The Natural History Of Animals (Hardcover 1903) J.R. Ainsworth Davis Half Vol 4

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The Natural History Of Animals (Hardcover 1903) J.R. Ainsworth Davis Half Vol IV. Binding and spine show signs of wear (see images); overall book holds together without major issues (no loose pages). Amazing black & white + colored plates.

CONTENTS

HALF-VOL. IV

THE FOOD OF ANIMALS (Continued)

CHAPTER XXIII. THE FOOD OF ANIMALS-OMNIVOROUS ANNELIDS, SIPHON WORMS, LAMP-SHELLS, MOSS-PO LYPES, AND WHEEL-ANIMALCULES

BRISTLE-WORMS (Chartopoda)-Lob-Worm, Tube Worms (Serpula, Pomatoceros, Spirorbis), Earth-Worms -

SIPHON-WORMS (Gephyrea)-Common Siphon-Worm -

LAMP-SHELLS (Brachiopoda) -

Moss-POLYPES (Polyzoa)

WHEEL ANIMALCULES (Rotifera-Rose-coloured Rotifer, Crown Rotifer, Flower Rotifer

CHAPTER XXIV THE FOOD OF ANIMALS-OMNIVOROUS ECHINODERMS, SPONGES, AND ANIMALCULES-ANIMALS WHICH FEED LIKE GREEN PLANTS

HEDGEHOG-SKINNED ANIMALS OR ECHINODERMS (Echinodermata): Sea Urchins (Echinoidea); Sea Cucumbers or Holothurians (Holothuroidea); Crinoids (Crinoidea)-Feather Stars and Sea-Lilies

SPONGES (Porifera)

ANIMALCULES (Protozoa): Infusaria-Ciliata (Slipper Animalcule, Bell Animalcule); Flagellata (Euglena, Collar Animalcules, Manads); Rhiropoda-Proteus Ani malcule or Amoeba, Foraminifera, Fungus-Animals (Mycetoroa)

ANIMALS WHICH FEED LIKE GREEN PLANTS-Animals, Green Plants, and Colourless Plants (Fungi, &c.) compared as regards Food and Feeding: Leaf Green or Chlorophyll-Animals which contain Chlorophyll-Green Planarian Worm (Convoluta); Green Freshwater Polype, Coral-Polypes; Freshwater Sponge; Green Animalcules (Berry Animalcule, Volvox)

ANIMAL DEFENCES

CHAPTER XXV.- ANIMAL DEFENCES INTRODUCTORY - BODILY CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCING INCONSPICU. OUSNESS

INTRODUCTORY-Different Kinds of Defence against Predaceous Forms 1. PRE CAUTIONARY MEASURES (1) BODILY CHARACTERISTICS resulting in () Inconspicuoustiess, () Conspicuousness: (2) MODE OF LIFE-(a) Feeding at Favourable Times, and (6) Feeding in Favourable Places-II. RESISTANCE: (d) PASSIVE DEFENCE by:-(1) BODILY CHARACTERISTICS such as (a) Un palatableness and Indigestibility, () Armour: (a) SPECIAL HABITS, eg. Death. feigning (3) FECUNDITY:-(8) ACTIVE DEFENCE by means of (1) Ordinary AGGRESSIVE WEAPONS, (2) Actively DEFENSIVE WEAPONS, (3) CO-OPERA TION III. RETREAT

INCONSPICUOUSNESS:-General Protective Resemblance; Transparency: Marine Surface Animals; Snow Animals-Snowy Owl: Desert Animals-Camels, Antelopes, Desert Foxes, Jerboas, Desert Larks, Desert Finches, Sand-Grouse, Sand-Lizard, Thorn-tailed Lizards, Desert Monitor, Common Skink, Adder, Horned Viper, Desert Insects; Reversed Shading; Flat Fishes

Specialized General Resemblance-Corals and Sea-Snails, Corals and Brittle-Stars, Sponges and Sea-Slugs 285

Protective General Resemblance in Eggs and Young-Plovers, Moths, Beetles

Masking-Land-Snails, Sea-Snails, Crabs, Sea-Urchins, Sea-Anemones

Variable General Resemblance: Colour-Change in Snow-Animals-Variable Hare, American Hare, Stoat, Weasel, Ptarmigan; Colour Change in Chameleons; Colour-Change in Amphibians-Common Frog; Colour Change in Fishes Plaice, Trout, Lumpsucker; Colour-change in Molluscs-Sea-Slugs; Colour Change in Crustaceans Esop Prawn: Colour-Change in Insects-Peppered Moth, Small Tortoise-shell Butterfly

