldiers between the world wars.
Upper Manhattan is the most northern region of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its southern boundary has been variously defined, but some of the most common usages are 96th Street, the northern boundary of Central Park (110th Street), 125th Street, or 155th Street.[citation needed] The term Uptown can refer to Upper Manhattan, but is often used more generally for neighborhoods above 59th Street; in the broader definition, Uptown encompasses Upper Manhattan.[1] Upper Manhattan is generally taken to include the neighborhoods of Marble Hill, Inwood, Washington Heights (including Fort George, Sherman Creek and Hudson Heights), Harlem (including Sugar Hill, Hamilton Heights and Manhattanville), East Harlem, Morningside Heights, and Manhattan Valley (in the Upper West Side). The George Washington Bridge connects Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan across the Hudson River to Fort Lee, New Jersey, and is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[2][3] In the late 19th century, the IRT Ninth Avenue Line and other elevated railroads brought people to the previously rustic Upper Manhattan. Until the late 20th century it was less influenced by the gentrification that had taken place in other parts of New York over the previous 30 years. Tourist attractions Like other residential areas, Upper Manhattan is not a major center of tourism in New York City, although many tourist attractions lie within it, such as Grant's Tomb, the Apollo Theater, United Palace, and The Cloisters, Sylvia's Restaurant, the Hamilton Grange, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, Minton's Playhouse, Sugar Hill, Riverside Church, the National Jazz Museum in Harlem, and the Dyckman House, along with Fort Tryon Park, most of Riverside Park, Riverbank State Park, Sakura Park, and other parks. Gallery City College of New York in Hamilton Heights City College of New York in Hamilton Heights   The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park houses the medieval art collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park houses the medieval art collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.   The Little Red Lighthouse under the George Washington Bridge The Little Red Lighthouse under the George Washington Bridge   Inwood Hill Park contains the last remnant of the primeval forest which once covered Manhattan; these caves were used by native Lenape people. Inwood Hill Park contains the last remnant of the primeval forest which once covered Manhattan; these caves were used by native Lenape people. New York, often called New York City[a] or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States. The city is more than twice as populous as Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest city, and has a larger population than 38 of the nation's 50 states. New York City is located at the southern tip of the state of New York. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities.[10] New York City is a global cultural, financial, high-tech,[11] entertainment, glamor,[12] and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences,[13] research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York City is an important center for international diplomacy,[14][15] and it is sometimes described as the capital of the world.[16][17] Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City comprises five boroughs, each of which is coextensive with a respective county of the state of New York. The five boroughs, which were created in 1898 when local governments were consolidated into a single municipal entity, are: Brooklyn (Kings County), Queens (Queens County), Manhattan (New York County), the Bronx (Bronx County), and Staten Island (Richmond County).[18] As of 2021, the New York metropolitan area is the second largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over $2.4 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors.[19] As of 2023, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates to live.[20] New York City is home to the highest number of billionaires,[21][22] individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million),[23] and millionaires of any city in the world.[24] The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,[25] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the U.S., the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016.[26] It is the most visited U.S. city by international visitors.[27] New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under British control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[28][29] The city was regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange for one year and three months; the city has been continuously named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,[30] and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the U.S. and its ideals of liberty and peace.[31] In the 21st century, New York City has emerged as a global node of creativity, entrepreneurship,[32] and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity.[33] The New York Times has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and remains the U.S. media's "Newspaper of record".[34] Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most visited tourist attractions in 2023.[35] A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019. Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District,[36] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections[37] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.[38] New York's residential and commercial real estate markets are the most expensive in the world.[39][better source needed] Providing continuous 24/7 service and contributing to the nickname The City That Never Sleeps, the New York City Subway is the largest single-operator rapid transit system in the world with 472 passenger rail stations, and Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan is the busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere.[40] The city features over 120 colleges and universities, including some of the world's top universities.[41] Its public urban university system, the City University of New York, is the largest in the nation.[42] Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's leading financial and fintech center[43][44] and the most economically powerful city in the world,[45] and is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.[46][47] The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, part of the Stonewall National Monument, is considered the historic epicenter of LGBTQ+ culture[48] and the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement.[49][50] New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, with numerous art galleries and auction houses collectively hosting half of the world's art auctions; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art is both the largest and second-most-visited art museum in the United States and hosts the globally focused Met Gala haute couture fashion event annually.[51][52] Governors Island in New York Harbor is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center as a leader in the climate crisis.[53] Etymology See also: Nicknames of New York City In 1664, New York was named in honor of the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England.[54] James's elder brother, King Charles II, appointed the Duke as proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, when England seized it from Dutch control.[55] History Main article: History of New York City For a chronological guide, see Timeline of New York City. Early history Main article: History of New York City (prehistory–1664) Lenape sites in Lower Manhattan In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including the areas that would later become the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.[56] The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano, an explorer from Florence in the service of the French crown.[57] He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême).[58] A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River'). The Padrón Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.[59] In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.[60] He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish".[61] Hudson sailed roughly 150 miles (240 km) north,[62] past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue.[61] He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to the Dutch language as Jan Rodrigues), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.[63][64] Dutch rule Main articles: New Amsterdam  and  Fort Amsterdam New Amsterdam, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York The Castello Plan, a 1660 map of New Amsterdam (the top right corner is roughly north) in Lower Manhattan A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States,[65] with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.[66][67] The colony of New Amsterdam was centered on what would ultimately become Lower Manhattan. Its area extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street, where a 12-foot (3.7 m) wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and British raids.[68] In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band,[69] for "the value of 60 guilders"[70] (about $900 in 2018).[71] A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[72][73] Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.[29] To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swaths of land, along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.[74] Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).[29][75] In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.[76][77] Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he also earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups (including Quakers, Jews, and Lutherans) from establishing houses of worship.[78] The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.[79] English rule Main article: History of New York City (1665–1783) The Fall of New Amsterdam by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, part of the Conquest of New Netherland A painting of a ship firing its cannons in a harbor Fort George and New York with British Navy ships of the line c. 1731 In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.[78][79] The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.[80] In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname (on the northern South American coast) they had gained from the English; and in return, the English kept New Amsterdam. The fledgling settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII), who would eventually be deposed in the Glorious Revolution.[81] After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley. Fort Orange, 150 miles (240 km) north on the Hudson River, was renamed Albany after James's Scottish title.[82] The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[83] On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from the English at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange.[84] The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674.[85][86] Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.[87] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.[88] New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone.[89][90] Province of New York and slavery Slave being burned at the stake in N.Y.C. after the 1741 slave revolt. Thirteen slaves were burned.[91] In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York.[92] It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina.[93] Most cases were that of domestic slavery, as a New York household then commonly used one or more slaves as cooks and house keepers. Others were hired out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 of graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.[94] The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America.[95] In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[96] American Revolution Further information: American Revolution An illustration of the Battle of Long Island, one of the largest battles of the American Revolutionary War, which took place in Brooklyn on August 27, 1776 The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.[97] The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn.[98] After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia.[99] They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.[100] Post-Revolutionary War Main article: History of New York City (1784–1854) First inauguration of George Washington in 1789 In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. As the U.S. capital, New York City hosted several events of national scope in 1789—the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time; and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.[101] In 1790, for the first time, New York City, surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of that year, pursuant to the Residence Act, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia.[102][103] Late 19th century Main article: History of New York City (1855–1897) A painting of a snowy city street with horse-drawn sleds and a 19th-century fire truck under blue sky Broadway, which follows the Native American Wecquaesgeek Trail through Manhattan, in 1840.[104] The Great East River Bridge To connect the cities of New York and Brooklyn, Currier & Ives, 1872 Over the course of the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.[105] Under New York State's abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.[106][107] Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children.[108] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free Blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. New York city's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 to 312,710 by 1840, 16,000 of whom were Black.[109][110] In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively.[111] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.[112] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.[113] Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing upward of one-quarter of the city's population.[114] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.[115][116] American Civil War Main article: New York City in the American Civil War A drawing from The Illustrated London News showing armed rioters clashing with Union Army soldiers during the New York City draft riots in 1863 Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[108] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $7,130 in 2022) commutation fee to hire a substitute,[117] led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.[108] The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants.[115] At least 120 people were killed.[118] Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and New Jersey. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The White working class had established dominance.[115][118] Violence by longshoremen against Black men was especially fierce in the docks area.[115] It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[119] In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.[120] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.[121] Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.[122] Early 20th century Main articles: History of New York City (1898–1945) and History of New York City (1946–1977) Manhattan's Little Italy in the Lower East Side, c. 1900 In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.[123] In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.[124] New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.[125] New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America.[126] The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition.[127] The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. A man working on a steel girder high about a city skyline. A construction worker atop the Empire State Building during its construction in 1930. The Chrysler Building is visible behind him. New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.[128] The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[129] Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[130] A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags. Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, was the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.[131][132][133] The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.[134] They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[131][135][136][137] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[138][139] Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.[140] In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[141] Late 20th century to present Main articles: History of New York City (1978–present) and September 11 attacks While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[142] By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy.[143] New York City's population reached all-time highs in the 2000, 2010, and 2020 US censuses. Two tall, gray, rectangular buildings spewing black smoke and flames, particularly from the left of the two. United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the largest terrorist attack in world history. New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.[144] Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, destroying the towers and killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers. The North Tower became, and remains, the tallest building to ever be destroyed.[145] The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure.[146] The World Trade Center PATH station, which had opened on July 19, 1909, as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attacks. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. An 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016.[147] The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere[148] and the seventh-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of U.S. independence.[149][150][151][152] The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[153] Manhattan in the aftermath of the Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the worst to strike the city since 1700.[154] New York City was heavily affected by Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system, of many suburban communities, and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days. Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire, including over 100 homes in Breezy Point, Queens. Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days. Several thousand people in Midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extell's One57. Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated. Flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in Lower Manhattan. At least 43 people lost their lives in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion. The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas.[155][156] In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed in Manhattan.[157] The city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China to become the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, before the infection became widespread across the world and the rest of the nation. As of March 2021, New York City had recorded over 30,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications. Geography Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary Aerial view of the New York City metropolitan area with Manhattan at its center During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 2,000 feet (610 m) in depth.[158] The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action also left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.[159] New York City is situated in the northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.[160] The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.[161] The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[162] Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.[163] The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2); 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of the city is land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) of this is water.[164][165] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine.[166] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.[167] Boroughs Main articles: Boroughs of New York City and Neighborhoods in New York City A map showing five boroughs in different colors.   1. Manhattan   2. Brooklyn   3. Queens   4. The Bronx   5. Staten Island New York City's five boroughsvte Jurisdiction Population Land area Density of population GDP † Borough County Census (2020) square miles square km people/ sq. mile people/ sq. km billions (2012 US$) 2 The Bronx Bronx 1,472,654 42.2 109.3 34,920 13,482 $38.726 Brooklyn Kings 2,736,074 69.4 179.7 39,438 15,227 $92.300 Manhattan New York 1,694,251 22.7 58.8 74,781 28,872 $651.619 Queens Queens 2,405,464 108.7 281.5 22,125 8,542 $88.578 Staten Island Richmond 495,747 57.5 148.9 8,618 3,327 $14.806 City of New York 8,804,190 302.6 783.8 29,095 11,234 $885.958 State of New York 20,215,751 47,126.4 122,056.8 429 166 $1,514.779 † GDP = Gross Domestic Product    Sources:[168][169][170][171] and see individual borough articles. New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs.[172] Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State, making New York City one of the U.S. municipalities in multiple counties. There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten Island would be ranked 37th as of 2020); these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States: New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Bronx, and Queens. Manhattan Lower and Midtown Manhattan photographed by a SkySat satellite in August 2017 Midtown Manhattan, the world's largest central business district Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City.[173] Manhattan's population density of 72,033 people per square mile (27,812/km2) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.[174] Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough of Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.[175][176] Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River and the East River, and its southern tip, at the confluence of the two rivers, represents the birthplace of New York City itself. Several small islands also compose part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randalls and Wards Islands, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into the Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem, bordering the Bronx (Bronx County). Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century until the Great Migration. It was the center of the Harlem Renaissance. The borough of Manhattan also includes a small neighborhood on the mainland, called Marble Hill, which is contiguous with the Bronx. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the Outer Boroughs. Brooklyn Panorama of Gowanus Canal, as viewed from Union Street Bridge, Gowanus, Brooklyn Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the U.S.[177] Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.[178] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[179][180] and of postmodern art and design.[180][181] Queens The growing skyline of Long Island City in Queens,[182] facing the East River Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,[183] and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[184][185] Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs. Queens is the site of the Citi Field baseball stadium, home of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are in Queens. The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey. The Bronx The Yankee Stadium in the Bronx The Bronx (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough, and the only one that is mostly on the mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively-owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.[186] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,[187] which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and houses more than 6,000 animals.[188] The Bronx is also the birthplace of hip hop music and its associated culture.[189] Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[190] Staten Island St. George, Staten Island Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry, a daily commuter ferry that provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[191] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks. Architecture Further information: Architecture of New York City; List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City; List of tallest buildings in New York City; and List of hotels in New York City The Empire State Building has setbacks, Art Deco details, and a spire. It was the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1970. The Chrysler Building, built in 1930, is in the Art Deco style, with ornamental hubcaps and a spire. Landmark 19th-century rowhouses, including brownstones, on tree-lined Kent Street in the Greenpoint Historic District, Brooklyn Modernist and Gothic Revival architecture in Midtown Manhattan New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.[192] Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2019, New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after Hong Kong and Seoul.[193] Of these, as of 2011, 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, with more than fifty completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building.[194] The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.[195] The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style.[196] A highly influential example of the International Style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers[197] and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.[198] In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.[199][200][201] Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.[202] A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the roof-mounted wooden water tower. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes.[203] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.[204] According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.[205] Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet of office space as of 2022; the COVID-19 pandemic and hybrid work model have prompted consideration of commercial-to-residential conversion within Midtown Manhattan.[206] Ten mile (16km) Manhattan skyline panorama from 120th Street to the Battery, taken in February 2018 from across the Hudson River in Weehawken, New Jersey Riverside ChurchDeutsche Bank Center220 Central Park SouthCentral Park TowerOne57432 Park Avenue53W53Chrysler BuildingBank of America Tower4 Times SquareThe New York Times BuildingEmpire State BuildingManhattan Westa: 55 Hudson Yards, 14b: 35 Hudson Yards, 14c: 10 Hudson Yards, 14d: 15 Hudson Yards56 Leonard Street8 Spruce StreetWoolworth Building70 Pine StreetFour Seasons Downtown40 Wall Street3 World Trade Center4 World Trade CenterOne World Trade Center Climate Main article: Climate of New York City New York City Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D   3.6  4028   3.2  4230   4.3  5036   4.1  6246   4  7155   4.5  8064   4.6  8570   4.6  8369   4.3  7662   4.4  6551   3.6  5442   4.4  4434 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches Metric conversion Deep snow in Brooklyn during the Blizzard of 2006 Nor'easter Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa).[207][208] By the Trewartha classification, the city is defined as having an oceanic climate (Do).[209][210] Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine.[211] The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[212] Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 33.3 °F (0.7 °C).[213] Temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,[214] yet can also reach 60 °F (16 °C) for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July.[213] Nighttime temperatures are often enhanced due to the urban heat island effect. Daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C), although this is a rare achievement, last occurring on July 18, 2012.[215] Similarly, readings of 0 °F (−18 °C) are also extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.[216] Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936;[213] the coldest recorded wind chill was −37 °F (−38 °C) on the same day as the all-time record low.[217] The record cold daily maximum was 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 87 °F (31 °C), on July 2, 1903.[215] The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.[218] The city receives 49.5 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 has been 29.8 inches (76 cm); this varies considerably between years. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area.[219] Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.[220] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[155][156] The coldest month on record is January 1857, with a mean temperature of 19.6 °F (−6.9 °C) whereas the warmest months on record are July 1825 and July 1999, both with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).[221] The warmest years on record are 2012 and 2020, both with mean temperatures of 57.1 °F (13.9 °C). The coldest year is 1836, with a mean temperature of 47.3 °F (8.5 °C).[221][222] The driest month on record is June 1949, with 0.02 inches (0.51 mm) of rainfall. The wettest month was August 2011, with 18.95 inches (481 mm) of rainfall. The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall. The wettest year was 1983, with 80.56 inches (2,046 mm) of rainfall.[223] The snowiest month on record is February 2010, with 36.9 inches (94 cm) of snowfall. The snowiest season (Jul–Jun) on record is 1995–1996, with 75.6 inches (192 cm) of snowfall. The least snowy season was 2022–2023, with 2.3 inches (5.8 cm) of snowfall.[224] The earliest seasonal trace of snowfall occurred on October 10, in both 1979 and 1925. The latest seasonal trace of snowfall occurred on May 9, in both 2020 and 1977.[225] vte Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1869–present[c] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 72 (22) 78 (26) 86 (30) 96 (36) 99 (37) 101 (38) 106 (41) 104 (40) 102 (39) 94 (34) 84 (29) 75 (24) 106 (41) Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4 (15.8) 60.7 (15.9) 70.3 (21.3) 82.9 (28.3) 88.5 (31.4) 92.1 (33.4) 95.7 (35.4) 93.4 (34.1) 89.0 (31.7) 79.7 (26.5) 70.7 (21.5) 62.9 (17.2) 97.0 (36.1) Average high °F (°C) 39.5 (4.2) 42.2 (5.7) 49.9 (9.9) 61.8 (16.6) 71.4 (21.9) 79.7 (26.5) 84.9 (29.4) 83.3 (28.5) 76.2 (24.6) 64.5 (18.1) 54.0 (12.2) 44.3 (6.8) 62.6 (17.0) Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7 (0.9) 35.9 (2.2) 42.8 (6.0) 53.7 (12.1) 63.2 (17.3) 72.0 (22.2) 77.5 (25.3) 76.1 (24.5) 69.2 (20.7) 57.9 (14.4) 48.0 (8.9) 39.1 (3.9) 55.8 (13.2) Average low °F (°C) 27.9 (−2.3) 29.5 (−1.4) 35.8 (2.1) 45.5 (7.5) 55.0 (12.8) 64.4 (18.0) 70.1 (21.2) 68.9 (20.5) 62.3 (16.8) 51.4 (10.8) 42.0 (5.6) 33.8 (1.0) 48.9 (9.4) Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8 (−12.3) 12.7 (−10.7) 19.7 (−6.8) 32.8 (0.4) 43.9 (6.6) 52.7 (11.5) 61.8 (16.6) 60.3 (15.7) 50.2 (10.1) 38.4 (3.6) 27.7 (−2.4) 18.0 (−7.8) 7.7 (−13.5) Record low °F (°C) −6 (−21) −15 (−26) 3 (−16) 12 (−11) 32 (0) 44 (7) 52 (11) 50 (10) 39 (4) 28 (−2) 5 (−15) −13 (−25) −15 (−26) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64 (92) 3.19 (81) 4.29 (109) 4.09 (104) 3.96 (101) 4.54 (115) 4.60 (117) 4.56 (116) 4.31 (109) 4.38 (111) 3.58 (91) 4.38 (111) 49.52 (1,258) Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8 (22) 10.1 (26) 5.0 (13) 0.4 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.25) 0.5 (1.3) 4.9 (12) 29.8 (76) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4 Average relative humidity (%) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0 Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0 (−7.8) 19.0 (−7.2) 25.9 (−3.4) 34.0 (1.1) 47.3 (8.5) 57.4 (14.1) 61.9 (16.6) 62.1 (16.7) 55.6 (13.1) 44.1 (6.7) 34.0 (1.1) 24.6 (−4.1) 40.3 (4.6) Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7 Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57 Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5 Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[215][227][211][228] Source 2: Weather Atlas[229] See Climate of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs. Sea temperature data for New York Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.7 (5.4) 39.7 (4.3) 40.2 (4.5) 45.1 (7.3) 52.5 (11.4) 64.5 (18.1) 72.1 (22.3) 74.1 (23.4) 70.1 (21.2) 63.0 (17.2) 54.3 (12.4) 47.2 (8.4) 55.4 (13.0) Source: Weather Atlas[229] Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues. See or edit raw graph data. Parks Main article: List of New York City parks A spherical sculpture and several attractions line a park during a World's Fair. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was used in both the 1939 and 1964 New York World's Fair. The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth-best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities.[230] ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. In 2021, the New York City Council banned the use of synthetic pesticides by city agencies and instead required organic lawn management. The effort was started by teacher Paula Rogovin's kindergarten class at P.S. 290.[231] National parks Main article: National Park Service The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, a global symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty, freedom, and opportunity[31] Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (110 km2), most of it in New York City.[232] In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay and the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, it includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Stonewall National Monument; Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark. State parks Main article: New York state parks There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. Some of them include: The Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve is a natural area that includes extensive riding trails. Riverbank State Park is a 28-acre (11 ha) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[233] Marsha P. Johnson State Park is a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River that was renamed in honor of Marsha P. Johnson.