Michael Schumacher Gold Coin German Motor Sport Ferrari World Champion Car Fast

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33,557) 99.8%, Location: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 364809612144 Michael Schumacher Gold Coin German Motor Sport Ferrari World Champion Car Fast.

Michael Schumacher  Gold Coin This is a Gold Plated Michael Schumacher Coin One side of the coin has an image of the Great Man spraying Champagne after a F1 Race Win At the top of the coin their are two Chequered Flags and the words "Formula One Grand Prix Championship" "Michael Schumacher" "Winner" The back has an image of his Formula One Ferrari Car It has a Chequered Flag Behind the car the F1 Logo and his name "Michael Schumacher" and the words "F1 World Championship Winner" The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about 1 oz and come in airtight plastic case in Excellent Condition

Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the coin  justice which looks a lot better in real life Like all my Auctions Bidding starts a a penny with no reserve... if your the only bidder you win it for 1p...Grab a Bargain!
It weighs about an ounce the diameter is 40 mm and it is 3 mm thick Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder In Excellent Condition
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Michael Schumacher Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools This is a good article. Click here for more information. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the retired German racing driver. For his son who is also a racing driver, see Mick Schumacher. For the Luxembourgian athlete, see Mike Schumacher. Michael Schumacher Schumacher in 2005 Born 3 January 1969 (age 54) Hürth, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany Spouse Corinna Betsch ​(m. 1995)​ Children Gina-Maria Schumacher Mick Schumacher Relatives Ralf Schumacher (brother) David Schumacher (nephew) Sebastian Stahl (step-brother) Formula One World Championship career Active years 1991–2006, 2010–2012 Teams Jordan, Benetton, Ferrari, Mercedes Engines Ford, Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes Entries 308 (306 starts) Championships 7 (1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004) Wins 91 Podiums 155 Career points 1566 Pole positions 68 Fastest laps 77 First entry 1991 Belgian Grand Prix First win 1992 Belgian Grand Prix Last win 2006 Chinese Grand Prix Last entry 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix 24 Hours of Le Mans career Years 1991 Teams Team Sauber Mercedes Best finish 5th in C2 (1991) Class wins 0 Signature Michael Schumacher signature This article is part of a series about Michael Schumacher German racing driver Grand Prix winsCareer achievements Family Corinna (wife)Mick (son)Ralf (brother)David (nephew) Rivalries Damon HillMika Häkkinen Eponym 15761 Schumi Media Schumacher (film)Michael Schumacher Racing World Kart 2002 vte Michael Schumacher (German: [ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ] ⓘ; born 3 January 1969) is a German former racing driver who competed in Formula One for Jordan, Benetton, Ferrari, and Mercedes. Schumacher has a joint-record seven World Drivers' Championship titles (tied with Lewis Hamilton) and, at the time of his retirement from the sport in 2012, he held the records for the most wins (91), pole positions (68), and podium finishes (155)—which have since been broken by Hamilton—while he maintains the record for the number of total fastest laps (77), among others. Born to working-class parents, Schumacher started his racing career in karting. He won his first karting championship aged six in a kart built from discarded parts. After having enjoyed success in karting—such as winning the 1987 European karting championship—and in several single-seater series, Schumacher made a one-off Formula One appearance with Jordan at the 1991 Belgian Grand Prix. He was signed by Benetton for the rest of the 1991 season. He won his first and second drivers' titles consecutively in 1994 and 1995. Schumacher moved to the struggling Ferrari team in 1996. During his first years at the team, Schumacher lost out on the title in the final race of the season in 1997 and 1998 and suffered a broken leg from a brake failure in 1999. He and Ferrari won five consecutive titles from 2000 to 2004, including unprecedented sixth and seventh titles, breaking several records. After finishing third in 2005 and second in 2006, Schumacher retired from the sport, although he later made a brief return with Mercedes from 2010 to 2012. Schumacher was noted for pushing his car to the very limit for sustained periods during races, a pioneering fitness regimen and ability to galvanise teams around him. He and his younger brother Ralf are the only siblings to win races in Formula One and the first siblings to finish first and second in the same race, a feat they repeated in four subsequent races. Schumacher was twice involved in collisions in the final race of a season that decided the title: first with Damon Hill at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix, and later with Jacques Villeneuve at the 1997 European Grand Prix. An ambassador for UNESCO, Schumacher has been involved in humanitarian projects and has donated tens of millions of dollars to charity. In December 2013, Schumacher suffered a severe brain injury in a skiing accident. He was placed in a medically induced coma until June 2014. He left the hospital in Grenoble for further rehabilitation at the Lausanne University Hospital, before being relocated to his home to receive medical treatment and rehabilitation privately in September 2014. Early years Schumacher's title-winning German Formula Three car from 1990 Michael Schumacher was born in the West German town of Hürth, North Rhine-Westphalia, on 3 January 1969, to working-class parents Rolf—a bricklayer who later ran the local kart track—and Elisabeth Schumacher (1948–2003), who operated the track's canteen.[1] When Schumacher was four, his father modified his pedal kart by adding a small motorcycle engine. After Michael crashed it into a lamp post in Kerpen, his parents took him to the karting track at Kerpen-Horrem, where he became the youngest member of the karting club. His father built him a kart from discarded parts and, at the age of six, Schumacher won his first club championship. To support his son's racing, Rolf took on a second job renting and repairing karts, while his wife worked at the track's canteen. Nevertheless, when Michael needed a new engine costing 800 DM, his parents were unable to afford it; he was able to continue racing with support from local businessmen.[2] Regulations in Germany require a driver to be at least 14 years old to obtain a kart license. To get around this, Schumacher obtained a license in Luxembourg at the age of 12.[3] In 1983, he obtained his German license, a year after he won the German Junior Kart Championship. Schumacher joined Eurokart dealer Adolf Neubert in 1985 and by 1987, he was the German and European kart champion, then he quit school and began working as a mechanic. In 1988, he made his first step into single-seat car racing by participating in the German Formula Ford and Formula König series, winning the latter.[4] In 1989, Schumacher signed with Willi Weber's WTS Formula Three team. Funded by Weber, he competed in the German Formula Three series, winning the title in 1990.[3] He also won the 1990 Macau Grand Prix under controversial circumstances. He placed second behind Mika Häkkinen in the first heat, three seconds behind. At the start of the second heat, he overtook Häkkinen, who only had to finish within three seconds of Schumacher to clinch the overall win. In the closing laps, Schumacher made a mistake, allowing Häkkinen to attempt to overtake. Michael changed his line immediately before Häkkinen did the same as the latter moved to overtake, and Häkkinen crashed into the back of Schumacher's car.[5] While Häkkinen's race was ended, Schumacher drove to victory without a rear wing.[6] Schumacher gave the prize money from winning the race to his family as they had debts.