Carter Woodson Lorenzo Greene Book Signed African American Negro Wage Earner

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176277810464 CARTER WOODSON LORENZO GREENE BOOK SIGNED AFRICAN AMERICAN NEGRO WAGE EARNER. Author...... Greene, Lorenzo J., And Woodson, Carter G., Title....... The Negro Wage Earner Publisher... New York:: Russell & Russell, 1969 Cloth. None. Signed by Author. Octavo. reprint of the original 1930 edition, xiii, 388 pp., some spotting to covers, else a good copy. Signed and inscribed presentation from Lorenzo Greene on front pastedown. Lorenzo Johnston Greene was an American educator who taught history at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri from 1933 to 1972. His book, Missouri’s Black Heritage, co-authored by Antonio Holland and Gary Kremer, was a pioneering work on the African-American experience in Missouri. Carter Godwin Woodson was an American historian, author, journalist, and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He was one of the first scholars to study the history of the African diaspora, including African-American history
Dr. Lorenzo Johnston Greene was a pioneering African American historian.  Greene was born on November 16, 1899 in Ansonia, Connecticut.  He received his BA from Howard University in Washington, D.C. in 1924 and his MA in history from Columbia University in 1926.  From 1928 to 1933, Greene served as a field representative and research assistant to Carter Woodson, the director of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, ASALH) in Washington, D.C.  This collaboration helped inspire the 1930 publication with Woodson of The Negro Wage Earner.  In 1931, Greene published The Employment of Negroes in the District of Columbia, a collaborative effort with Myra C. Callis.  Both studies demonstrate Greene’s interest in urban history, social history, and race relations.  Although he was inspired by Woodson and saw him as a mentor, Greene made his own lasting contributions to the field of history.  His most significant academic work was a pioneering study of blacks in Missouri entitled Missouri’s Black Heritage published in 1980 as a collaborative effort with Antonio F. Holland and Gary Kremer. Lorenzo Greene served as instructor and professor of history at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri from 1933 to 1972.  During this period he continued his graduate studies and received his Ph.D. in history from Columbia University in 1942.  That same year, he published The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776.  His interest in race and labor issues helped to revolutionize labor historiography with a greater emphasis on African Americans and other laborers, both free and unfree.  The Negro in Colonial New England is still considered the foundational work on the subject. Professor Greene served on a number of committees and associations and was editor of the Midwest Journal from 1947 to 1956.  He was also the President of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History from 1965 to 1966.  Greene’s academic interests included urban history, race and labor in Colonial America, Missouri history, the American Midwest, and New England history. Dr. Greene’s interest in racial justice issues led him to serve as the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Education of the Missouri Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights from 1959 to 1961.   Greene worked actively on educational issues in Missouri and spearheaded efforts to desegregate Kansas City schools in the early 1970s. Lorenzo Greene married Thomasina Tally in 1942.  He died on January 24, 1988 in Jefferson City, Missouri.  His Working with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History, a Diary, 1928-1930 was published posthumously.  The Lorenzo Johnston Greene Papers are now available at the Library of Congress.  The papers of Lorenzo Johnston Greene (1899-1988), pioneer in African-American historical studies and multiculturalism, editor, and civil rights and social activist, span the years 1680-1988, with the bulk of the material documenting Greene's thirty-nine year career (1933-1972) at Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri, and as a professor emeritus at that historically black institution from his retirement in 1972 to his death in 1988. Before coming to Lincoln University, Greene was a field representative for the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) and a close associate of Carter G. Woodson, the founder of the organization and the "father of Afro-American history." As an educator, Greene was an early advocate of the introduction of multicultural content into grade school and college texts nationwide. He wrote numerous monographs and articles, including The Negro In Colonial New England, 1620-1776, and edited the Midwest Journal, sponsored by Lincoln University. Greene's community service, in which he stressed open housing and school desegregation, included helping to found the Missouri Commission on Human Rights and chairing the human rights committee of the Missouri Association for Social Welfare and the education subcommittee of the Missouri Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. His papers are organized into seven series: Family, Academic, Professional Organizations, Public Interest Organizations, Speeches and Writings, Addition, and