[234] City parks See also: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation The Pond and Midtown Manhattan as seen from Gapstow Bridge in Central Park The Boathouse on the Lullwater in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, almost demolished in 1964 New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[235] The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[190][236] Central Park, an 843-acre (3.41 km2)[190] park in middle-upper Manhattan, is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 40 million visitors in 2013.[237] The park has a wide range of attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, and the 106-acre (0.43 km2) Jackie Onassis Reservoir.[238] Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel. On October 23, 2012, hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy, the largest ever monetary donation to New York City's park system.[239] Washington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York University and Greenwich Village. Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, a lake, and extensive woodlands. Within the park is the historic Battle Pass, prominent in the Battle of Long Island.[240] Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, with its 897 acres (363 ha) making it the city's fourth largest park,[241] was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair[242] and is host to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the annual U.S. Open Tennis Championships tournament.[243] Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is dedicated to open space and parks, including Pelham Bay Park, Van Cortlandt Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[244] In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown.[245] The historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City, is within the park.[246] Military installations Brooklyn is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City,[247] aside from Coast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery used during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts.[248] Today, Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still used for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. Demographics Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1698 4,937 —     1712 5,840 +18.3% 1723 7,248 +24.1% 1737 10,664 +47.1% 1746 11,717 +9.9% 1756 13,046 +11.3% 1771 21,863 +67.6% 1790 49,401 +126.0% 1800 79,216 +60.4% 1810 119,734 +51.1% 1820 152,056 +27.0% 1830 242,278 +59.3% 1840 391,114 +61.4% 1850 696,115 +78.0% 1860 1,174,779 +68.8% 1870 1,478,103 +25.8% 1880 1,911,698 +29.3% 1890 2,507,414 +31.2% 1900 3,437,202 +37.1% 1910 4,766,883 +38.7% 1920 5,620,048 +17.9% 1930 6,930,446 +23.3% 1940 7,454,995 +7.6% 1950 7,891,957 +5.9% 1960 7,781,984 −1.4% 1970 7,894,862 +1.5% 1980 7,071,639 −10.4% 1990 7,322,564 +3.5% 2000 8,008,278 +9.4% 2010 8,175,133 +2.1% 2020 8,804,190 +7.7% Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics.[249] Source: U.S. Decennial Census;[250] 1698–1771[251] 1790–1890[249][252] 1900–1990[253] 2000–2010[254][255][256] 2010–2020[257] Main articles: Demographics of New York City, New York City ethnic enclaves, and Demographic history of New York City Historical demographics 2020[258] 2010[259] 1990[260] 1970[260] 1940[260] New York City is the most populous city in the United States,[261] with 8,804,190 residents incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States census.[257][262][263] More than twice as many people live in New York City as compared to Los Angeles, the second-most populous U.S. city;[261] and New York has more than three times the population of Chicago, the third-most populous U.S. city. New York City gained more residents between 2010 and 2020 (629,000) than any other U.S. city, and a greater amount than the total sum of the gains over the same decade of the next four largest U.S. cities, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Phoenix, Arizona combined.[264][265] New York City's population is about 44% of New York State's population,[266] and about 39% of the population of the New York metropolitan area.[267] The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,538, or 58.4%) were living on Long Island, in Brooklyn, or in Queens.[268] The New York City metropolitan statistical area, has the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami.[269] Population density In 2020, the city had an estimated population density of 29,302.37 inhabitants per square mile (11,313.71/km2), rendering it the nation's most densely populated of all larger municipalities (those with more than 100,000 residents), with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010 census.[270] Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's 2017 population density of 72,918 inhabitants per square mile (28,154/km2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.[271][272][273] The next three densest counties in the United States, placing second through fourth, are also New York boroughs: Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Queens respectively.[274] Race and ethnicity Further information: African Americans in New York City, Bangladeshis in New York City, Caribbeans in New York City, Chinese in New York City, Dominican Americans in New York City, Filipinos in New York City, Fuzhounese in New York City, Indians in New York City, Irish in New York City, Italians in New York City, Japanese in New York City, Koreans in New York City, Pakistanis in New York City, Puerto Ricans in New York City, Russians in New York City, and Ukrainians in New York City The city's population in 2020 was 30.9% White (non-Hispanic), 28.7% Hispanic or Latino, 20.2% Black or African American (non-Hispanic), 15.6% Asian, and 0.2% Native American (non-Hispanic).[275] A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with more than one race. Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States. More than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954.[276] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans were the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[277] In 1940, Whites represented 92% of the city's population.[260] Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born, and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants as of 2013.[278][279] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates.[278] The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago,[280] while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011.[26][281] Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[282] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[283] The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.[284][185] Tens of thousands of asylum seekers from Venezuela have arrived in New York City since 2022.[285] Chinatown, Manhattan Lower Manhattan's Little Italy Koreatown, Midtown Manhattan Upper Manhattan's Spanish Harlem Little Russia, Brooklyn Little India, Queens Little Brazil, Manhattan Little Manila, Queens The Chinese population is the fastest-growing nationality in New York State. Multiple satellites of the original Manhattan's Chinatown—home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[286] as well as in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves—while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County[287] on Long Island,[288] as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas,[269][289][290][291][292][293] with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia,[26][294] including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015.[295] In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island.[296] A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens.[297] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[298] Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos, and Malaysians,[299][269] and other Southeast Asians;[300] while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants, and Manhattan is the favored destination for Japanese. New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic White population is larger than the non-Hispanic White populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined.[301] The non-Hispanic White population was 6.6 million in 1940.[302] The non-Hispanic White population has begun to increase since 2010.[303] The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010.[304] People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 and 14,000.[305] Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,[306] with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population, enumerating over 30,000, and including more than half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States,[307] most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx,[308] while Astoria, Queens is the epicenter of American Greek culture as well as the Cypriot community. New York is also home to the highest Jewish population of any city in the world, numbering 1.6 million in 2022, more than Tel Aviv and Jerusalem combined.[309] In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated 1 in 4 residents is Jewish.[310] The city's Jewish communities are derived from many diverse sects, predominantly from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and including a rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish population, also the largest outside Israel.[297] The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[255] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[289] Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[289] and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million;[304] and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone.[311] Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela are the top source countries from South America for immigrants to the New York City region; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.[312] Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013. Since 2010, Little Australia has emerged and is growing rapidly, representing the Australasian presence in Nolita, Manhattan.[313][314][315][316] In 2011, there were an estimated 20,000 Australian residents of New York City, nearly quadruple the 5,537 in 2005.[317][318] Qantas Airways of Australia and Air New Zealand have been planning for long-haul flights from New York to Sydney and Auckland, which would both rank among the longest non-stop flights in the world.[319] A Little Sri Lanka has developed in the Tompkinsville neighborhood of Staten Island.