[7] During 1990, along with his Formula Three rivals Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Karl Wendlinger, he joined the Mercedes junior racing programme in the World Sportscar Championship. This was unusual for a young driver: most of Schumacher's contemporaries competed in Formula 3000 on the way to Formula One. However, Weber advised Schumacher that being exposed to professional press conferences and driving powerful cars in long-distance races would help his career.[3] In the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, Schumacher won the season finale at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in a Sauber–Mercedes C11, and finished fifth in the Drivers' Championship despite only driving in three of the nine races. He continued with the team in the 1991 World Sportscar Championship season, winning again at the final race of the season at Autopolis in Japan with a Sauber–Mercedes-Benz C291, leading to a ninth-place finish in the Drivers' Championship. He also competed at Le Mans during that season, finishing fifth in a car shared with Wendlinger and Fritz Kreutzpointner. In 1991, he competed in one race in the Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, finishing second.[4] During the 1991 430 km of Nürburgring, Schumacher was involved in an incident with Derek Warwick. While trying to set his flying lap in qualifying, Schumacher encountered Warwick's Jaguar on a slow lap resulting in lost time for Schumacher. As retaliation for being in his way, Schumacher swerved his Sauber into Warwick's car, hitting the Jaguar's nose and front wheel. Enraged by Schumacher's attitude, Warwick drove to the pits and chased Schumacher on foot. He eventually caught up with Schumacher, and it took intervention from several mechanics and Schumacher's teammate Jochen Mass to prevent Warwick physically assaulting Schumacher.[8] Formula One career Profile "No one will ever be greater than Schumi. Michael has shaped a generation like no other, he is iconic." Toto Wolff about Schumacher[9] Schumacher (left) in 1991 Schumacher was noted throughout his career for his ability to produce fast laps at crucial moments in a race and to push his car to the very limit for sustained periods.[10] He was also noted for his pioneering fitness regimen and ability to galvanise teams around him.[11][12] In 2004, Slate magazine described Schumacher as "the ultimate driving machine" and "the most dominant athlete in the world" due to him having become "quicker, stronger, and fitter than the competition by outworking them in the weight room".[13] The magazine also stated that Schumacher changed the sport as he set a new benchmark for other drivers and built the team and technologies around him.[13] Schumacher exercised four hours a day, mostly to strengthen his neck muscles to better withstand G-forces during races.[14] After his gym session, he would often head to the race track for testing.[14] In 2003, Deutsche Welle highlighted Schumacher's "natural talent" for racing and his "discipline and leadership".[14] In 2023, former Formula One rival Giancarlo Fisichella noted that Schumacher "did not even seem to have sweated" during races, adding that Schumacher is the greatest Formula One driver of all time and "rewrote the history of Formula One".[15] In 2003, F1 Racing magazine analysed Schumacher's driving style using telemetry data.[16] It was noted that Schumacher was "very sensitively and flexibly" on the gas and brakes. Compared with his Ferrari teammate Rubens Barrichello, who often either braked or accelerated in a corner, Schumacher usually braked later into a corner and stabilised his car by accelerating slightly, often using both the brake and accelerator pedals at the same time. Exiting a corner, Schumacher accelerated considerably and balanced his car by braking lightly. With his driving style, Schumacher went 25 km/h faster through the hairpin corner of the Suzuka Circuit compared to Barrichello, who lost 0.3 seconds to Schumacher in this corner.[16] It was also noted that when needed, such as when the brakes started to overheat, Schumacher adapted his driving style to protect the brakes.[16] Motor Sport author Christopher Hilton observed in 2003 that a "measure of a driver's capabilities is his performance in wet races, because the most delicate car control and sensitivity are needed", and noted that like other great drivers, Schumacher's record in wet conditions shows very few mistakes: up to the end of 2003, Schumacher won 17 of the 30 races in wet conditions he contested.[17] Some of Schumacher's best performances occurred in such conditions, earning him the nicknames "Regenkönig" (rain king)[18] or "Regenmeister" (rain master),[10] even in the non-German-language media. He is also known as "the Red Baron", because of his red Ferrari and in reference to the German Manfred von Richthofen, the famous flying ace of the First World War. Schumacher's nicknames also include "Schumi",[19] "Schuey"[20] and "Schu".[21] Schumacher has often been credited with popularising Formula One worldwide, especially in Germany, where it was formerly considered a fringe sport.[7][22] In a 2006 FIA survey, he was voted the most popular driver of the season among Formula One fans.[23] Throughout his career, however, Schumacher was subject to anti-German prejudices, especially from the British media.[24] When Schumacher retired in 2006, three of the top ten drivers in that year's Drivers' standings were German, more than any other nationality. Younger German drivers, such as Sebastian Vettel, felt Schumacher was key in their becoming Formula One drivers.[25] In 2020, Vettel named Schumacher the greatest Formula One driver of all time.[26] During a large part of his Formula One career, Schumacher was the president of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association.[27] In 2006, Formula One rival David Coulthard hailed Schumacher as the greatest all-round racing driver in the history of the sport, while three-time World Champion Niki Lauda stated: "He is the greatest. Nobody will ever beat him, as long as we are alive".[28] In 2020, Schumacher was voted the most influential person in Formula One history.[29] Jordan (1991) Schumacher made his Formula One debut with the Irish Jordan-Ford team at the 1991 Belgian Grand Prix, driving car number 32 as a replacement for the imprisoned Bertrand Gachot. Schumacher, still a contracted Mercedes driver, was signed by Eddie Jordan after Mercedes paid Jordan $150,000 for his debut.[30] The week before the race, Schumacher impressed Jordan designer Gary Anderson and team manager Trevor Foster during a test drive at Silverstone. Schumacher's manager Weber assured Jordan that Schumacher knew the challenging Spa-Francorchamps circuit well, although in fact he had only seen it as a spectator. During the race weekend, teammate Andrea de Cesaris was meant to show Schumacher the circuit, but was held up with contract negotiations. Schumacher then learned the track on his own, by cycling around the track on a fold-up bike he brought with him.[31] He impressed the paddock by qualifying seventh. This matched the team's season-best grid position, and Schumacher out-qualified veteran de Cesaris. Motor Sport journalist Joe Saward reported that after qualifying "clumps of German journalists were talking about 'the best talent since Stefan Bellof'".[32] Schumacher retired on the first lap of the race with clutch problems.[33] Benetton (1991–1995) Schumacher driving for Benetton at the 1992 Monaco Grand Prix Following his Belgian Grand Prix debut, and despite an agreement in principle between Jordan and Schumacher's Mercedes management that would see the German race for the Irish team for the remainder of the season, Schumacher was engaged by Benetton-Ford for the next race. Jordan applied for an injunction in the British courts to prevent Schumacher driving for Benetton but lost the case as they had not yet signed a final contract.