Romania 2000's - MNH - Full 9 Sheets - NATO - Mi €50.00+

£10.36 Buy It Now or Best Offer, £7.76 Shipping, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: stamplake_com ✉️ (503) 100%, Location: Bergen, NO, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 364030422024 Romania 2000's - MNH - Full 9 Sheets - NATO - Mi €50.00+.
2000's ROMANIA 9 MNH SHEETS LOT 100% Original Old Stamps    
You are bidding on:

Romania 2000's - MNH 9 Sheets & Blocks - NATO - Paintings - Scott $42.00+

  • Condition:   Check the Picture, please
  • Seller: StampLake.com Pro  
     Shipping Details
    Combined worldwide Fast Prime Express with Package number for $ 7.95 To save money on postage add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders.  

     

    ANY QUESTION?   E-MAIL US  
    All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge.
    PRODUCT INFO    The history of mail and postage stamps of Romania is divided into the early period, covering the history of the post of the Ottoman principalities (until 1859, including the appearance of the first stamps in Moldavia in 1858) and the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia (1859-1866); classical (1866-1947) and modern (since 1948) periods of Romania. Issues of postage stamps Early period Moldova Principality of Moldova "Bull's head" of the Principality of Moldavia, 1858 (Mi #6) During the Crimean War, the Moldavian principality was occupied by Austria. Austrian field post offices began to operate on its territory, accepting private correspondence as well. In 1857, a special commission was engaged in reforming the postal system in the Moldavian principality, which existed until 1859. At her suggestion, the post office in the principality was created as a completely state institution, new post offices were opened, the number of stagecoaches increased, fixed wages were assigned to postal workers, and mailboxes were introduced. First stamps Main article: Bull heads On July 21, 1858, the first postage stamps of the Moldavian Principality were issued with the image of a bull's head and a post horn. They were printed by hand on laid paper; on the stamps there is an inscription in Cyrillic [2] Rum. "Porto skrisori" ("Delivery of a letter"). Just over 2,000 series were produced in total, and these stamps are now quite rare[3][5]. The estimate of the first stamp in the Iver catalog is 42.5 thousand euros, and the cost of the entire four-mark series exceeds 120 thousand euros.[6] The initial round design issue, 1307 episodes of which was withdrawn on October 31, 1858, was followed by a second issue on November 1, with a design in a square frame with rounded corners on blue or white vellum paper. The stamps were inscribed in Latin [2] "Porto scrisorei" ("Delivery of a letter") or "Porto gazetei" ("Delivery of a newspaper"). These stamps were also printed by hand. They are more common than the stamps of the first issue, their circulation amounted to approximately 23,000 series. They were in circulation until May 1, 1862[2][3][5]. In total, the Moldavian Principality issued seven postal miniatures (four of the first issue and three of the second). Stamps were used only within the principality. Mail abroad was sent through Austrian post offices. The Principality of Wallachia did not issue its own stamps. Postal envelope sent from Bucharest to Brăila (1861) Romania United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia Stamp of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia with a portrait of Prince Cuza, 1865 (Mi #13) The first stamp of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 (Mi #8I) In 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia were united into a single state entity - the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, which existed until 1866. According to the convention adopted in 1858 by the Paris Peace Conference, a common supreme court was created in the principalities, common postal, customs and monetary systems were introduced, as well as a common army. The first stamps of the United Principality were issued in June 1862. They depicted the coats of arms of both principalities: the head of a bull - the coat of arms of Moldavia and the eagle) - the coat of arms of Wallachia, as well as the inscription "Franco scrisorei" ("Paid letter"). The name of the state was not indicated. There are two editions of these stamps. The 1862 issue was printed by hand, from a single stamp; the second issue, 1864, from the printed form. Stamps of different circulations differ in color. They were withdrawn from circulation on December 31, 1864. On August 29, 1864, Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza approved the unification of the postal and telegraph services. By decree of December 3, 1865, he promulgated the first law on the organization of the postal and telegraph service. In January 1865, a series of three stamps was issued depicting the profile of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza. These miniatures were the first to bear the inscription "Posta Romana" (Romanian Post). The stamps were in circulation for a short time, until May 19 (31), 1866, since that year Cuza was overthrown. Flag of Romania Romania classical