Oversize. enowned educator and black historian. Professor of history at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri from 1933 - 1972. His book, Missouri's Black Heritage, co-authored by Antonio Holland and Gary Kremer, was a pioneering work on the African_American experience in Missouri. He co-authored several works and his historical diaries and notes have been used in other historical texts, such as Selling Black History for Carter G. Woodson. He worked with Carter Woodson, who was known as the "Father of Black History". Married (Dr.) Thomasina T. Greene, noted pianist and educator, 1942. The Lorenzo Johnston Greene Papers available at the United States Library of Congress. Dr. Lorenzo Johnston Greene (1899–1988) taught history at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri from 1933 to 1972. His book, Missouri’s Black Heritage, co-authored by Antonio Holland and Gary Kremer, was a pioneering work on the African-American experience in Missouri. He co-authored several works and his historical diaries and notes have been used in other historical texts, such as Selling Black History for Carter G. Woodson. He worked with Carter Woodson, who was known as the "Father of Black History".Excerpts of his diary appeared in Black Dixie, a book about African-Americans in Houston. TIMELINE 1899, Nov.16 Born, Ansonia, Connecticut 1924 B.A., Howard University, Washington, D.C. 1926 M.A. in history, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 1928 - 1933 Field representative and research assistant to Carter G. Woodson, director, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Washington, D.C. 1930 Published with Carter G. Woodson The Negro Wage Earner Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers. 388 pp.) 1931 Published with Myra C. Callis The Employment of Negroes in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers. 89 pp.) 1933 - 1972 Instructor and professor of history, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. 1942 Ph.D. in history, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. Published The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776 (New York: Columbia University Press. 404 pp.) Married Thomasina Tally 1955 Chairman, program committee, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History annual meeting, Los Angeles, Calif. 1947 - 1956 Editor, Midwest Journal, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. 1964 Chairman, program committee, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History annual meeting, Detroit, Mich. 1959 - 1961 Chairman, SubCommittee on Education, Missouri Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights 1965 - 1966 President, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History 1971 Honorary LH.D., University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1971 - 1972 Director, Institute for Drop-Out Prevention and Teacher Orientation, Jefferson City, Mo. 1972 - 1974 Director, Institute to Facilitate Desegregation in Kansas City Public Schools, Kansas City, Mo. 1980 Published with Antonio F. Holland and Gary Kremer Missouri's Black Heritage (St. Louis: Forum Press. 195 pp.) 1988, Jan. 24 Died, Jefferson City, Missouri 1988 Posthumous publication of Working with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History, a Diary, 1928-30 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 487 pp.) Lorenzo Johnston Greene was an important part of what has been called the “Golden Age of Lincoln University,” a period from the 1920s into the 1960s when the university was sometimes referred to as the “Black Harvard of the Midwest.” Born in Ansonia, Connecticut, on Nov. 16, 1899, Greene was the first African American to graduate from the local high school. Subsequently, he attended Howard University in Washington, D.C., and earned a master’s degree and a doctorate in history from Columbia University in New York. In 1928, Greene began working in Washington, D.C., as a research assistant to Dr. Carter G. Woodson, widely regarded as the “father of African American history.” Over the course of the next five years, Greene worked with and for Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. During that time, he co-authored two books on African American employment and housing. In 1933, Lorenzo Greene joined the history faculty at Lincoln University in Jefferson City. Years later, he remembered the overt racial discrimination he experienced as an African American in the Capital City. On his first day in the city, he was denied access to a “white” cab and also refused a meal at a local restaurant that would not seat “coloreds.” Despite these experiences and his initial impulse to flee the city, Greene remained as a Lincoln University professor for four decades. In 1942, he published his magnum opus, a book titled “The Negro in Colonial New England: 1620-1776.” During the 1950s and 1960s, he fought tirelessly against racial discrimination and segregation in the Capital City. He was instrumental in integrating the Jefferson City Public Schools during the mid-1950s. In 1962, he helped organize multiple demonstrations against the segregationist policies of two Jefferson City bowling alleys. And, in 1966, he engaged black and white Lincoln University faculty members in an exercise aimed at ending racial discrimination in housing in the Capital City. White professors were sent out to inquire about