[34] 1991–1993 Schumacher finished the 1991 season with four points out of six races. His best finish was fifth in his second race, the Italian Grand Prix, in which he finished ahead of his teammate and three-time World Champion Nelson Piquet.[35] At the start of the 1992 season the Sauber team, planning their Formula One debut with Mercedes backing for the following year, invoked a clause in Schumacher's contract that stated that if Mercedes entered Formula One, Schumacher would drive for them. It was eventually agreed that Schumacher would stay with Benetton; Peter Sauber stated that "[Schumacher] didn't want to drive for us. Why would I have forced him?".[36] The year was dominated by the Williams cars of Nigel Mansell and Riccardo Patrese, featuring powerful Renault engines, semi-automatic gearboxes and active suspension to control the car's ride height.[37] In the "conventional" Benetton B192, Schumacher took his place on the podium for the first time, finishing third in the Mexican Grand Prix. He went on to take his first victory at the Belgian Grand Prix, in a wet race at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit, which by 2003 he would call "far and away my favourite track".[38] He finished third in the Drivers' Championship in 1992 with 53 points, three points behind runner-up Patrese and three in front of the Brazilian Ayrton Senna.[39] According to Jo Ramírez, a close friend of Senna, the Brazilian considered Schumacher "the next big threat, way ahead of all the other drivers around at the time".[24] The Williams of Damon Hill and Alain Prost also dominated the 1993 season. Benetton introduced their own active suspension and traction control early in the season, last of the frontrunning teams to do so.[40] Schumacher won one race, the Portuguese Grand Prix where he beat Prost, and had nine podium finishes, but retired in seven of the other 16 races.[41] He finished the season in fourth, with 52 points.[42] 1994–1995: World Championship years Schumacher drove the Benetton B194 to his first World Championship in 1994. Schumacher on the podium at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix Schumacher won his first Drivers' Championship in 1994. The season, however, was marred by the deaths of Senna—witnessed by Schumacher, who was directly behind Senna—and Roland Ratzenberger during the San Marino Grand Prix, and by allegations that several teams, but most particularly Schumacher's Benetton team, broke the sport's technical regulations.[43][44] Schumacher won six of the first seven races and was leading the Spanish Grand Prix, before a gearbox failure left him stuck in fifth gear for most of the race. Schumacher made two pitstops without stalling and finished the race in second place. Benetton boss Flavio Briatore stated that Schumacher's drive was one of the best he had ever seen.[45][46] Following the San Marino Grand Prix, the Benetton, Ferrari and McLaren teams were investigated on suspicion of breaking the FIA-imposed ban on electronic aids. Benetton and McLaren initially refused to hand over their source code for investigation. When they did so, the FIA discovered hidden functionality in both teams' software, but no evidence that it had been used in a race. Both teams were fined $100,000 for their initial refusal to cooperate. However, the McLaren software, which was a gearbox program that allowed automatic shifts, was deemed legal. By contrast, the Benetton software was deemed to be a form of "launch control" that would have allowed Schumacher to make perfect starts, which was explicitly outlawed by the regulations. However, there was no evidence to suggest that this software was actually used.[47] At the British Grand Prix, Schumacher was penalised for overtaking Hill on the formation lap. He and Benetton then ignored the penalty and the subsequent black flag, which indicates that the driver must immediately return to the pits, for which he was disqualified and later given a two-race ban. Benetton blamed the incident on a communication error between the stewards and the team.[48] Schumacher was also disqualified after winning the Belgian Grand Prix after his car was found to have illegal wear on its skidblock, a measure used after the accidents at Imola to limit downforce and hence cornering speed.[49] Benetton protested that the skidblock had been damaged when Schumacher spun over a kerb, but the FIA rejected their appeal because of the pattern of wear and damage visible on the block.[50] These incidents helped Damon Hill close the points gap, and Schumacher led by a single point going into the final race in Australia. On lap 36, Schumacher hit the guardrail on the outside of the track while leading. Hill attempted to pass, but as Schumacher's car returned to the track there was a collision on the corner causing them both to retire.[51] As a result, Schumacher won the Drivers' Championship, the first German to do so—Jochen Rindt was German but raced under the Austrian flag. The race stewards judged it as a racing accident and took no action against either driver but public opinion was divided over the incident and Schumacher was vilified in the British media.[52][53][54] At the FIA conference after the race, Schumacher dedicated his title to Senna.[55] Schumacher driving for Benetton at the 1995 British Grand Prix In 1995, Schumacher successfully defended his title with Benetton, which now had the same Renault engine as Williams; according to Motor Sport author Marcus Simmons, Benetton had the better team, while Williams had the superior car.[56] Schumacher accumulated 33 more points than second-placed Hill. With teammate Johnny Herbert, he took Benetton to its first Constructors' Championship, breaking the dominance of McLaren and Williams, and became the youngest two-time World Champion in Formula One history.[57] The season was marred by several collisions with Hill, in particular an overtaking manoeuvre by Hill took them both out of the British Grand Prix on lap 45, and again on lap 23 of the Italian Grand Prix. Schumacher won 9 of the 17 races, and finished on the podium 11 times. Only once did he qualify worse than fourth; at the Belgian Grand Prix, he qualified 16th, but nevertheless went on to win the race.[58] Ferrari (1996–2006) In 1996, Schumacher joined Ferrari, a team that had last won the Drivers' Championship in 1979 and the Constructors' Championship in 1983, for a salary of $60 million over two years. He left Benetton a year before his contract with them expired; he later cited the team's damaging actions in 1994 as his reason for opting out of his deal.[59] A year later, Schumacher lured Benetton employees Rory Byrne (designer) and Ross Brawn (technical director) to Ferrari.[60] Ferrari had previously come close to the championship in 1982 and 1990. The team had suffered a disastrous downturn in the early 1990s, partially as its famous V12 engine was no longer competitive against the smaller, lighter and more fuel-efficient V10s of its competitors. Various drivers, notably Alain Prost, had given the vehicles labels such as "truck", "pig", and "accident waiting to happen".[61] Furthermore, the poor performance of the Ferrari pit crews was considered a running joke.[22] At the end of 1995, although the team had improved into a solid competitor, it was still considered inferior to front-running teams such as Benetton and Williams.[62] However, Schumacher declared the Ferrari F310 good enough to win a championship,[63] although afterwards, his teammate Eddie Irvine labelled the F310 "an awful car", a "piece of junk", and "almost undriveable", while designer John Barnard admitted that the car "wasn't very good".[64] During winter testing, Schumacher first drove a Ferrari, their 1995 Ferrari 412 T2, and was two seconds faster than former regulars Jean Alesi and Gerhard Berger had been.[65] Schumacher, Brawn, Byrne, and Jean Todt, have been credited as turning the struggling team into the most successful team in Formula One history.[66][67] Three-time World Champion Jackie Stewart believed the transformation of the Ferrari team was Schumacher's greatest feat.