Constant Special Protective Resemblance Sloths, Pangolins; Coot, Moorhen, Grebes, Young Plovers: Australian Sea Horses; Sea-Slugs; Stick-Caterpillars, Leaf-Butterflies, Buff-tip Moth, Stick- and Leaf-Insects; Spiders

Variable Special Protective Resemblance-Leaf Butterflies, Caterpillars of Early Thorn Moth

CHAPTER XXVI-ANIMAL DEFENCES-BODILY CHARAC TERISTICS PRODUCING CONSPICUOUSNESS

CONSPICUOUSNESS-Genuine Warning and Spurious Warning (Mimicry)

Genuine Warning-Skunk; Coral Snakes, Cobras, Puff-Adders, Rattlesnakes; Spotted Salamander, Nicaraguan Frog, Siamese Toad, Horned Toad; Weever Fish, Globe-Fishes; Ascidians, Acorn-headed Worms; Sea-Slugs; Wasps, Hornets, Bees, Black-veined Brown, Magpie Moth, Conspicuous Caterpillars, Lady-bird: Spiders; Bristle-Worms; Planarian Worms; Sea-Anemones, Corals, Jelly-Fishes

Spurious Warning (Mimicry)-Cuckoos, Orioles; American Snakes; Mimicking Butterflies, White Ermine Moth, Clear-wing Moths, Caterpillars of Lobster Moth, Puss-Moth, and Hawk-Moths, Drone-Fly, Mimicking Beetles, Mimicking Grasshoppers and Crickets, Praying Mantis, Mimicking Plant-Bugs; Mimick ing Spiders.

CHAPTER XXVII-ANIMAL DEFENCES-SPECIAL PRECAUTIONARY HABITS

FEEDING AT FAVOURABLE TIMES: Nocturnal Animals-Night-Monkeys, Lemurs, Bats, Elephant, Hoofed Mammals, Gnawing Mammals, Edentates, Marsupials, Monotremes: Owl-Parrot, Kiwi; Geckos; Amphibians; Fishes: Cockroaches, Crickets, Moths, Fire-Flies; Marine Invertebrates

Diurnal Animals-Herbivorous Mammals, Species exhibiting Warning Colours and Protective Resemblance -

FEEDING IN SUITABLE PLACES: Species exhibiting Protective Resemblance, Wide Outlook, Proximity to Retreats

Arboreal Animals-Evolution of Climbing Forms

Parachute Animals and Flying Animals-Their Evolution

CHAPTER XXVIIL-ANIMAL DEFENCES-PASSIVE DEFENCE

UNPALATABLENESS AND INDIGESTIBILITY-Associated with Warning Coloration

ARMOURED ANIMALS-Armadilloes, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs, Spiny Ant-Eaters; Feathers and Leg-Scales of Birds: Armoured Reptiles; Extinct Armoured Amphibians, Ribs of Spanish Newt: Armoured Fishes; Shells of Mollases; Beetles, Weevils, Caddis-Worms; Crabs, Rock-Lobster; Sea-Mouse, Porcupine Worm, Tube-dwelling Annelids; Skeletons of Moss-Polypes and Lamp-Shells Plates and Spines of Sea-Urchins, Star-Fishes, &c.; Armoured Zoophytes-Hydroids, Organ-Pipe Coral, Sea-Anemones: Sponge Spicules; Armoured Animalcules-Foraminifera, Radiolaria, &c.

ROLLING-UP HABIT-Armadillocs, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs: Mail-Shells; Trilobites, Wood-Lice

DEATH-PRIGNING HABIT-Dingo, Opossums, South American Fox; Tinamous, Rails; Lizards and Amphibians: Spiders; Beetles

FECUNDITY OF ILL-DEFENDED ANIMALS-Rabbit, Flesh-Fly; Bats as Check to increase of Oak Procession-Moth

CHAPTER XXIX-ANIMAL DEFENCES-ACTIVE DEFENCE

AGGRESSIVE WEAPONS IN DEFENCE.