the prospect of buying a house in a particular neighborhood, followed by African American faculty members who inquired about the same house(s). In one instance, a white professor asked about the selling price of a house on Fairmount Boulevard, near the Lincoln University campus. He was quoted a price of $13,500. Less than half an hour later, a black faculty member inquired about the same house. He was quoted a price of $21,000. Greene presented the results of this “study” to the local city council and confronted council members with the ugly reality of persistent racism in the Capital City. I encountered Dr. Greene in 1967, when I enrolled in a Western Civilization class he taught at Lincoln University. I did not know at the time he was regarded as one of the most knowledgeable scholars of African American history in the country. I did not know he was a widely acclaimed author and civil rights activist and he was a member of the Missouri State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and a leading civil rights activist in the state and nation. All I knew was Lorenzo Greene was one of the finest teachers and lecturers I ever had the privilege to know. He almost never used notes, and his lectures were spontaneous and passionate. He made me fall in love with the study of history; he made me want to be a historian. I abandoned my desire to be a social worker and began to study history in earnest. I took several more history classes with Dr. Greene. He became my mentor and my friend. In January 1970, I began working as his research assistant, in much the same way he had worked for Dr. Carter G. Woodson. In 1972, as one of his last acts as chairman of the Lincoln University Department of History, Lorenzo Greene hired me as an instructor of history. I remained on the history faculty at the university through 1987. In the early 1970s, Dr. Greene was asked by then-Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick to write a 50,000-word essay titled “The Role of the Negro in Missouri History.” This essay was to be featured in the Official Manual: State of Missouri for the 1973-74 edition. While working on this essay, Dr. Greene suffered a heart attack. He engaged me and another young Lincoln University history professor, Antonio F. Holland, to help him finish the essay. That essay became the foundation for a book titled “Missouri’s Black Heritage,” published in 1980 by Forum Press of St. Louis. In 1993, the University of Missouri Press published a revised edition of the book. “Missouri’s Black Heritage” remains the only book-length interpretive account of the African American experience in Missouri. Lorenzo J. Greene passed away Jan. 24, 1988, at 88. He was a remarkable man who enriched my life through his intellect, his passion for history and for racial justice, and for his deep commitment to the search for truth. More than 30 years later, I still miss him and am forever indebted to him. Lorenzo Johnston Greene (1899–1988) was an American educator who taught history at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri from 1933 to 1972. His book, Missouri’s Black Heritage, co-authored by Antonio Holland and Gary Kremer, was a pioneering work on the African-American experience in Missouri. He co-authored several works and his historical diaries and notes have been used in other historical texts, such as Selling Black History for Carter G. Woodson. He worked with Carter Woodson, who was known as the "Father of Black History". Excerpts of his diary appeared in Black Dixie, a book about African-Americans in Houston. Timeline 1899, Nov.16 Born, Ansonia, Connecticut 1924 B.A., Howard University, Washington, D.C. 1926 M.A. in history, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 1928 – 1933 Field representative and research assistant to Carter G. Woodson, director, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Washington, D.C. 1930 Published with Carter G. Woodson The Negro Wage Earner Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers. 388 pp.) 1931 Published with Myra C. Callis The Employment of Negroes in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers. 89 pp.) 1933 – 1972 Instructor and professor of history, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. 1942 PhD in history, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. Published The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620–1776 (New York: Columbia University Press. 404 pp.) Married Thomasina Talley 1955 Chairman, program committee, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History annual meeting, Los Angeles, Calif. 1947 – 1956 Editor, Midwest Journal, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. 1964 Chairman, program committee, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History annual meeting, Detroit, Mich. 1959 – 1961 Chairman, SubCommittee on Education, Missouri Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights 1965 – 1966 President, Association for the Study of Negro Life and History 1971 Honorary LH.D., University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1971 – 1972 Director, Institute for Drop-Out Prevention and Teacher Orientation, Jefferson City, Mo. 1972 – 1974 Director, Institute to Facilitate Desegregation in Kansas City Public Schools, Kansas City, Mo. 1980 Published with Antonio F. Holland and Gary Kremer Missouri's Black Heritage (St. Louis: Forum Press. 