[68] 1996–1999 "It was not a race. It was a demonstration of brilliance." Stirling Moss about Schumacher at the 1996 Spanish GP[69] Schumacher finished third in the Drivers' Championship in 1996 and helped Ferrari to second place in the Constructors' Championship ahead of his old team Benetton. During the season, the car had reliability problems; Schumacher did not finish in 7 of the 16 races. At the French Grand Prix, Schumacher took pole position, but suffered engine failure on the formation lap.[70] He won three races, however, more than the team's total tally for the period from 1991 to 1995. He took his first win for Ferrari at the Spanish Grand Prix, where he lapped the entire field up to third place in the wet.[3] Having taken the lead on lap 19, he consistently lapped five seconds faster than the rest of the field in the difficult conditions.[65] At the Belgian Grand Prix, Schumacher used well-timed pit-stops to fend off Williams' Jacques Villeneuve. Schumacher also took first place at Monza to win in front of the tifosi (Ferrari fans).[71] Schumacher celebrates a second-place finish at the 1997 German Grand Prix. Schumacher battles with David Coulthard at the 1998 British Grand Prix. Michael Schumacher and Villeneuve competed for the title in 1997. Villeneuve, driving the superior Williams FW19, led the championship in the early part of the season.[72] By mid-season, however, Schumacher had taken the championship lead, winning five races, and entered the season's final Grand Prix at Jerez with a one-point advantage. Towards the end of the race, Schumacher's Ferrari developed a coolant leak and loss of performance indicating he might not finish the race.[73] As Villeneuve approached to pass his rival on lap 48, Schumacher turned in on him but retired from the race. Villeneuve went on and scored four points to take the championship. The race stewards did not initially award any penalty, but two weeks after the race Schumacher was disqualified from the entire 1997 Drivers' Championship after an FIA disciplinary hearing found that his "manoeuvre was an instinctive reaction and although deliberate not made with malice or premeditation, it was a serious error."[74][75] Schumacher accepted the decision and admitted having made a mistake.[74][76] His actions were widely condemned in British, German, and Italian newspapers.[52][76] In 1998, Finnish driver Mika Häkkinen became Schumacher's main title rival. Häkkinen won the first two races of the season, gaining a 16-point advantage over Schumacher. Schumacher then won in Argentina and, with the Ferrari improving significantly in the second half of the season, Schumacher took six victories and had five other podium finishes. One of his victories was at the Hungaroring, a track where overtaking is difficult; Schumacher drove 19 consecutive qualifying-like laps to make Brawn's alternative strategy work and to go from third to first place.[77] Ferrari took a 1–2 finish at the French Grand Prix, the first Ferrari 1–2 finish since 1990, and the Italian Grand Prix, which tied Schumacher with Häkkinen for the lead of the Drivers' Championship with 80 points. Häkkinen won the Championship, however, by winning the final two races. There were two controversies during the season; at the British Grand Prix, Schumacher was leading on the last lap when he turned into the pit lane, crossed the start-finish line and stopped to serve his ten-second stop-go penalty (received for overtaking a lapped car (of Alexander Wurz) during a safety car period). There was some doubt whether this counted as serving the penalty, but, because he had crossed the finish line when he came into the pit lane, the win was valid.[78] At the Belgian Grand Prix, Schumacher was leading the race by 40 seconds in heavy spray, but collided with David Coulthard's McLaren when the Scot, a lap down, slowed on the racing line in very poor visibility to let Schumacher past. His Ferrari lost a wheel but could return to the pits, although he was forced to retire. Schumacher leaped out of his car and headed to McLaren's garage in an infuriated manner and accused Coulthard of "trying to kill" him.[79] Coulthard admitted five years later that the accident had been his mistake.[79] In 1999, Schumacher's efforts helped Ferrari win the Constructors' title. He lost his chance to win the Drivers' Championship at the British Grand Prix at the high-speed Stowe Corner; his car's rear brake failed, sending him off the track into the barriers and resulting in a broken leg.[80] During his 98-day absence, he was replaced by Finnish driver Mika Salo. After missing six races, he made his return at the inaugural Malaysian Grand Prix, qualifying in pole position by almost a second. He then assumed the role of second driver, helping Irvine to victory and assisting his teammate's bid to win the Drivers' Championship for Ferrari.[81] Irvine stated: "He [Schumacher] is not only the best driver in the world, he is also the best number two in the world".[82] However, in the last race of the season, the Japanese Grand Prix, Häkkinen won his second consecutive title. Schumacher later said that Häkkinen was the opponent he respected the most.[83] 2000–2004: World Championship years Schumacher won his fourth World title in 2001. Schumacher driving the Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro F2002 at the 2002 French Grand Prix, the race at which he clinched the 2002 Drivers' Championship, setting the record for the fewest races in locking up the title Schumacher won his third World Drivers' Championship in 2000, and his first with Ferrari, after a year-long battle with Häkkinen. Schumacher won the first three races of the season and five of the first eight. Midway through the year, Schumacher's chances suffered with three consecutive non-finishes, allowing Häkkinen to close the gap in the standings. Häkkinen then took another two victories, before Schumacher won at the Italian Grand Prix. At the post-race press conference, after equalling the number of wins (41) won by his idol Senna, Schumacher broke into tears.[84] The championship fight would come down to the penultimate race of the season, the Japanese Grand Prix. Starting from pole position, Schumacher lost the lead to Häkkinen at the start. After his second pit-stop, however, Schumacher came out ahead of Häkkinen and went on to win the race and the Drivers' Championship.[85] Although Schumacher won more than twice as many Grands Prix as Häkkinen, BBC Sport journalist Andrew Benson stated that "the challenge from Mika Hakkinen and McLaren-Mercedes was far stronger than the raw statistics suggest" and that the Adrian Newey-designed McLaren was "the fastest car in F1 for the third straight year". Benson also hailed Schumacher as "unquestionably the greatest driver of his era".[86] In 2001, Schumacher took his fourth Drivers' title. Four other drivers won races, but none sustained a season-long challenge for the championship. Schumacher scored a record-tying nine wins and clinched the World Championship with four races yet to run. He finished the championship with 123 points, 58 ahead of runner-up Coulthard. Season highlights included the Canadian Grand Prix, where Schumacher finished second to his brother Ralf, thus scoring the first-ever 1–2 finish by brothers in Formula One;[87] and the Belgian Grand Prix, in which Schumacher scored his 52nd career win, breaking Alain Prost's record for most career wins.[88] In 2002, Schumacher retained his Drivers' Championship. There was some controversy, however, at the Austrian Grand Prix. His teammate, Rubens Barrichello, was leading, but in the final metres of the race, under team orders, slowed down to allow Schumacher to win the race.[89] Although the switching of positions did not break any actual sporting or technical regulation, it angered fans and it was claimed that the team's actions showed a lack of sportsmanship and respect to the spectators. Many argued that Schumacher did not need to be "given" wins in only the sixth race of the season, particularly given that he had already won four of the previous five Grands Prix, and that Barrichello had dominated the race weekend up to that point. At the podium ceremony, Schumacher pushed Barrichello onto the top step,[89] and for this disturbance, the Ferrari team incurred a US$1 million fine.