ACTIVELY DEFENSIVE WEAPONS: Mammals-Teeth of Apes and Monkeys, Use of Missiles by Baboons, Tusks of Walrus, Elephants, Rhinoceros, Wild Horses, Teeth of Hippopotamus and Swine, Antlers and Horns of Ruminants, Claws of Kangaroo, Stink-Glands of Skunk; Birds and Reptiles-Legs of Ostrich and Emeu, Rooks, Poisonous Lizards; Poison-Spines of Fishes: Poisoned Bite of Cone-Shells, Stinging-Organs of Sea-Slugs, Shells of Tridacna; Stings and Defensive Glands of Insects: Stink-Glands of Millipedes; Slime-Glands of Peripatus; Bristles of Bristle-Worms; Skin-Defences of Planarian Worms; Poison-Spines of Sea-Urchins; Stinging Organs of Zoophytes; Irritant Rodlets of Higher Animalcules

CO-OPERATION AMONG SOCIAL ANIMALS-Wild Horses, &c.

CHAPTER XXX-ANIMAL DEFENCES-RETREAT

MAMSIAIS (Mammalia)-Monkeys and Baboons, Chamois, Antelopes, Rumination as facilitating Retreat, Importance of Dwellings and Refuges with reference to Retreat, Signalling Coloration

BIRDs (Aves)-African Ostrich, Rails, Extinction of Dodo, Flight as a means of Retreat, Woodpeckers, Diving Birds REPTILES (Reptilia-Brittle Tails of Lizards, Importance of Cylindrical Shape in Snakes, &c.

AMPHIBIANS (Amphibia)-Wrestler Frog

INVERTEBRATES-Ink of Cuttle-Fishes, Detachable Foot-Region of some Land. Snails, Springing Molluscs, Ants and Bombardier Beetles, Use of Suspensory Threads (Spiders, Caterpillars, Slogs), Crustaceans, Sacrifice of Part of Body in Annelids, Possible Origin of Segmentation

ANIMAL RESPIRATION THE BREATH OF LIFE

CHAPTER XXXL-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-GENERAL PRINCIPLES BREATHERS IN WATER AND BREATHERS IN AIR

GENERAL PRINCIPLES-Nature of and Necessity for Breathing or Respiration, Breathing by General Surface, Special Breathing Organs

BREATHERS IN WATER AND BREATHERS IN AIR-Process essentially the same in all cases, Relation between Plants and Animals as regards Breathing -

CHAPTER XXXIL-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-VERTEBRATES

THAT BREATHE IN WATER

Nature and Development of Gill-Clefts, Their possible origin in remote ancestral forms

FISHES (Pisces) AS BREATHERS IN WATER-Nature of Gills, Lampreys and Hags (Cyclostomata), Sharks and Rays (Elasmobranchii), Sea-Cats (Holocephali), Ordinary Bony Fishes (Teleostei)

PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES (Protochordata)- Lancelet, Ascidians or Tunicates, Acorn-headed Worms

CHAPTER XXXIL-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-NEMERTINES MOLLUSCS WHICH BREATHE IN WATER

NEMERTINE WORMS (NEMERTEA)-Some resemblance to Vertebrates -

MOLLUSCS (Mollusca)-Mail-Shells, &c. (Protomollusca); Head-Footed Molluses (Cephalopoda)-Cuttle-Fish, Pearly Nautilus; Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda) Ormer, Keyhole Limpet, Whelk and Purple Shell, Common Limpet, John Knox's Limpet, Sea-Hare, Sea-Lemon, &c.; Bivalve Molluscs (Lamellibranchia) Mussels, Cockles, Oysters, &c.

CHAPTER XXXIV.-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-JOINTED-LIMBED ANIMALS WHICH BREATHE IN WATER

CRUSTACEANS (Crustacea)-Common Lobster, Freshwater Crayfish, Common Prawn, Hermit-Crabs, Crabs, Mantis-Shrimps, Sand-Hoppers, Skeleton

Shrimps, Sea-Slaters, Water Wood-Louse, Mud-Shrimps, Apus, Water Fleas, Mussel-Shrimps, Barnacles

KING-CRABS (Xiphosura).