195 pp.) 1988, Jan. 24 Died, Jefferson City, Missouri 1988 Posthumous publication of Working with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History, a Diary, 1928–30 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 487 pp.) Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875 – April 3, 1950)[1] was an American historian, author, journalist, and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He was one of the first scholars to study the history of the African diaspora, including African-American history. A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1916, Woodson has been called the "father of black history".[2] In February 1926 he launched the celebration of "Negro History Week", the precursor of Black History Month.[3] Born in Virginia, the son of former slaves, Woodson had to put off schooling while he worked in the coal mines of West Virginia. He graduated from Berea College, and became a teacher and school administrator. He gained graduate degrees at the University of Chicago and in 1912 was the second African American, after W. E. B. Du Bois, to obtain a PhD degree from Harvard University. Woodson remains the only person whose parents were enslaved in the US to obtain a PhD.[4] Most of Woodson's academic career was spent at Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C., where he eventually served as the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 NAACP 4 Black History Month 5 Colleagues 6 Criticism of Christianity 7 Death and legacy 8 Honors and tributes 9 Places named in honor of Woodson 10 Selected works 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life and education Carter G. Woodson was born in New Canton, Virginia[5] on December 19, 1875, the son of former slaves Anne Eliza (Riddle) and James Henry Woodson.[6] His parents were both illiterate and his father, who had helped the Union soldiers during the Civil War, supported the family as a carpenter and farmer. The Woodson family was extremely poor, but proud as both his parents told him that it was the happiest day of their lives when they became free.[7] His sister was the poet, teacher and activist Bessie Woodson Yancey.[8] Woodson was often unable to attend primary school regularly so as to help out on the farm. Nonetheless, through self-instruction, he was able to master most school subjects.[9] At the age of seventeen, Woodson followed his older brother Robert Henry to Huntington, West Virginia, where he hoped to attend Douglass High School, a secondary school for African Americans founded there.[10] Woodson was forced to work in the coal mines at Huntington, which left little time for pursuing an education.[7] At the age of twenty in 1895, Woodson was finally able to enter Douglass High School full-time and received his diploma in 1897.[9][11] From his graduation in 1897 until 1900, Woodson was employed as a teacher at a school in Winona, West Virginia. His career advanced further in 1900 when he was selected to become the principal of Douglass High School, the place where he had started his academic career. Between 1901 and 1903, Woodson took classes at Berea College in Kentucky, eventually earning his Bachelor Degree in Literature in 1903. From 1903 to 1907, Woodson served as a school supervisor in the Philippines, which had recently become an American territory. Woodson later attended the University of Chicago, where he was awarded an A.B and A.M in 1908. He was a member of the first Black professional fraternity Sigma Pi Phi[12] and a member of Omega Psi Phi. Woodson's M.A thesis was "The German Policy of France in the War of Austrian Succession".[13] He completed his PhD in history at Harvard University in 1912, where he was the second African American (after W. E. B. Du Bois) to earn a doctorate.[14] His doctoral dissertation, The Disruption of Virginia, was based on research he did at the Library of Congress while teaching high school in Washington, D.C. During his research, Woodson came into conflict with his supervisors, causing Frederick Jackson Turner to intervene to help Woodson complete his dissertation.[13] Woodson was greatly influenced by Turner's "frontier thesis".[13] After earning the doctoral degree, he continued teaching in public schools, as no university was willing to hire him, ultimately becoming the principal of the all-Black Armstrong Manual Training School in Washington D.C.[15] He later joined the faculty at Howard University as a professor, and served there as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. His dissertation advisor was Albert Bushnell Hart, who had also been the advisor for Du Bois, with Edward Channing and Charles Haskins also on the committee.[16] Woodson felt that the American Historical Association (AHA) had no interest in Black history, noting that although he was a dues-paying member of the AHA, he was not allowed to attend AHA conferences.[17] Woodson became convinced he had no future in the white-dominated historical profession, and to work as a Black historian would require creating an institutional structure that would make it possible for Black scholars to study history.[17] As Woodson lacked the funds to finance such a new institutional structure himself, he turned to philanthropist institutions such as the Carnegie Foundation, the Julius Rosenwald Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.