[90] At the United States Grand Prix later that year, Schumacher returned the favour by giving Barrichello the win by the second-closest margin in Formula One history of 0.011 seconds on the finishing line.[91] Schumacher's explanation varied between it being him "returning the favour" for Austria, or trying to engineer a formation finish—a feat derided as near-impossible in a sport where timings are taken to within a thousandth of a second.[92] After the end of the season, the FIA banned "team orders which interfere with the race result",[93][94] but the ban was lifted for the 2011 season because the ruling was difficult to enforce.[95] In winning the Drivers' Championship he equalled the record set by Juan Manuel Fangio of five World Championships. Ferrari won 15 out of 17 races, and Schumacher won the title with six races remaining in the season, which is still the earliest point in the season for a driver to be crowned World Champion.[96] Schumacher broke his own record, shared with Nigel Mansell, of nine race wins in a season, by winning 11 times and finishing every race on the podium. He finished with 144 points, a record-breaking 67 points ahead of the runner-up, his teammate Barrichello. This pair finished nine of the 17 races in the first two places.[97] Schumacher at Indianapolis in 2004, where he won the 2004 United States Grand Prix Schumacher broke Fangio's record of five World Drivers' Championships by winning the drivers' title for the sixth time in 2003, after a closely contested battle with his main rivals. Before the season started, the FIA introduced new regulations and a new points system to make the championship more open.[98] The biggest competition came from the McLaren-Mercedes and Williams-BMW teams. In the first race, Schumacher was run off track, and in the following two, was involved in collisions.[99][100][101] He fell 16 points behind McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen. Schumacher won the San Marino Grand Prix—despite the death of his mother Elisabeth just hours before the race[102]—and the next two races and closed within two points of Räikkönen. Aside from Schumacher's victory in Canada and Barrichello's victory in Britain, the mid-season was dominated by Williams drivers Ralf Schumacher and Juan Pablo Montoya, who each claimed two victories. After the Hungarian Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher led Montoya and Räikkönen by only one and two points, respectively. Ahead of the next race, the FIA announced changes to the way tyre widths were to be measured: this forced Michelin, supplier to Williams and McLaren among others, to rapidly redesign their tyres before the Italian Grand Prix.[103] Schumacher, running on Bridgestone tyres, won the next two races. After Montoya was penalised in the United States Grand Prix, only Schumacher and Räikkönen remained in contention for the title. At the final round, the Japanese Grand Prix, Schumacher needed only one point whilst Räikkönen needed to win. By finishing the race in eighth place, Schumacher took one point and assured his sixth World Drivers' title, ending the season two points ahead of Räikkönen.[104] In 2004, Schumacher won a record 12 of the first 13 races of the season, only failing to finish in Monaco after an accident with Montoya during a safety car period. Schumacher clinched a record seventh Drivers' title at the Belgian Grand Prix. He finished the season with a record 148 points, 34 points ahead of the runner-up Barrichello, and set a new record of 13 race wins out of a possible 18, surpassing his previous best of 11 wins from the 2002 season.[105] 2005–2006: rule changes and retirement Schumacher battling with Kimi Räikkönen during the 2005 Canadian Grand Prix Rule changes for the 2005 season required tyres to last an entire race,[106] tipping the overall advantage to teams using Michelins over teams such as Ferrari that relied on Bridgestone tyres.[107] The rule changes were partly in an effort to dent Ferrari's dominance and make the series more interesting.[22] The most notable moment of the early season for Schumacher was his battle with Renault's Fernando Alonso in San Marino, where he started 13th and finished only 0.2 seconds behind Alonso.[108] Less than halfway through the season, Schumacher stated: "I don't think I can count myself in this battle any more. It was like trying to fight with a blunted weapon. If your weapons are weak you don't have a chance."[109] Schumacher's sole win in 2005 came at the United States Grand Prix. Before that race, the Michelin tyres were found to have significant safety issues. When no compromise between the teams and the FIA could be reached, all but the three teams using Bridgestone tyres dropped out of the race after the formation lap, leaving only six drivers on the grid.[110] Schumacher retired in 6 of the 19 races, and finished the season in third with 62 points, fewer than half the points of World Champion Alonso.[111] 2006 became the last season of Schumacher's Ferrari career. After three races, Schumacher had just 11 points and was already 17 points behind Alonso. He won the following two races; his pole position at San Marino was his 66th, breaking Ayrton Senna's 12-year-old record.[112] Schumacher was stripped of pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix and started the race at the back of the grid, as he stopped his car and blocked part of the circuit while Alonso was on his qualifying lap; he still managed to work his way up to fifth place on the notoriously cramped Monaco circuit. By the Canadian Grand Prix, the ninth race of the season, Schumacher was 25 points behind Alonso, but he then won the following three races to reduce his disadvantage to 11. After further victories in Italy and China, Schumacher led in the championship standings for the first time during the season.[113] After his win in Italy, Ferrari issued a press release stating that Schumacher would retire from racing at the end of the 2006 season, but would continue working for the team.[114] The tifosi and the Italian press, who did not always take to Schumacher's relatively cold public persona, displayed an affectionate response after he announced his retirement.[115] Schumacher overtakes Kimi Räikkönen for fourth with three laps to go of his final race for three years at Interlagos, having dropped to 19th early on. Schumacher led the Japanese Grand Prix; with only 16 laps to go, his car suffered an engine failure for the first time since the 2000 French Grand Prix, handing Alonso the victory.[116] During the pre-race ceremonies of the season's last race, the Brazilian Grand Prix, former football player Pelé presented a trophy to Schumacher for his achievements in Formula One.[117][118] A fuel pressure problem prevented Schumacher from completing a single lap during the third qualifying session, forcing him to start the race in tenth position.[119] Early in the race, Schumacher moved up to sixth place but suffered a puncture caused by the front wing of Giancarlo Fisichella's Renault.[120] Schumacher fell to 19th place, 70 seconds behind teammate and race leader Felipe Massa. Schumacher recovered and overtook both Fisichella and Räikkönen to secure fourth place. His performance was classified in the press as "heroic",[121] an "utterly breath-taking drive",[122] and a "performance that ... sums up his career".[123] BMW Sauber with "Thanks Michael" messages towards Michael Schumacher on the back of their cars. Schumacher and Peter Sauber worked together in sports cars before entering F1 in 1992. 2007–2009: new roles at Ferrari, motorcycle racing and injury Schumacher at Finali Mondiali celebrations in the F2007 During the 2007 season, Schumacher acted as Ferrari's adviser and Jean Todt's 'super assistant'.[124] Schumacher also helped Ferrari with their development programme at the Jerez circuit. He focused on testing electronics and tyres for the 2008 Formula One season.