CHAPTER XXXV-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-LOWER INVERTEBRATES WHICH BREATHE IN WATER

SEGMENTED WORMIS (Annelida)-Bristle-Worms (Chaetopoda)-Scale-Worms, Lugworm, Head-Gills of Tube-Dwellers; Leeches (Discophora)

SIPHON-WORMS (Gephyrca) AND WHEEL ANIMALCULES (Rotifera),

Moss-POLYPES (Polyzoa) AND LAMP SHELLS (Brachiopoda) -

HEDGEHOG-SKINNED ANIMALS OR ECHINODERMS (Echinodermata)-Influence of the Skeleton on the Development of Breathing Organs, The Relation of the Water-vascular System to Breathing

ZOOPHYTES (Calenterata) Breathing by External and Internal Surfaces, Special Arrangement in some Sea-Anemones 416

SPONGES (Porifera) AND ANIMALCULES (Protozoa)

CHAPTER XXXVI-ANIMAL RESPIRATION BACKBONED

ANIMALS WHICH BREATHE IN AIR

THE ORIGIN OF LUNGS-Swim-Bladder of Fishes-Bichir, Lung-Fishes - 421

AMPHIBIANS (Amphibia)-Common Frog, Cæcilians, Lungless Amphibians -

REPTILES (Reptilia)-Increase in Complexity, Mechanism of Breathing, Crocodiles, Nature and Development of Lungs, Aquatic Ancestry of Land Vertebrates Snakes, Snake-like Lizards, Chameleons -

BIRDS (Aves) Structure of Lungs, Air-Sacs, Mechanism of Breathing.

CHAPTER XXXVII-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-BACKBONELESS ANIMALS WHICH BREATHE IN AIR

MAMMALS (Mammalia)-Structure of Lungs, Mechanism of Breathing, Cetaceans,

MOLLUSCS (Mollusca)-Lung-Snails and other Gastropods which breathe in air, Garden Snail, Black Slug, Pond-Snail, Trumpet-Snail

ARTHROPODS (Arthropoda)-Peripatus, Origin of Air-tubes

CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES (Myriapoda)-Shield-bearing Centipede, Imperfect Development of Blood-System

INSECTS (Insecta)-Cockroach, Bees and Locusts; Aquatic Air-breathing Insects -Great Water-Beetle, Whirligig Beetles, Great Black Water-Beetle, Pond Skaters, Water-Boatmen, Water-Scorpions, Rat-tailed Maggot, Common Gnat

ARACHNIDS (Arachnida)-Scorpions, Whip-Scorpions, Spiders, Mites -

CRUSTACEANS (Crustacea)-Land-Crabs, Wood-Lice

LAND NEMERTINES (Nemertea), EARTH-WORMS AND LAND-LEECHES (Annelida), AND LAND PLANARIANS (Turbellaria)

CHAPTER XXXVIII-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-AMPHIBIOUS VERTEBRATES

FISHES (Pisces)-Eel, Carp, Tench, Mud-Skippers, Bleak, Roach, Loach, Snake headed Fishes, Climbing Perch; Evolution of the Lungs of Backboned Animals, Lung-Fishes

AMPHIBIANS (Amphibia)-Hell-Bender, Giant Salamander, Olm, Siren Salamander; Common Frog

CHAPTER XXXIX.-ANIMAL RESPIRATION-AMPHIBIOUS invertebrates

MOLLUSCS (Mollusca)-Origin of Land-Snails and Slugs-Periwinkles, Apple Snails, &c.

INSECTS (Insecta)-Net-Winged Insects (Neuroptera)-Stone-Flies, Dragon-Flies, May-flies, Alder-Flies, Caddis-Flies; Two-Winged Insects (Diptera)-Midges, Sand-Midges

CRUSTACEANS (Crustacca)-Shore-Crabs, Robber-Crab

  • Binding: Hardcover
  • Place of Publication: London
  • Publisher: The Gresham Publishing Company
  • Subject: History
  • Modified Item: No
  • Original/Facsimile: Original
  • Year Printed: 1903
  • Language: English
  • Illustrator: Fairfox Muckley
  • Special Attributes: Volume 4, Half-Vol IV, Illustrated, Colored Plates, Black & White Plate
  • Author: J.R. Ainsworth Davis
  • Region: Europe
  • Topic: Animals
  • Character Family: Natural History of Animals

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