period In July 1866, a series of stamps from the Principality of Romania was issued with a portrait of Prince Carol I, which was shown in profile. The style of the miniatures was very reminiscent of the stamps of France of that time. The introduction of the leu in 1867 necessitated the issuance of stamps denominated in the new currency, which appeared in January 1868. It was the last series that was used only within the country. Since 1869, Romanian postage marks have been used for international correspondence. In the same year, stamps of a new design were issued. It was a profile picture of the prince, enclosed in an oval frame. The new design did not last long, and already in 1872 the round frame returned to the stamps. Originally stamps of Romania were printed in France in Paris. Since 1876, they began to be printed in Bucharest, while the perforation worsened, and the stamps themselves began to look rougher. Postage stamp of Romania overprinted with the monogram of Ferdinand I, 1918 (Mi #249) The first postal block of Romania, 1932 (Mi #Block1) The proclamation of Romania as a kingdom was not reflected in the postal issues[5]. The first stamps of the Kingdom of Romania were issued in 1885. For a better perception, the denomination figures on the miniatures of the new series have become larger. An image of a bird appeared above the profile of Carol I. In October 1889, the coat of arms of royal Romania was embossed on the paper used for the production of postage stamps. The embossing looked like a watermark, but it wasn't really. The first series of five commemorative stamps of Romania was issued in May 1891 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the reign of King Carol I. The profile of the king was framed with a commemorative inscription. In 1903, two series marked the opening of a new post office building in Bucharest. The miniatures of the first series depicted a post stagecoach, the second - the post office building and a portrait of Carol I. In January 1906, the first postal-charity stamps of Romania were issued. They depicted Queen Elisabeth zu Wied. The release of Romanian postal miniatures continued until 1914. In 1917, Romania, with the exception of the eastern part of Moldova, was occupied by the troops of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. A series of stamps prepared in the same year (with and without teeth) with a portrait of King Ferdinand I did not enter circulation. In the zones of occupation, specially prepared stamps were in circulation (see section Foreign post offices on the territory of Romania). In 1918, in the territory of the eastern part of Moldavia, which was under the control of the Romanian authorities, six definitive stamps were issued, which were overprints on stamps of previous issues. In November 1918, the Romanian Post resumed operations throughout Romania, including Transylvania. The standard stamps of 1909-1914 with the portrait of Carol I were reprinted and provided with the monogram of King Ferdinand I. All other stamps of the previous issues, except for the Moldavian one, were withdrawn from circulation[3][5][8]. In 1919, new stamps were issued with a portrait of King Ferdinand I. In accordance with the law on the organization of the administration of the staff of posts, telegraphs and telephones of April 20, 1927, the territory of Romania was divided into 10 regional departments. One of them was in Chisinau. In 1932, the first postal block of Romania was published, dedicated to the national philatelic exhibition "Efiro" (Efiro), held in Bucharest. A portrait of King Carol II was placed on the stamp of the block. Modern period First stamp of PHP, 1948 (Mi #1093) The first automatic stamp of Romania, 1995 (Mi #1) Romania's participation in World War II on the side of Germany and the expansionist policy pursued by the government of Ion Antonescu are reflected in the postage stamps of this country. So, for example, in August 1941, a series of 10 stamps with overprints was issued in honor of the capture of Chernivtsi and Chisinau by the Romanian troops, in October of the same year a series of four stamps and a block with overprints were issued in honor of the capture of Odessa. In July 1941, Bessarabia and Bukovina were occupied by Romanian troops and annexed to Romania. In December of the same year, the Romanian post issued a series of 16 postage stamps dedicated to the annexation of Bukovina and Bessarabia, as well as a series of nine postal charity stamps, with an additional payment for winter aid to Bessarabia and Bukovina. The miniatures depicted views of the cities of the annexed territories. On December 30, 1947, the Romanian People's Republic (PRR) was proclaimed. On January 25, 1948, the first miniature with the new name of the state "Republica Populară Romană", dedicated to the day of the national census, entered circulation. The blue-violet stamp, designed by A. Murnu, showed an outline map of Romania in the center and groups of workers on the sides. In March of the same year, the standard 1947 stamp series with a portrait of King Mihai I and views of Romania was overprinted "RPR". The socialist orientation of the country was also reflected in the topics of postal