[17] Career Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into the neglected past of African Americans. Along with William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall, Alexander L. Jackson, and James E. Stamps, he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History on September 9, 1915, in Chicago.[18] Woodson's purpose as he put it was "to treat the records scientifically and to publish the findings of the world" in order to avoid "the awful fate of becoming a negligible factor in the thought of the world".[19] That was the year Woodson published The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. His other books followed: A Century of Negro Migration (1918) and The History of the Negro Church (1927). His work The Negro in Our History has been reprinted in numerous editions and was revised by Charles H. Wesley after Woodson's death in 1950. Woodson described the purpose of the ASNLH as the "scientific study" of the "neglected aspects of Negro life and history" by training a new generation of Black people in historical research and methodology.[20] Believing that history belonged to everybody, not just the historians, Woodson sought to engage Black civic leaders, high school teachers, clergymen, women's groups and fraternal associations in his project to improve the understanding of Afro-American history.[20] In January 1916, Woodson began publication of the scholarly Journal of Negro History. It has never missed an issue, despite the Great Depression, loss of support from foundations, and two World Wars. In 2002, it was renamed the Journal of African American History and continues to be published by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). Woodson stayed at the Wabash Avenue YMCA during visits to Chicago. His experiences at the Y and in the surrounding Bronzeville neighborhood inspired him to create the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915. The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History) ran conferences, published The Journal of Negro History, and "particularly targeted those responsible for the education of black children".[21] Another inspiration was John Wesley Cromwell's 1914 book, The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent.[22] Portrait of Woodson from West Virginia Collegiate Institute's El Ojo yearbook (1923) Woodson believed that education and increasing social and professional contacts among Black and white people could reduce racism, and he promoted the organized study of African-American history partly for that purpose. He would later promote the first Negro History Week in Washington, D.C., in 1926, forerunner of Black History Month.[23] The Bronzeville neighborhood declined during the late 1960s and 1970s like many other inner-city neighborhoods across the nation, and the Wabash Avenue YMCA was forced to close during the 1970s, until being restored in 1992 by The Renaissance Collaborative.[24] He served as Academic Dean of the West Virginia Collegiate Institute, now West Virginia State University, from 1920 to 1922.[25] By 1922, Woodson's experience of academic politics and intrigue had left him so disenchanted with university life that he vowed never to work in academia again.[17] He studied many aspects of African-American history. For instance, in 1924, he published the first survey of free Black slaveowners in the United States in 1830.[26] NAACP Woodson became affiliated with the Washington, D.C. branch of the NAACP and its chairman Archibald Grimké. On January 28, 1915, Woodson wrote a letter to Grimké expressing his dissatisfaction with activities and making two proposals: That the branch secure an office for a center to which persons may report whatever concerns the Black race may have, and from which the Association may extend its operations into every part of the city; and That a canvasser be appointed to enlist members and obtain subscriptions for The Crisis, the NAACP magazine edited by W. E. B. Du Bois. Du Bois added the proposal to divert "patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike;" that is, boycott racially discriminatory businesses. Woodson wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month. Grimké did not welcome Woodson's ideas.[citation needed] Responding to Grimké's comments about his proposals, on March 18, 1915, Woodson wrote: I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am a radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me.[27] His difference of opinion with Grimké, who wanted a more conservative course, contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.[citation needed] Black History Month Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted that African-American contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them."[28] Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind."[28] The summer of 1919 was the "Red Summer", a time of intense racial violence that saw about 1,000 people, most of whom were Black, killed between May and September 1919. In the face of widespread disillusionment felt in Black America caused by the "Red Summer", Carter worked hard to improve the understanding of Black history, later writing "I have made every sacrifice for this movement. I have spent all my time doing this one thing and trying to do it efficiently".