[320] Le Petit Sénégal, or Little Senegal, is based in Harlem. Richmond Hill, Queens is often thought of as "Little Guyana" for its large Guyanese community,[321] as well as Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), or Little Punjab, for its high concentration of Punjabi people. Little Poland is expanding rapidly in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Sexual orientation and gender identity Main articles: LGBT culture in New York City, Stonewall riots, NYC Pride March, List of largest LGBT events, and List of LGBT people from New York City Further information: New York City Drag March, Queens Liberation Front, Queens Pride Parade, Greenwich Village Halloween Parade, and Same-sex marriage in New York Philippine-born Geena Rocero introducing International Transgender Day of Visibility Caribbean NYC-LGBTQ Equality Project The NYC Dyke March, the world's largest celebration of lesbian pride and culture[322] Spectators at a BDSM street fair in Lower Manhattan NYC Pride March in Manhattan, the world's largest[323][324] The Multicultural Festival at the 2018 Queens Pride Parade New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world and the central node of the LGBTQ+ sociopolitical ecosystem, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent.[48] The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying gay and bisexual people, the largest in the United States.[325][326] Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since the New York v. Onofre case in 1980 which invalidated the state's sodomy law.[327] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.[328] Brian Silverman, the author of Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day, wrote the city has "one of the world's largest, loudest, and most powerful LGBT communities", and "Gay and lesbian culture is as much a part of New York's basic identity as yellow cabs, high-rise buildings, and Broadway theatre".[329] LGBT travel guide Queer in the World states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs".[330] LGBT advocate and entertainer Madonna stated metaphorically, "Anyways, not only is New York City the best place in the world because of the queer people here. Let me tell you something, if you can make it here, then you must be queer."[331] The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) proceeds southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[332][323] The annual Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights and is accompanied by the ensuing Multicultural Parade.[333] Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, produced by Heritage of Pride and enhanced through a partnership with the I ❤ NY program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.[334] New York City is also home to the largest transgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.[333][140] Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[335][336] Religion Religious affiliation (2014)[337][338] Christian   59% Catholic   33% Protestant   23% Other Christian   3% Unaffiliated   24% Jewish   8% Muslim   4% Hindu   2% Buddhist   1% Other faiths   1% Religious affiliations in New York City The landmark Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic St. Patrick's Cathedral, Midtown Manhattan Central Synagogue, a notable Reform synagogue located at 652 Lexington Avenue The Islamic Cultural Center of New York in Upper Manhattan, the first mosque built in New York City Ganesh Temple in Flushing, Queens, the oldest Hindu temple in the U.S. Christianity Further information: St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan), Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, and Christmas in New York Largely as a result of Western European missionary work and colonialism, Christianity is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,[337] which is home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world.[16] Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by Protestantism (23%), and other Christian denominations (3%). The Roman Catholic population are primarily served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Diocese of Brooklyn. Eastern Catholics are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. Evangelical Protestantism is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by Mainline Protestantism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.[338] In Evangelicalism, Baptists are the largest group; in Mainline Protestantism, Reformed Protestants compose the largest subset. The majority of historically African American churches are affiliated with the National Baptist Convention (USA) and Progressive National Baptist Convention. The Church of God in Christ is one of the largest predominantly Black Pentecostal denominations in the area. Approximately 1% of the population is Mormon. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America and other Orthodox Christians (mainstream and independent) were the largest Eastern Christian groups. The American Orthodox Catholic Church (initially led by Aftimios Ofiesh) was founded in New York City in 1927. Judaism Main articles: Judaism in New York City, History of the Jews in New York, and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam Judaism, the second-largest religion practiced in New York City, with approximately 1.6 million adherents as of 2022, represents the largest Jewish community of any city in the world, greater than the combined totals of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.[339][340] Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn, which is one-quarter Jewish.[341][342] The ethno-religious population makes up 18.4% of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8%.[343] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[344] Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews", the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States.[345] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox, Haredi, and Conservative Judaism.[346] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. 770 Eastern Parkway is the headquarters of the international Chabad Lubavitch movement, and is considered an icon, while Congregation Emanu-El of New York in Manhattan is the largest Reform synagogue in the world. Islam Main article: Islam in New York City Islam ranks as the third largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.[347] Given both the size and scale of the city, as well as its relative proxinity and accessibility by air transportation to the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia, 22.3% of American Muslims live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater New York metropolitan area, representing the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere[348]—and the most ethnically diverse Muslim population of any city in the world.[349] Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the U.S., and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state of New York.[350][351] Hinduism and other religious affiliations Further information: Hindu Temple Society of North America Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and a variety of other religions. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, including 4% Atheist.[352] Wealth and income disparity New York City, like other large cities, has a high degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2017.[353] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States.[354] In 2022, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg, with a total of 107.[21] New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents.[355] New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents.[356][357][358] As of 2018, there were 78,676 homeless people in New York City.[359] Economy Main article: Economy of New York City Further information: Economy of Long Island and Economy of New York Midtown Manhattan, the world's largest central business district[360] see caption The Financial District of Lower Manhattan New York City is a global hub of business and commerce and an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.[361] The term global city was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.[362] New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, health care and life sciences,[13] medical technology and research, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, both musical and prose theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is a major economic engine, benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal, and accelerating ahead of California seaports in monthly cargo volumes in 2023.[363][364][365] Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City,[366] as are a large number of multinational corporations. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.[367][368] New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as Madison Avenue.[369] The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.[370] The non-profit Partnership for New York City, currently headed by Kathryn Wylde, is the city's pre-eminent private business association, comprising approximately 330 corporate leaders in membership. The fashion industry is based in Midtown Manhattan and is represented by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CDFA), headquartered in Lower Manhattan. Significant economic sectors also include non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. particularly in smaller operations. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the manufacture of garments, accessories, and finished textiles, although efforts to revive the industry were underway,[371] and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as Seventh Avenue.[372] Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to $234 million worth of exports each year.[373] Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, is headquartered in Manhattan,[374] and an unofficial chocolate district in Brooklyn is home to several chocolate makers and retailers.[375] Food processing is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. In 2017, there were 205,592 employer firms in New York City.[259] Of those firms, 64,514 were owned by minorities, and 125,877 were shown to be owned by non-minorities. Veterans owned 5,506 of those firms.[259] View of Midtown Manhattan from New Jersey, taken in September 2021 Wall Street Main article: Wall Street A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building. The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies[376][377] New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and is an important economic engine. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, at 11 Wall Street, and the Nasdaq, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[376][377] Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012,[378] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually.[379] In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.[380] New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.[381]: 31–32 [382] New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.[381]: 34–35  New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.[383] Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[384] making it the largest office market in the United States,[385] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[384] is the largest central business district in the world.[386] Tech and biotech Further information: Tech:NYC, Tech companies in New York City, Biotech companies in New York City, and Silicon Alley View from the Empire State Building looking southward (downtown) at the central Flatiron District, the cradle of Silicon Alley, now metonymous for the New York metropolitan region's high tech sector The Cornell Tech at the Roosevelt Island New York is a top-tier global technology hub.