issues. They presented the development of industry and agriculture, popular uprisings of the past, revolutionaries, Romanian-Soviet friendship, etc. Stamps with portraits of K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin appeared in Romania as early as June 1945. In the latter case, the stamp of Romania (Mi #863) became the first foreign stamp of Lenin. In addition to the country name inscriptions mentioned above, the stamps of Romania also featured the following: “RP Romînă”, “Romania Posta” or “Posta Romîna” (“Romanian Post”). In 1965, Romania was proclaimed a Socialist Republic, but this was not reflected in the designations on the postage, since on January 15, 1964, a series of ten stamps dedicated to Soviet cosmonauts and American astronauts was issued. Other types of postage stamps The Romanian Post issued surcharge, parcel, various postal and tax, service stamps. In 1913-1947, special postage exemption stamps were used. Airmail In September 1928, the Romanian Post issued the first series of three airmail stamps featuring a Spad 33 biplane. Additional payment In May 1881, the first series of six additional stamps was issued in Romania. They depicted the denomination figure in a transverse oval and the inscription "Taha de plata" ("Additional payment"). Parcel Parcel stamps were issued in Romania from September 1895 to 1928. The first stamps were similar in design to surcharges, differing only in the face value and the inscription “Taxa de factaciu” (“Delivery cost”)[8]. First airmail stamp Romania, 1928 (Mi #336) First postage stamp Romania, 1881 (Mi #1) Parcel stamp of Romania, 1896 (Mi #2) Postal tax In 1915-1918, all postal items, except for local letters, were subject to an additional tax to pay military expenses and help families of military personnel. For this, special military tax stamps were issued, in denominations of 5 (for letters) and 10 bani (for telegrams and parcels). The first series of two stamps was issued in 1915 and was a black overprint of the text "TIMBRU / DE AJUTOR" ("Stamp of Aid") in two lines on definitive stamps of 1909-1914. In 1916, two military tax stamps of original drawings were issued showing the queen at the loom. Higher denominations were used only as fiscal stamps, sometimes found with courtesy cancellations. In addition to them, in the period from 1915 to 1921, military tax surcharge stamps were issued, intended for postal correspondence that was not paid by the sender with a military tax stamp. First military tax stamp of Romania, 1915 (Mi #1) Military tax stamp Romania, 1916 (Mi #3) Postage stamp to the aviation development fund, 1931 (Mi #12) Additional postage tax development fund stamp culture, 1932 (Mi #23) From 1921 to 1948, post-tax and additional post-tax stamps were issued in Romania on various occasions. In total, more than 30 types of postage and more than 20 additional postage and tax stamps were issued during this period. For example, from May 1931 to 1937, postage and tax stamps were issued to the aviation development fund with the inscription "Timbru aviatiei". In 1932 and 1934, postal tax and additional postage tax stamps were issued, the income from which went to the cultural fund. Postage stamp "IOVR", 1947 (Mi #37) Postage stamp "IOVR", 1948 (Mi #39) In 1947-1948, postage and tax stamps were issued in Romania in favor of the disabled, orphans and widows of war victims. The first stamps were issued on December 8, 1947, according to the decision of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security of Romania No. 111 of November 28, 1947. On the double fiscal stamps of Romania of 1942 and 1944, a black vertical overprint of the abbreviation "IOVR" (Invalizi - disabled, Orfani - orphans, Văduve - widows, de Război - war) was overprinted in black on the left stamp and new denominations - on the right. Stamps with denominations of 1 x 2 and 5 x 1 lei were used as postal and tax stamps, miniatures with denominations of 10 x 8 and 100 x 4 lei were used as fiscal stamps. In 1948, a series of four stamps was issued with a symbolic pattern - the sun rising over the hospital and the inscription "I. O.V.R." The IOVR postage stamps of the first and second issues were withdrawn from circulation on December 31, 1948. Service The first service stamps of Romania were issued in December 1929. They depicted an eagle and the coat of arms of the kingdom. The last service stamps appeared in July-October 1931. Releases for new territories Transylvania In 1919, after the annexation of Transylvania and the Banat to Romania, the postal department, due to the lack of Romanian stamps, ordered the use of the stocks of Hungarian stamps with the overprint "Regatul României" ("Kingdom of Romania"), the monogram of the king and the new denomination in Romanian currency, which were available there, as a rule, without changing the face value of the stamp. The overprints were produced in Cluj and Oradea Mare and have different styles. The stamps were allowed to circulate throughout Romania, but practically they were in circulation only in Transylvania until January 1, 1922. Transnistria On August 30, 1941, on the territory of the USSR, occupied by Romanian troops, located between the Southern Bug