[29] The 1920s were a time of rising Black self-consciousness expressed variously in movements such as the Harlem Renaissance and the Universal Negro Improvement Association led by an extremely charismatic Jamaican immigrant Marcus Garvey.[29] In this atmosphere, Woodson was considered by other Black Americans to be one of their most important community leaders who discovered their "lost history".[29] Woodson's project for the "New Negro History" had a dual purpose of giving Black Americans a history to be proud of and to ensure that the overlooked role of Black people in American history was acknowledged by white historians.[29] Woodson wrote that he wanted a history that would ensure that "the world see the Negro as a participant rather than as a lay figure in history".[29] Woodson wrote "while the Association welcomes the cooperation of white scholars in certain projects...it proceeds also on the basis that its important objectives can be attained through Negro investigators who are in a position to develop certain aspects of the life and history of the race which cannot otherwise be treated. In the final analysis, this work must be done by Negroes...The point here is rather that Negroes have the advantage of being able to think black".[30] Woodson's claim that only Black historians could really understand Black history anticipated the fierce debates that rocked the American historical profession in the 1960s-1970s when a younger generation of Black historians asserted that only Black people were qualified to write about Black history.[31] Despite these claims, the need for funding ensured that Woodson had several white philanthropists such as Julius Rosenwald, George Foster Peabody, and James H. Dillard elected to the board of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.[31] Woodson preferred white patrons such as Rosenwald who were willing to finance his Association without being involved in its work.[31] Some of the white board members that Woodson recruited such as the historian Albert Bushnell Hart and the teacher Thomas Jesse Jones were not content to play the passive role that Woodson wanted, leading to clashes as both Hart and Jones wanted to write about Black history.[31] In 1920, both Jones and Hart resigned from the Board in protest against Woodson.[32] In 1926, Woodson pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week",[33] designated for the second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass.[34] Woodson wrote of the purpose of Negro History Week as: "It is not so much a Negro History Week as it is a History Week. We should emphasise not Negro History, but the Negro in History. What we need is not a history of selected races or nations, but the history of the world void of national bias, race hatred and religious prejudice".[35] The idea of a Negro History Week was a popular one, and to honor Negro History Week parades, breakfasts, speeches, lectures, poetry readings, banquets and exhibits were held to honor it.[35] The Black United Students and Black educators at Kent State University expanded this idea to include an entire month beginning on February 1, 1970.[36] Since 1976, every US president has designated February as Black History Month. Colleagues Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican activist who worked in New York. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly Negro World.[19] Garvey believed Afro-Americans should embrace segeneration as he contended that race relations were and always would be antagonistic, and his ulimate objective was a "Back-to-Africa" plan as he believed all Afro-Americans should move to Africa. Woodson broke with Garvey when he learned that Garvey was meeting with the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan to discuss how the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Klan could work together to achieve his "Back-to-Africa" plans.[19] Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many Black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with W. E. B. Du Bois, John E. Bruce, Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, Hubert H. Harrison, and T. Thomas Fortune, among others. Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson was able to write academic works such as The History of the Negro Church (1922), The Mis-Education of the Negro (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership. Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of Black World to contribute to debates. One issue related to West Indian/African-American relations. He summarized that "the West Indian Negro is free", and observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and emancipate people genuinely. Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.[citation needed] Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful.[citation needed] Criticism of Christianity Woodson was an outspoken detractor of the Christian Church. In 1933, he wrote in “The Mis-Education of the Negro” that “the ritualistic churches into which these Negroes have gone do not touch the masses, and they show no promising future for racial development. Such institutions are controlled by those who offer the Negroes only limited opportunity and then sometimes on the condition that they be segregated in the court of the gentiles outside of the temple of Jehovah."