[125] During 2008, Schumacher also competed in motorcycle racing in the IDM Superbike series. At a Superbike cup race at the Pannónia-Ring, Schumacher finished third out of twenty-seven—behind professional motorcycle racers Martin Bauer and Andreas Meklau—riding a Honda CBR1000RR.[126] At the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, Ferrari's Felipe Massa was seriously injured after being struck by a suspension spring during qualifying. Ferrari announced that they planned to draft in Schumacher for the European Grand Prix and subsequent Grands Prix until Massa was able to race again.[127] Schumacher tested a modified Ferrari F2007 to prepare himself as he had been unable to test the 2009 car due to testing restrictions.[128] Ferrari appealed for special permission for Schumacher to test in a 2009 spec car, but Williams, Red Bull and Toro Rosso were against this test.[129][130] In the end, Schumacher was forced to call off his return due to the severity of the neck injury he had received in a motorcycle accident earlier in the year.[131] Massa's place was instead filled by Luca Badoer and, later, Giancarlo Fisichella.[132] Mercedes (2010–2012) "He played a crucial role when we re-joined F1 and was one of the people who laid the foundation for our future success. We're extremely grateful for everything he did for us." Mercedes' team principal Toto Wolff about Schumacher's influence on the Mercedes team[133] In December 2009, Schumacher announced his return to Formula One for the 2010 season alongside fellow German driver Nico Rosberg in the new Mercedes GP team.[134] Mercedes returned to the sport as a constructor for the first time since 1955. Schumacher stated that his preparations to replace the injured Massa had initiated a renewed interest in Formula One, which, combined with the opportunity to fulfil a long-held ambition to drive for Mercedes and to be working again with team principal Ross Brawn, led Schumacher to accept the offer once he was passed fit.[134][135] Schumacher signed a three-year contract, reportedly worth £20 million.[134] He turned 41 in 2010 and his prospects with Mercedes were compared with Juan Manuel Fangio, Formula One's oldest champion who was 46 when he won his fifth title.[134] 2010: return from retirement Schumacher finished sixth in the first race of the season at the Bahrain Grand Prix. He finished behind teammate Rosberg in each of the first four qualifying sessions and races; former driver Stirling Moss suggested that Schumacher might be "past it".[136] Several other former Formula One drivers thought otherwise, including former rival Damon Hill, who warned "you should never write Schumacher off".[137] GrandPrix.com identified the inherent understeer of the Mercedes car, exacerbated by the narrower front tyres introduced for the 2010 season, as contributing to Schumacher's difficulties.[138] Jenson Button would later claim that Mercedes's car was designed for him, as he would initially drive for the team, and that their differing driving styles may have contributed to Schumacher's difficulties.[139] Mercedes upgraded their car for the Spanish Grand Prix where Schumacher finished fourth. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Schumacher finished sixth after passing Ferrari's Fernando Alonso on the final corner before the finish line when the safety car returned to the pits. Mercedes held that "the combination of the race control messages 'Safety Car in this lap' and 'Track Clear' and the green flags and lights shown by the marshals after safety car line one indicated that the race was not finishing under the safety car and all drivers were free to race."[140] However, an FIA investigation found Schumacher guilty of breaching safety car regulations and awarded him a 20-seconds penalty, dropping him to 12th.[141] In Turkey, Schumacher qualified fifth, and finished fourth in the race, both his best results since his return. At the European Grand Prix in Valencia, Schumacher finished 15th, the lowest recorded finish in his career.[142] In Hungary, Barrichello attempted to pass Schumacher down the inside on the main straight. Schumacher closed the inside line to force Barrichello onto the outside, but Barrichello persisted on the inside at 180 mph (290 km/h) despite the close proximity of a concrete wall and Schumacher leaving him only inches to spare.[143][144] Schumacher was found guilty of dangerous driving and was demoted ten places on the grid for the following race, the Belgian Grand Prix, where he finished seventh despite starting 21st after his grid penalty. At the season finale in Abu Dhabi, Schumacher was involved in a major accident on the first lap, after Vitantonio Liuzzi's car collided with Schumacher's, barely missing his head.[145][146] Schumacher finished the season in ninth place with 72 points. For the first time since 1991, Schumacher finished a year without a win, pole position, podium or fastest lap.[147] 2011–2012 Schumacher finished fourth in the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix. Schumacher's first points of 2011 were scored in Malaysia where he finished ninth; he later came sixth in Spain and took fourth place at the Canadian Grand Prix, after running as high as second in a wet race.[148] Despite starting last in Belgium, Schumacher finished fifth. The Japanese Grand Prix saw Schumacher lead three laps during the race, marking the first time he had led a race since 2006.[149] In doing so, he became the oldest driver to lead a race since Jack Brabham in 1970.[150] Schumacher finished the season in eighth place in the Drivers' Championship, with 76 points.[151] Schumacher qualified fastest at the 2012 Monaco Grand Prix. Schumacher at the 2012 US Grand Prix He was again partnered by Rosberg at Mercedes for the 2012 season.[152] Schumacher retired from the season's inaugural Australian Grand Prix, and scored a point in the second round in Malaysia.[153] In China, Schumacher started on the front row, but retired due to a loose wheel after a mechanic's error during a pit stop.[154] After causing a collision with Bruno Senna in Spain, Schumacher received a five-place grid penalty for the Monaco Grand Prix. Schumacher was fastest in qualifying in Monaco but started sixth owing to his penalty.[155] He later retired from seventh place in the race.[156] At the European Grand Prix, Schumacher finished third, his only podium finish since his return to Formula One. At 43 years and 173 days, he became the oldest driver to achieve a podium since Jack Brabham's second-place finish at the 1970 British Grand Prix. In Germany, Schumacher set the fastest lap for the 77th time in his career, and in Belgium he became the second driver in history to race in 300 Grands Prix.[157] Schumacher's indecision over his future plans led to him being replaced by Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes for the 2013 season.[158] In October 2012, Schumacher announced he would retire for a second time,[159] stating: "There were times in the past few months in which I didn't want to deal with Formula One or prepare for the next Grand Prix."[160] He concluded the season with a seventh-place finish at the Brazilian Grand Prix; Schumacher placed 13th in the 2012 Drivers' Championship.[161] Helmet Schumacher, in conjunction with Schuberth, helped develop the first lightweight carbon fibre reinforced polymer helmet. In 2004, a prototype was publicly tested by being driven over by a tank; it survived intact.[162] The helmet kept the driver cool by funneling directed airflow through fifty holes.[163] Schumacher's original helmet sported the colours of the German flag and his sponsor's decals. On the top was a blue circle with white astroids.[164] From the 2000 Monaco Grand Prix, in order to differentiate his colours from his new teammate Rubens Barrichello—whose helmet was predominantly white with a blue circle on top and a red ellipsis surrounding the visor—Schumacher changed the upper blue colour and some of the white areas to red.[165] For the 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix, he wore an all-red helmet that included the names of his ninety-one Grand Prix victories.