and the Dniester and including parts of the Vinnitsa, Odessa, Nikolaev regions of Ukraine and the left-bank part of the Moldavian SSR, the Transnistria Governor-General was formed. Local releases Arad Postage stamp of the French military administration of Arad, 1919 In November 1918, Arad and the surrounding areas were occupied by French troops. In 1919, by order of the military governor, Hungarian postage and surcharge stamps were overprinted with fr. "Occupation Francaise" ("French occupation"). After the transfer of the city to Romania, Romanian stamps entered circulation. Timisoara In 1919, Timisoara was occupied by Serbian troops. During the occupation, existing Hungarian stamps were overprinted with a new denomination in Hungarian currency. After the transfer of the city to Romania in August 1919, the new denominations were overprinted on the Hungarian stamps. Transylvania In October 1944, Transylvania was liberated from German occupation by the Soviet Army. Postal communication in this territory was provided by the local authorities of the cities of Oradea, Zalău, Satu Mare, Sigetur Marmaciei and others, who overprinted stamps of Hungary. In Bistrica, Orada, Zalău stamps of original drawings were also issued. The Romanian Post resumed its activities in Transylvania in April 1945. Romanian Post Abroad Main article: Romanian post in the Ottoman Empire There are known cases of the organization of the Romanian postal service in the Ottoman Empire. Special signs of postage, in particular, were issued in 1896 for mail on Romanian ships along the line Constanta - Constantinople, and in 1919 - in Constantinople for a detachment of Romanian troops. Foreign branches in Romania In the XVIII-XIX centuries, foreign post offices operated on the territory of present-day Romania. During the First World War, the territory of Romania was occupied by Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria, who issued their own postage stamps for the areas they occupied. Austro-Hungarian post Postage stamp of the Austro-Hungarian field mail for the occupied regions of Romania, 1917 (Mi #7A) Austrian post offices existed on the territory of present-day Romania since the 18th century and provided postal communications with foreign countries. Since 1867, some of them have been taken over by the Hungarian Post Office. During the First World War, in the zone of Austrian occupation of Romania, Austro-Hungarian field mail stamps and special issues of field mail stamps overprinted with a new denomination in Romanian currency were used: "bani" - bani and lei - lei. For the occupied regions of Romania, the Austro-Hungarian post office printed two issues - November 1, 1917 and March 1, 1918. In 1918, another issue was printed, which never entered circulation. A total of 34 postage stamps were issued. Bulgarian post Postage stamp of the Bulgarian occupation administration of Dobruja, 1917 (Mi #3) See also: Postal history and stamps of Bulgaria § Post offices in Romania In March 1917,[19] the Bulgarian post office issued a series of four stamps of Bulgaria with blue and red typographic overprints for the Dobruja region of Romania occupied by Bulgarian troops - bolg. “Goodbye to Romenia. 1916-17" ("Post in Romania. 1916-17"). The stamps were in circulation until December 31, 1918. Greek Post Postage stamp of the German military administration in Romania (1917) In the period from 1857 to 1869, Greek post offices functioned in the cities of Galati (1860-1869), Braila (1857-1866) and Bucharest (1857-1866). Correspondence was canceled with numbered postmarks numbered 100 (Galatsi), 101 (Brăila) and 102 (Bucharest) and round calendar stamps[5][20]. german post Stamp of the 9th Army (1918) In 1916-1918, German post offices operated in the territories of Romania occupied by Germany. In 1917, German stamps were overprinted with the abbreviation German. "M. V.i. R." (short for "Gebiet der Militär-Verwaltung in Rumänien" - "Military Directorate in Romania"). In 1918 they were replaced by new ones overprinted with "Rumänien" ("Romania"). The denomination on both issues is given in Romanian currency. Romanian military tax and surcharge stamps were issued with the same overprints. In March 1918, in the zone of occupation of the 9th German army, located in Eastern Wallachia (Focsany, Galati, Buzau), stamps with the overprint "Gültig / 9 Armee" ("Really. 9th Army") were in circulation on postage stamps Germany. In total, four postage stamps of this type were issued. Postage stamps have a Bucharest postmark as the letters were sent through the Bucharest Central Office. Russian post During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829, Russian troops occupied Wallachia and Moldavia, where at that time they organized post offices in the largest cities. After the conclusion of the Peace of Adrianople in September 1829, General P. D. Kiselyov organized the post office using existing post offices. From 1829 to 1856 Moldova was autonomous, under the protectorate of Russia. Private mail Postage stamp of the local post office in Bistre, 1906 Postage stamps of Romania, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the private post in Bistra, 2007 (Sc #4975-4976) At the beginning of