[11] Silicon Alley, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries,[387] is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in its scope. New York City's current tech sphere encompasses a universal array of applications involving artificial intelligence, the internet, new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. Technology-driven startup companies and entrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.[388] Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.[389] The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[390][391] By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than $30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[392] Real estate Deutsche Bank Center as seen from Central Park West Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year, with 89% of the increase coming from market effects.[393] In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price.[394] Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) in 2017.[395] In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in the United States achieved completion in Manhattan, at a selling price of $238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park.[396] In 2022, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$3,600.00, one of the world's highest. New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.[19] Tourism Main article: Tourism in New York City Times Square, the hub of the Broadway theater district and a global media center, is one of the world's leading tourist attractions with 50 million tourists annually.[37] The I Love New York logo designed by Milton Glaser in 1977 Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and NYC & Company represents the city's official bureau of tourism. New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, reflecting over 60 million visitors to the city per year, the world's busiest tourist destination.[16] Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City have been from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.[397][398][399] I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City,[400] and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development,[401] appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York. The majority of the most high-profile tourist destinations to the city are situated in Manhattan. These include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations headquarters; the World Trade Center (including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum and One World Trade Center); the art museums along Museum Mile; green spaces such as Central Park, Washington Square Park, the High Line, and the medieval gardens of The Cloisters; the Stonewall Inn; Rockefeller Center; ethnic enclaves including the Manhattan Chinatown, Koreatown, Curry Hill, Harlem, Spanish Harlem, Little Italy, and Little Australia; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Brooklyn Bridge (shared with Brooklyn); the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day Parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at SummerStage.[402] Points of interest have also developed in the city outside Manhattan and have made the outer boroughs tourist destinations in their own right. These include numerous ethnic enclaves; the Unisphere, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and Downtown Flushing in Queens; Downtown Brooklyn, Coney Island, Williamsburg, Park Slope, and Prospect Park in Brooklyn; the Bronx Zoo, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Grand Concourse in the Bronx; and the Staten Island Ferry shuttling passengers between Staten Island and the South Ferry Terminal bordering Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, at the historical birthplace of New York City. Media and entertainment Main article: Media in New York City Further information: New Yorkers in journalism Rockefeller Center, one of Manhattan's leading media and entertainment hubs Times Square Studios on Times Square is sometimes called the "Crossroads of the World". New York City has been described as the entertainment[16][403][404] and digital media capital of the world.[405] The city is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.[406] As of 2019, New York City was the second-largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals. The filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, contributing nearly $9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015.[407] By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.[408][409] The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York.[410] In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013,[411] with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013–2014 cycle.[412] New York City is the center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America.[413] Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Warner Bros. Discovery, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corp, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, Fox Corporation, and Paramount Global. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.[414] Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,[409] and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.[415] Two of the three national daily newspapers with the largest circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times (NYT). Nicknamed "the Grey Lady", the NYT has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's newspaper of record.[34] Tabloid newspapers in the city include the New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson,[416] and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[417] At the local news end of the media spectrum, Patch Media is also headquartered in Manhattan. New York City also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.[418] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[419] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice, historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[420] The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including CNN, MSNBC, MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. News 12 Networks operated News 12 The Bronx and News 12 Brooklyn. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,[421] and this network has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[422] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[423] Climate resiliency As an oceanic port city, New York City is vulnerable to the long-term manifestations of global warming and rising seas. Climate change has spawned the development of a significant climate resiliency and environmental sustainability economy in the city. Governors Island is slated to host a US$1 billion research and education center intended to establish New York's role as the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[424] Education Main article: Education in New York City Butler Library at Columbia University, described as one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States[425] The Washington Square Arch, an unofficial icon of both New York University and the Greenwich Village neighborhood that surrounds it Fordham University's Keating Hall in the Bronx New York City has the largest educational system of any city in the world.[16] The city's educational infrastructure spans primary education, secondary education, higher education, and research. Primary and secondary education The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools.[426] The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx.[427] The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools.[428] There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.[429] Higher education and research More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,[430] are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone as of 2020, including both degree and professional programs.[431] According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.[432] The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 25 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system includes campuses in New York City, including SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Fashion Institute of Technology, SUNY Maritime College, and SUNY College of Optometry. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world,[433][434] while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like Princeton University and Yale University remain in the New York metropolitan area. The city also hosts other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as Pace University, St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, Adelphi University - Manhattan, Mercy College (New York), The College of Mount Saint Vincent, Parsons School of Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, New York Film Academy, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, Marymount Manhattan College, and Wagner College. Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first on the list of cities and metropolitan areas by share of published articles in life sciences.[435] New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.[436] There are 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions as of 2004.[437] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, $144,000 as of 2017.[438] Human resources Public health Main articles: New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation and New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene New York-Presbyterian Hospital, affiliated with Columbia University and Cornell University, is the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest hospitals.[439] The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and outpatient clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with As of 2021, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States with $10.9 billion in annual revenues,[440] HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.[441] HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969).[442] HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half a million New Yorkers.[443] HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages.[444] The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City.[445] The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.[446] In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018.[447] Public safety Police and law enforcement Main articles: New York City Police Department and Law enforcement in New York City Further information: Police surveillance in New York City and Crime in New York City The New York Police Department (NYPD), the largest police force in the United States NYPD police officers in Brooklyn The New York Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with more than 35,000 sworn officers.[448] Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest. Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s.[449] In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program,[450][451][452] which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third-lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities,[453] having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.[454] Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.[455] By 2002, New York City was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000.[455] In 1992, the city recorded 2,245 murders.[456] In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[457] and in 2009, the city recorded fewer than 461 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.[456] New York City has stricter gun laws than most other cities in the U.S.