[166] At the 2011 Belgian Grand Prix, Schumacher's 20th anniversary in Formula One, he wore a commemorative gold-leafed helmet, which included the year of his debut and the seasons of his seven World Driver's titles.[167] During his 300th Grand Prix appearance, at the 2012 Belgian Grand Prix, Schumacher wore a platinum-leafed helmet with a message of his achievement.[168] Helmet for the 1994 season (Benetton); Schumacher used the Bell helmet for nine years in Formula One, from the 1992 Canadian Grand Prix to 2001 Australian Grand Prix. Helmet for the 1994 season (Benetton); Schumacher used the Bell helmet for nine years in Formula One, from the 1992 Canadian Grand Prix to 2001 Australian Grand Prix.   Bell helmet for the 1995 season (Benetton); Schumacher kept using this white-coloured helmet after moving to Ferrari in 1996 until he switched its colour to red at the 2000 Monaco Grand Prix. Bell helmet for the 1995 season (Benetton); Schumacher kept using this white-coloured helmet after moving to Ferrari in 1996 until he switched its colour to red at the 2000 Monaco Grand Prix.   Schuberth helmet for the 2002 season (Ferrari); at the 2001 Malaysian Grand Prix, Schumacher switched his helmet from Bell to Schuberth, though there was a contract with Bell for the 2001 season. From the 2001 season, Schumacher continued to use the Schuberth helmet until his last race in Formula One. Schuberth helmet for the 2002 season (Ferrari); at the 2001 Malaysian Grand Prix, Schumacher switched his helmet from Bell to Schuberth, though there was a contract with Bell for the 2001 season. From the 2001 season, Schumacher continued to use the Schuberth helmet until his last race in Formula One.   Schuberth helmet at the Museo Ferrari with the Marlboro logo which sometimes had to be removed in countries where tobacco advertising was illegal Schuberth helmet at the Museo Ferrari with the Marlboro logo which sometimes had to be removed in countries where tobacco advertising was illegal   Schuberth helmet for the 2011 season (Mercedes GP); Schumacher kept using a red-coloured helmet at Silver Arrows. Chinese dragon illustration and a Chinese character "力" ("power") are inscribed on the back of the helmet. Schuberth helmet for the 2011 season (Mercedes GP); Schumacher kept using a red-coloured helmet at Silver Arrows. Chinese dragon illustration and a Chinese character "力" ("power") are inscribed on the back of the helmet. Honours Turns 9 and 10 of the Nürburgring were renamed after Schumacher in 2007. Schumacher has been honoured many times. In 1992, the German Motor Sport Federation awarded him the ONS Cup, the highest accolade in German motorsport; he also won the trophy in 1994, 1995 and 2002.[169] In 1993, he won a Bambi Sports Award and was the first racing driver to receive the Golden Steering Wheel.[170][171] In 1994 and from 2001 to 2003, Schumacher was voted European Sportsperson of the Year by the International Sports Press Association.[172] He was voted Polish Press Agency (PAP) European Sportsperson of the Year from 2001 to 2003.[173] In 1995 and from 2000 to 2002, he was named Autosport International Racing Driver of the Year.[174][175] Schumacher was voted German Sportspersonality of the Year in 1995 and 2004.[176] During the latter year, he was voted Germany's greatest sportsperson of the 20th century, beating Birgit Fischer and Steffi Graf to the accolade.[177] For his sports achievements and his commitment to road safety, Schumacher was awarded Germany's highest sporting accolade, the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt, in 1997.[178] In 2002, for his contributions to sport and his contributions in raising awareness of child education, Schumacher was named as one of the UNESCO Champions for Sport.[179] Schumacher won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2002 and 2004,[180] received the Marca Leylenda award in 2001,[181] was named L'Équipe Champion of Champions three times (from 2001 to 2003),[182] won the Gazzetta World Sports Award twice (2001 and 2002),[183] and won the 2003 Lorenzo Bandini Trophy.[184] In honour of Schumacher's racing career and his efforts to improve road safety and the sport, he was awarded an FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport in 2006.[185] The same year, ahead of his final race for Ferrari at Interlagos on 22 October, football player Pelé presented a "Lifetime Achievement Award" to Schumacher.[186] A year later, in 2007, he received the Prince of Asturias Award for Sport for his sporting prowess and his humanitarian record.[187] Together with Sebastian Vettel, Schumacher won the Race of Champions Nations' Cup six times in a row for Germany, from 2007 to 2012.[188] In 2017, Schumacher was inducted into the FIA Hall of Fame and Germany's Sports Hall of Fame.[189][190] In 2020, Jean Todt honoured Schumacher with the FIA President Award, in recognition of Schumacher's seven World Championships and the "inspiration his sporting and personal commitments brought to the world".[191] In Sarajevo, Schumacher was granted honorary citizenship,[192] while the Assembly of the Sarajevo Canton renamed major city transversal street after him,[193] and earlier a large street mural was painted in a city neighborhood of Dobrinja by a group of artists.[194] Honorary citizenship was also granted by Maranello, Modena and Spa.[195][196][197] He was appointed Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur,[198] was honoured with the Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic,[199] and was appointed an ambassador of San Marino.[200] In 2008, the Swiss Football Association appointed Schumacher as the country's ambassador for UEFA Euro 2008, hosted by Switzerland and Austria.[201] In recognition of his contribution to Formula One, the Nürburgring circuit renamed turns 9 and 10 as the "Schumacher S", in 2007.[202] In 2014, the first corner of the Bahrain International Circuit was renamed in honour of Schumacher.[203] He received the State Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia in 2022.[204] Personal life and philanthropy In August 1995, Michael married Corinna Betsch.[205] They have two children, a daughter Gina-Maria (born 20 February 1997) and a son, Mick (born 22 March 1999). Schumacher has always been very protective of his private life and is known to dislike the celebrity spotlight.[205] From late 1991 until May 1996, Schumacher resided in Monaco. The family moved to a newly built mansion near Gland, Switzerland in 2007, covering an area of 650-square-metre (7,000 sq ft) with a private beach on Lake Geneva and featuring an underground garage and petrol station, with a vintage Shell fuel pump.[206] Schumacher and his wife own horse ranches in Texas and Switzerland.[207] Schumacher's younger brother Ralf, his son Mick, his nephew David and step-brother Sebastian Stahl have also been racing drivers.[208] Ralf Schumacher competed in Formula One for ten years, starting from 1997 until the end of 2007.[1] Mick became the third Schumacher to race in Formula One, having made his debut with Haas F1 Team in the 2021 season.[209] Before his skiing accident, his main hobbies included horse riding, motorcycle racing, sky diving, and he played football for his local team FC Echichens.[210][211] Schumacher appeared in several charity football games,[212][213] and organised games between Formula One drivers.[214] He is a supporter of 1. FC Köln, his local football club from where he grew up, citing Pierre Littbarski and Harald Schumacher as his idols.[215] He is a Roman Catholic.[216] In 2006, Schumacher had a voice role in the Disney/Pixar film Cars. His character is himself as a Ferrari F430 who visits the town of Radiator Springs to get new tires from Luigi and Guido at the recommendation of Lightning McQueen. During arrival, Luigi and Guido both faint in excitement when they see him. The French film Asterix at the Olympic Games features Schumacher in a cameo role as a chariot driver called Schumix. In 2009, Schumacher appeared on the BBC's motoring programme Top Gear as the Stig.