the 20th century, several hotels located in the resort areas of the Carpathians organized their own mail delivery to the nearest post office. Special stamps were issued for payment. Such a post existed, for example, in Bistra (the city of Sebes; 1906-1914), Magura (1903-1911), etc. The local post office in Bistra was established in 1906 by Josef Hintz. Two stamps were issued in denominations of 2 and 6 hellers with the image of a spruce and the inscription "S. R. V. / SECTION-MÜHLBACH / Bistra-Post", where "SRV" is the abbreviation of "Siebenbürgiescher Karpatenverein" ("Transylvanian Carpathian Club"), and "Mühlbach" ("Mühlbach") is the German name of the Romanian city of Sebes. In 1914, the post office ceased operations. In 2007, the Romanian Post dedicated a series of two stamps to the local post in Bistre. Stamps Religion Romania Ruminia Stamps Post Coat of arms România Coat of arms România Stamp Anthem: Legislature    Federal Assembly • Upper house Federation Council • Lower house Formation • Society    Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture    Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal [hide] v t e Russian souvenirs, arts and crafts Matryoshka Samovar Handicrafts    Gorodets painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma Russian lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora miniature Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting Ushanka Balalaika Tableware    Table-glass Podstakannik Russian porcelain Dulyovo porcelain Samovar Clothing    Afghanka Budenovka Cherkeska French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap Sarafan Spetsodezhda Telnyashka Ushanka Valenki Musical instruments    Balalaika Garmon Bayan Russian guitar Musical spoons Treshchotka Toys    Bird of Happiness Cheburashka Filimonovo toy Dymkovo toys Kargopol toys Matryoshka doll Petrushka Other    Izba Fabergé egg Shashka Tula pryanik [hide] v t e Russia Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics    Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais    Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts    Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities    Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast    Jewish Autonomous okrugs    Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central    Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern    Western Caucasus Northwestern    Curonian Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern    Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian    Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga    Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian    Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders    Pre-1168 1168–1917 1922–1991 1991–present RSFSR leaders General secretaries Soviet premiers (1st deputies) Soviet heads of state (and their spouses) Prime ministers (1st deputies) Foreign ministers Prosecutors general Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints (1, 2) Alexander Nevsky, the Name of Russia Military figures and explorers    Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts Scientists, engineers and inventors    Aerospace engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists Mathematicians Naval engineers Physicians and psychologists Physicists Weaponry makers Artists and writers    Architects Ballet dancers Composers Opera singers Novelists Philosophers Playwrights Poets Sportspeople    Chess players [hide] Gnome-globe.svg Geographic locale [hide] v t e Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states    Albania Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria Dependencies Denmark    Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom    Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland    Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway    Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom    Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links. [hide] v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cyprus Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India British Indian Ocean Territory Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Asia (orthographic projection).svg [hide] v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  Germany  Latvia  Lithuania  Poland  Russia  Sweden [hide] v t e Black Sea Countries bordering the Black Sea     Bulgaria  Georgia  Romania  Russia  Turkey  Ukraine Cities    Batumi Burgas Constanța Giresun Hopa Istanbul Kerch Mangalia Năvodari Novorossiysk Odessa Ordu Poti Rize Samsun Sevastopol Sochi Sukhumi1 Trabzon Varna Yalta Zonguldak 1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. [hide] International organizations [hide] v t e Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Nations     Australia  Brunei  Canada  Chile  China  Hong Kong¹  Indonesia  Japan  South Korea  Malaysia  Mexico  New Zealand  Papua New Guinea  Peru  Philippines  Russia  Singapore  Chinese Taipei²  Thailand  United States  Vietnam Summits    1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other    APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese Taipei" [hide] v t e BRICS Membership    Brazil Brazil Russia Russia India India China