[37] Death and legacy Woodson died suddenly from a heart attack in the office within his home in the Shaw, Washington, D.C. neighborhood on April 3, 1950, at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland. The time that schools have set aside each year to focus on African-American history is Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Black race in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as a man of vision and understanding. Although Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.[citation needed] The Association and journal that he started are still operating, and both have earned intellectual respect. Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of The Associated Publishers in Washington, D.C. This enabled the publication of books concerning Black people that might not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the Negro History Bulletin, developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs, and books on Black people. The Negro in Our History reached its 11th edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies. Dorothy Porter Wesley recalled: "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA. He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, 'No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work'".[38] Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume Encyclopedia Africana, was incomplete at the time of his death. Honors and tributes In 1926, Woodson received the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Spingarn Medal. The Carter G. Woodson Book Award was established in 1974 "for the most distinguished social science books appropriate for young readers that depict ethnicity in the United States."[39] The U.S. Postal Service issued a 20-cent stamp honoring Woodson in 1984.[40] In 1992, the Library of Congress held an exhibition entitled Moving Back Barriers: The Legacy of Carter G. Woodson. Woodson had donated his collection of 5,000 items from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries to the Library. His Washington, D.C. home has been preserved and designated the Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site. In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante named Carter G. Woodson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[41] On February 1, 2018, he was honored with a Google Doodle.[42] Places named in honor of Woodson Carter Woodson biographical cartoon by Charles Alston, 1943 California Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in Los Angeles. Carter G. Woodson Public Charter School in Fresno. Florida Carter G. Woodson Park, in Oakland Park.[43] Carter G. Woodson Elementary School was located in Oakland Park. It was closed in 1965 when the Broward County Public Schools system was desegregated. Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in St. Petersburg. Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in Jacksonville. Dr. Carter G. Woodson PK–8 Leadership Academy in Tampa, Florida. Georgia Carter G. Woodson Elementary in Atlanta. Illinois Carter G. Woodson Regional Library in Chicago. Carter G. Woodson Middle School in Chicago. Carter G. Woodson Library of Malcolm X College in Chicago Indiana Carter G. Woodson Library in Gary. Kentucky Carter G. Woodson Academy in Lexington. Carter G. Woodson Center for Interracial Education, Berea College, in Berea.[44] Louisiana Carter G. Woodson Middle School in New Orleans. Carter G. Woodson Liberal Arts Building at Grambling State University, built in 1915, in Grambling. Carter G. Woodson High School [Wikidata] in Lawtell, Louisiana. Maryland Carter G. Woodson Elementary in Crisfield. Carter G Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elementary in Baltimore. Baltimore City Public Schools Minnesota Woodson Institute for Student Excellence in Minneapolis. New York PS 23 Carter G. Woodson School in Brooklyn. PS 23 Carter G. Woodson Carter G. Woodson Children's Park[45] in Brooklyn. North Carolina Carter G. Woodson Charter School in Winston-Salem. Texas Woodson K–8 School in Houston. Carter G. Woodson Park in Odessa Virginia The Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville. The Carter G. Woodson Institute | for African-American and African Studies at the University of Virginia Carter G. Woodson Middle School in Hopewell. C.G. Woodson Road in his home town of New Canton. Carter G. Woodson Education Complex in Buckingham County, built in 2012. Carter G. Woodson Avenue at Virginia State University, Ettrick Washington, D.C. Carter G. Woodson Junior High School was named for him. It currently hosts Friendship Collegiate Academy Public Charter School. The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park is between 9th Street, Q Street and Rhode Island Avenue, NW. The park contains a cast bronze sculpture of the historian by Raymond Kaskey. The Carter G. Woodson Home, a National Historic Site, is located at 1538 9th St., NW, Washington, D.C.[46] West Virginia Carter G. Woodson Jr. High School (renamed McKinley Jr. High School after integration in 1954) in St. Albans, built in 1932. Carter G. Woodson Avenue (also known as 9th Avenue) in Huntington. Notably, Woodson's alma mater, Douglass High School, West Virginia, is located between Carter G. Woodson Avenue and 10th Avenue in the 1500 block. The Carter G. Woodson Memorial, also in Huntington, features a statue of the educator on Hal Greer Boulevard, facing the location of the former Douglass High School.[47]

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