—a license to own any firearm is required in New York City, and the NY SAFE Act of 2013 banned assault weapons—and New York state had the fifth lowest gun death rate of the fifty states in 2020.[458] New York City recorded 491 murders in 2021.[459] In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were Black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5% White, 3.6% Asian and 0.2% American Indian.[460] Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic long-term decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD,[461] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.[462] Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes,[463] including from immigration.[464] Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s.[465] Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wet climate in the city.[466] Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the Tongs in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.[467] The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.[468][469] Firefighting Main article: New York City Fire Department The Fire Department of New York (FDNY), the largest municipal fire department in the United States The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The FDNY is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and more than 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest. The fire department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, the FDNY also responds to fires that occur in the New York City Subway.[470] Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn,[471] and the FDNY Fire Academy is on the Randalls Island.[472] There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. Public library system The Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building of the New York Public Library at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street The New York Public Library (NYPL), which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.[473] Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) serves Brooklyn.[473] In 2013, the New York Public Library and the Brooklyn Public Library announced that they would merge their technical services departments into a new department called BookOps. This proposed merger anticipated a savings of $2 million for the Brooklyn Public Library and $1.5 million for the New York Public Library. Although not currently part of the merger, it is expected that the Queens Public Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries.[474][475] Culture and contemporary life Main article: Culture of New York City Further information: Broadway theatre, LGBT culture in New York City, List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City, Music of New York City, List of nightclubs in New York City, List of LGBT people from New York City, List of people from New York City, New York Fashion Week, and Met Gala New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by Manhattan's Baruch College.[476] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[477] In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather."[478] Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States.[479][480] The city became the center of stand-up comedy in the early 20th century, jazz[481] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip-hop in the 1970s.[482] The city's punk[483] and hardcore[484] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip-hop,[189] punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.[485][486] The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media.[487][488] New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.[489] Pace Midtown Manhattan in January 2020 One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,[490][491] which spawned the term New York minute.[492] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized New York's streets as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[491] Resilience New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic.[493][494][495] New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022 per Time Out's global poll of urban residents.[494] Arts New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries.[496] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[496] Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which have become internationally renowned. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals. Performing arts Main articles: Broadway theatre and Music of New York City The corner of a lit up plaza with a fountain in the center and the ends of two brightly lit buildings with tall arches on the square. Lincoln Center in Manhattan The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part of Museum Mile, is one of the largest museums in the world.[497] Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,[498] also sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".[499][500][501] Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from $1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[502] Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park.[503] Visual arts Main article: List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[504] in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill.[505] Nine museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays of culture in the world.[506] Its art museums include the Guggenheim, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neue Galerie New York, and The Africa Center, which opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.[507] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.[508][509] Cuisine Main articles: Cuisine of New York City, List of restaurants in New York City, and List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City People crowd around white tents in the foreground next to a red brick wall with arched windows. Above and to the left is a towering stone bridge. Smorgasburg, which opened in 2011 as an open-air food market, is part of the Brooklyn Flea.[510] New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami[511] and corned beef,[512] respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs[513] examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.[514] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based upon their inspection results.[515] As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.[516] The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.[517] Parades The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade[518] The annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, the world's largest Halloween parade[519] The ticker-tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts on August 13, 1969 The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade, the largest outside the Philippines New York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[518] beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[520] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[518] Other notable parades including the annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the NYC LGBT Pride March in June, the LGBT-inspired Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. Accent and dialect Main articles: New York City English and New York accent The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.[521] The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as non-rhotic so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[522] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American English. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).[522] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s television sitcom All in the Family was an example of this pattern of speech. The classic version of the New York City dialect is generally centered on middle- and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,[522] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as it has been in the past.[522] Sports Main article: Sports in the New York metropolitan area Three runners in a race down a street where onlookers are cheering behind barriers. The New York Marathon, held annually in November, is the largest marathon in the world.[523] A tennis stadium pack with fans watching a grass court. The U.S. Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens. A baseball stadium from behind home plate in the evening. Citi Field, also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the New York Mets since 2009. Madison Square Garden in Midtown Manhattan is home to the New York Knicks, New York Rangers, and St. John's Red Storm. New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[524] Major League Baseball,[525] the National Basketball Association,[526] the National Hockey League,[527] and Major League Soccer.[528] The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in the first four major North American professional sports leagues with nine, one more than Los Angeles, and has 11 top-level professional sports teams if Major League Soccer is included, also one more than Los Angeles. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues. The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.[529] Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York was the first of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NHL, NFL and NBA), having done so following the Knicks' 1970 title. In 1972, it became the first city to win titles in five sports when the Cosmos won the NASL final. American football The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,[530] which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[531] Baseball New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball".[532] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas to host two Major League Baseball teams, the others being Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and until the Athletics depart Oakland, California, the San Francisco Bay Area. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens,[533] and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. These teams compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,[534] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.[535] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,[536] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.[537] There is also one Minor League Baseball team in the city, the Mets-affiliated Brooklyn Cyclones,[538] and the city gained a club in the independent Atlantic League when the Staten Island FerryHawks began play in 2022.[539] Basketball The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets (previously known as the New York Nets and New Jersey Nets as they moved around the metropolitan area) and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[540] The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. Ice hockey The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, play in UBS Arena in Elmont, New York, and played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. Soccer In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium[541] and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.[542] NJ/NY Gotham FC also plays their home games in Red Bull Arena, representing the metropolitan area in the National Women's Soccer League. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and most recently played in the third-division National Independent Soccer Association before going on hiatus in January 2021. New York was a host city for the 1994 FIFA World Cup[543] and will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[544] Tennis and other The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens.[545] The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon,[523] with 51,394 finishers in 2016[546] and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race.[523] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.[547] The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale, Bronx at Gaelic Park, home to the New York GAA, the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level. International events In terms of hosting multi-sport events, New York City hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics and the 1998 Goodwill Games. New York City's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics was one of five finalists, but lost out to London.[548] Environment Main article: Environmental issues in New York City Two yellow taxis on a narrow street lined with shops. As of 2012, New York City had about 6,000 hybrid taxis in service, the largest number of any city in North America.[549] Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, abundant public transportation infrastructure, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita greenhouse gas emissions rate and electricity usage. Governors Island is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[550] Environmental impact reduction New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint.[551] Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.[552] New York City is the host of Climate Week NYC, the largest Climate Week to take place globally and regarded as major annual climate summit. New York's high rate of public transit use, more than 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014,[553] and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[554] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.[555] In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States,[556][557][558] and in 2018, Stacker ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city.[559] Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013.[560] New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.[561] The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.[197] Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive "Green Buildings" plan.[551] Water purity and availability Main articles: Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[562] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification through water treatment plants.[563] The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water per day;[564] a leak in the Delaware aqueduct results in some 20 million gallons a day being lost under the Hudson River.[565] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[566] The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history,[567] with segments serving Manhattan and the Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020.[568] In 2018, New York City announced a $1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[564] Air quality According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,[569] the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0 micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0 micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.[570] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with Queens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.[571] Environmental revitalization Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities.[572] One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country,[573] containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system,[573] and other accumulation. Government and politics Main articles: Government of New York City, Politics of New York City, and Elections in New York City Government New York City Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions. New York County Courthouse houses the New York Supreme Court and other governmental offices. Eric Adams, the current and 110th Mayor of New York City New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a Strong mayor–council form of government[574] since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.[575] Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a two consecutive-term limit,[576] which is reset after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.[577][578] Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System. Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different U.S. district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and U.S. Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan. Politics The present mayor is Eric Adams. He was elected in 2021 with 67% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2022. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans.[579] New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. A Republican candidate for statewide office has not won all five boroughs of the city since it was incorporated in 1898. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city. Thirteen out of 26 U.S. congressional districts in the state of New York include portions of New York City.[580] New York City is the most important geographical source of political fundraising in the United States. At least four of the top five ZIP Codes in the nation for political contributions were in Manhattan for the 2004, 2006, and 2008 elections. The top ZIP Code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.[581] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return.[582] Transportation Main article: Transportation in New York City A row of yellow taxis in front of a multi-story ornate stone building with three huge arched windows. New York City is home to the two busiest train stations in the U.S., Grand Central Terminal and Penn Station. New York City's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive. The front end of a subway train, with a red E on a LED display on the top. To the right of the train is a platform with a group of people waiting for their train. The New York City Subway, the world's largest rapid transit system by number of stations Rapid transit Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[583][584] Rail The New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[585][586] London, Paris, Seoul,[587][588] and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015,[589] while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms. Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[590] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.[591] According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[592] New York is the only U.S. city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[593] Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[594] New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America.[583] The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[583] In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects 24 hours a day JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.[595][596] For inter-city rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.[597] The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago "L", the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, and the East Side Access project.[598] Buses Port Authority Bus Terminal, the world's busiest bus station, at Eighth Avenue and 42nd Street[599] New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America.[600] The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.[599] Air Five jumbo airplanes wait in a line on a runway next to a small body of water. Behind them in the distance is the airport and control tower. John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens, the busiest international airport to the United States with over 12 million inbound and outbound flights as of 2021 New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016.[601] JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America.[602] Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[603] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities.[604] Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton–Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport. Ferries Staten Island Ferry shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island. The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day.[605] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders choosing the names of the ferries.[606] Meanwhile, Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in September 2016, to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan, anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the largest vessel in its class.[607] Taxis, vehicles for hire, and trams See also: Taxis of New York City Yellow medallion taxicabs are a widely recognized icon of New York City. Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass 13,587 yellow taxicabs;[608] other vehicle for hire companies;[609][610] and the Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Streets and highways 8th Avenue in Manhattan looking north (uptown) Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, including Broadway,[611] Wall Street,[612] Madison Avenue,[369] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic congestion that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.[613][614] Congestion pricing in New York City will go into effect in 2022 at the earliest.[615][616][617] New York City is also known for its rules regarding turning at red lights. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.[618] River crossings The George Washington Bridge, connecting Upper Manhattan (background) and Fort Lee, New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[619][620] New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are primarily coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[619][620] connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[621][622] The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of structural expressionism.[623][624] Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and to New Jersey. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[625] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.[626][627] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.[628] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[629] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. Cycling network Main article: Cycling in New York City Cycling in New York City is associated with mixed cycling conditions that include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; cycling clubs for recreational cyclists; and an increasing number of commuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2017 there were approximately 450,000 daily bike trips, compared with 170,000 daily bike trips in 2005.[630] As of 2017, New York City had 1,333 miles (2,145 km) of bike lanes, compared to 513 miles (826 km) of bike lanes in 2006.[630] As of 2019, there are 126 miles (203 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.[631] People Main article: List of people from New York City Global outreach Main article: List of sister cities of New York City In 2006, the sister city Program of the City of New York, Inc.[632] was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.[633]
  • Topic: Renaissance
  • Subject: History

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