China South Africa South Africa Summits    Yekaterinburg 2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014 Ufa 2015 Goa 2016 Xiamen 2017 Johannesburg 2018 Brazil 2019 Bilateral relations    Brazil–China Brazil–India Brazil–Russia Brazil–South Africa China–India China–Russia China–South Africa India–Russia India–South Africa Russia–South Africa Leaders     Temer  Putin  Modi  Xi  Ramaphosa Related    New Development Bank BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement BRICS Leaders BRICS Cable BRICS Universities League BRICS U-17 Football Cup    2016 Goa [hide] v t e Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia Eurasian Economic Union Union State Membership    Members    Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Associate members    Turkmenistan Ukraine Former members    Georgia (1993–2009) History    Russian Empire Soviet Union Dissolution of the Soviet Union Union of Sovereign States Belavezha Accords (Near abroad) Alma-Ata Protocol CIS flag Sports    Unified Team at the Olympics Unified Team at the Paralympics CIS national bandy team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS national rugby team CIS Cup (football) Military    Collective Security Treaty Organization Collective Rapid Reaction Force Joint CIS Air Defense System Economics    Economic Court CISFTA Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Patent Convention Eurasian Patent Organization EU Technical Aid Organization    Interstate Aviation Committee Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Category Category [hide] v t e Council of Europe Institutions    Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full members. Members    Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia1 Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers    Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members    Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 1 Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. [hide] v t e East Asia Summit (EAS) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth  Australia  Brunei  Cambodia  China  India  Indonesia  Japan  Laos  Malaysia  Myanmar  New Zealand  Philippines  Russia  Singapore  South Korea  Thailand  United States  Vietnam [hide] v t e Eurasian Economic Union Member states    Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union Observer members    Moldova Prospective members    Mongolia Syria Tajikistan [hide] v t e Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members     Canada  France  Germany  Italy  Japan  Russia  United Kingdom  United States Representative     European Union G8+5     Brazil  China  India  Mexico  South Africa See also    Group of Six Group of Seven G7+1 [hide] v t e G20 major economies Argentina Argentina Australia Australia Brazil Brazil Canada Canada China China European Union European Union France France Germany Germany India India Indonesia Indonesia Italy Italy Japan Japan Mexico Mexico Russia Russia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Africa South Korea Republic of Korea Turkey Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States [hide] v t e Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)         Albania  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bulgaria  Georgia  Greece  Moldova  Romania  Russia  Serbia  Turkey  Ukraine [hide] v t e Quartet on the Middle East Negotiating parties    Israel Israel Palestinian National Authority Palestinian Authority Diplomatic quartet    European Union European Union (Mogherini) Russia Russia (Lavrov) United Nations United Nations (Guterres) United States United States (Sullivan) Special Envoy    Netherlands Kito de Boer Associated organizations    Elections Reform Support Group [hide] v t e Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summits    Beijing 2012 Dushanbe 2014 Astana 2017 Member states    China India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Observer states    Afghanistan Belarus Iran Mongolia Dialogue partners    Armenia Azerbaijan Cambodia Nepal Sri Lanka Turkey Guests    ASEAN CIS Turkmenistan See also    Eurasian Land Bridge Three Evils Working languages Chinese Russian [hide] v t e Security Council of the United Nations Power    Chapter V Chapter VII Veto Resolution Organization    Military Observer Peacebuilding Commission Counter-Terrorism Committee Peacekeeping Missions    United Nations Command Unified Task Force Members    Permanent     China  France  Russia  United Kingdom  United States 2016–2017     Egypt  Japan  Senegal  Ukraine  Uruguay 2017     Italy 2017–2018     Bolivia  Ethiopia  Kazakhstan  Sweden Category Category [hide] v t e World Trade Organization System    Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues    Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences    1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) 10th (2015) People    Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members    Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong1 Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau1 Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan2 Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union    Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History    Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography    Subdivisions    Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions    Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics    General    Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies    Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices    Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services    Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression    Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression    Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy    Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science    Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society    Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture    Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition    Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates    Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal    Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived    Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics    SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name    Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established           1918–1924  Turkestan 1918–1941  Volga German 1919–1990  Bashkir 1920–1925  Kirghiz2 1920–1990  Tatar 1921–1990  Adjar 1921–1945  Crimean 1921–1991  Dagestan 1921–1924  Mountain 1921–1990  Nakhchivan 1922–1991  Yakut 1923–1990  Buryat1 1923–1940  Karelian 1924–1940  Moldavian 1924–1929  Tajik 1925–1992  Chuvash 1925–1936  Kazak2 1926–1936  Kirghiz 1931–1991  Abkhaz 1932–1992  Karakalpak 1934–1990  Mordovian 1934–1990  Udmurt 1935–1943  Kalmyk 1936–1944  Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944  Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990  Komi 1936–1990  Mari 1936–1990  North Ossetian 1944–1957  Kabardin 1956–1991  Karelian 1957–1990  Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991  Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990  Kalmyk 1961–1992  Tuva 1990–1991  Gorno-Altai 1991–1992  Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country    American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History    Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants    African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states    Africa    Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas    Cuba Grenada Asia    Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived    Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe    Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived    Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation    Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states    Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs    Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations    Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events    Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions    Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline    Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics    Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types    Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism Books    Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations    1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation    Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda. Vintage stamps and rare coins sale online! Продажа старинных марок и редких монет онлайн - stamplake.com STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER

    Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure.

    However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. 

    A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money.

    You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market.

    If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection.

    Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.

    Features and further details

    Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.

    Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in.

    Contact us

    We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase.

    Payment

    PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS

    Shipping WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT
    Disclaimer

    14 days returns accepted, buyer pays return shipping cost

    Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM

    • Condition: Items are on picture! 100% ORIGINAL. Prime Express shipping Worldwide!
    • Type: Full Sheet
    • Year of Issue: 2001-2010
    • Place of Origin: Romania
    • Country/Region of Origin: Romania
    • Quality: Mint Never Hinged/MNH
    • Currency: Pre-Decimal
    • Grade: Ungraded
    • Topic: Politicians
    • Certification: Uncertified
    • Colour: Multi-Color

  • PicClick Insights - Romania 2000's - MNH - Full 9 Sheets - NATO - Mi €50.00+ PicClick Exclusive

    •  Popularity - 1 watcher, 0.0 new watchers per day, 518 days for sale on eBay. Normal amount watching. 1 sold, 1 available.
    •  Best Price -
    •  Seller - 503+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

    People Also Loved PicClick Exclusive