[217] Presenter Jeremy Clarkson hinted later in the programme that Schumacher was not the regular Stig, which the BBC subsequently confirmed. Schumacher was there because Ferrari would not allow anyone else to drive the unique black Ferrari FXX that was featured in the show.[218] In July 2021, Netflix announced the first officially approved documentary film about Schumacher—called Schumacher—which was released on 15 September 2021.[219] Schumacher was a special ambassador to UNESCO and has donated 1.5 million euros to the organisation.[220] Additionally, he paid for the construction of a school for poor children and for area improvements in Dakar, Senegal. He supported a hospital for child victims of the siege in Sarajevo, which specialises in caring for amputees.[221] In Lima, Peru, he funded the "Palace for the Poor", a centre for helping homeless street children obtain an education, clothing, food, medical attention, and shelter. Schumacher told F1 Magazine: "It's great if you can use your fame and the power your fame gives you to draw attention to things that really matter".[222] For the 2002 and 2013 European flood disasters, Schumacher donated 1 million and 500,000 euros, respectively.[223][224] He donated $10 million for aid after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake,[225] which surpassed that of any other sports person, most sports leagues, many worldwide corporations and even some countries.[226] From 2002 to 2006, he donated at least $50 million to various charities.[227] In 2008, he donated between $5M and $10M to the Clinton Foundation.[228] Since his participation in an FIA European road safety campaign, as part of his punishment after the collision at the 1997 European Grand Prix, Schumacher continued to support other campaigns, such as Make Roads Safe, which is led by the FIA Foundation and calls on G8 countries and the United Nations to recognise global road deaths as a major global health issue. In 2008, Schumacher was the figurehead of an advertising campaign by Bacardi to raise awareness about responsible drinking. He featured in an advertising campaign for television, cinema and online media, supported by consumer engagements, public relations and digital media across the world.[229] Finance and sponsorship Schumacher was an advertising partner for watchmaker Omega. When he won his third title in 2000, which was the first with Ferrari, the Speedmaster Racing was issued in a Schumacher Edition having his signature on the back. In 1999 and 2000, Forbes magazine listed him as the highest paid athlete in the world.[230] In 2005, EuroBusiness magazine identified Schumacher as the world's first billionaire athlete.[231] In 2005, Forbes ranked him 17th in its "The World's Most Powerful Celebrities" list.[232] A significant share of his income came from advertising; Deutsche Vermögensberatung paid him $8 million over three years from 1999 for wearing a 10 by 8 centimetre advertisement on his post-race cap.[233] In 2010, his personal fortune was estimated at £515 million.[234] In 2017, Forbes designated Schumacher as the athlete with the fifth highest career earnings of all-time.[235] 2013 skiing accident On 29 December 2013, Schumacher was skiing with his then 14-year-old son Mick, descending the Combe de Saulire below the Dent de Burgin above Méribel in the French Alps. While crossing an unsecured off-piste area between Piste Chamois and Piste Mauduit,[236][237] he fell and hit his head on a rock, sustaining a serious head injury despite wearing a ski helmet. According to his physicians, he would most likely have died had he not been wearing a helmet.[238] He was airlifted to Grenoble Hospital where he underwent two surgical interventions.[239] Schumacher was put into a medically induced coma because of traumatic brain injury.[240][241] By March 2014, there were small encouraging signs, and in early April he was showing moments of consciousness as he was gradually withdrawn from the medically induced coma.[242] In June 2014, Schumacher left Grenoble Hospital for further rehabilitation at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.[243] In September 2014, Schumacher left the hospital and was brought back to his home for further rehabilitation.[244] Two months later, it was reported that Schumacher was "paralysed and in a wheelchair"; he "cannot speak and has memory problems".[245] In May 2015, Schumacher's manager Sabine Kehm stated that his condition was slowly improving "considering the severeness of the injury he had".[246] In September 2016, Felix Damm, lawyer for Schumacher, told a German court that his client "cannot walk", in response to reports from December 2015 in German publication Die Bunte that he could walk again.[247] In July 2019, former Ferrari manager Jean Todt stated that Schumacher was making "good progress" but also "struggles to communicate". Todt also said that Schumacher was able to watch Formula One races on television at his home.[248] In September of that year, Le Parisien reported that Schumacher had been admitted to the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou in Paris for treatment by cardiovascular surgeon Philippe Menasché, described as a "pioneer in cell surgery". Following the treatment, which involved him receiving an anti-inflammatory stem cell perfusion, medical staff stated that Schumacher was "conscious".[249] Schumacher's family maintains strict privacy about his condition; as of 2023 he has not been seen in public since the accident. In April 2023, Die Aktuelle published a "first interview" with Schumacher with "quotes" about his health and family, but it emerged that these responses had been invented by generative artificial intelligence. Schumacher's family said that they would sue the magazine, which sacked the editor responsible.[250][251] Karting record Karting career summary Season Series Team Position 1984 CIK-FIA Junior World Cup — ICA NC German Karting Championship — Junior 1st 1985 CIK-FIA Junior World Cup — ICA 2nd German Karting Championship — Junior 1st 1986 German Karting Championship — Senior 3rd 1987 German Karting Championship — Senior 1st CIK-FIA European Championship — 100cc 1st Sources:[252] Racing record Career summary Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 1988 European Formula Ford 1600 Eufra Racing 4 1 1 0 3 50 2nd German Formula Ford 1600 7 3 0 0 5 124 6th Formula König Hoecker Sportwagenservice 10 9 1 1 10 192 1st 1989 German Formula Three WTS Racing 12 2 2 0 7 163 3rd FIA European Formula 3 Cup 1 0 0 0 0 N/A NC Macau Grand Prix 1 0 0 0 0 N/A NC 1990 World Sportscar Championship Team Sauber Mercedes 3 1 0 1 3 21 5th German Formula Three WTS Racing 11 5 6 4 7 148 1st FIA European Formula 3 Cup 1 0 1 1 0 N/A NC Macau Grand Prix 1 1 0 0 0 N/A 1st Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft HWA AG 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1991 Formula One Team 7UP Jordan 1 0 0 0 0 0 14th Camel Benetton Ford 5 0 0 0 0 4 World Sportscar Championship Team Sauber Mercedes 8 1 0 2 2 43 9th Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft Zakspeed Racing 4 0 0 0 0 0 NC Japanese Formula 3000 Team LeMans 1 0 0 0 1 6 12th 1992 Formula One Camel Benetton Ford 16 1 0 2 8 53 3rd 1993 Formula One Camel Benetton Ford 16 1 0 5 9 52 4th 1994 Formula One Mild Seven Benetton Ford 14 8 6 8 10 92 1st 1995 Formula One Mild Seven Benetton Renault 17 9 4 8 11 102 1st 1996 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. 16 3 4 2 8 59 3rd 1997 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 17 5 3 3 8 78 DSQ 1998 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 16 6 3 6 11 86 2nd 1999 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 10 2 3 5 6 44 5th 2000 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 17 9 9 2 12 108 1st 2001 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 17 9 11 3 14 123 1st 2002 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 17 11 7 7 17 144 1st 2003 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 16 6 5 5 8 93 1st 2004 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 18 13 8 10 15 148 1st 2005 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 19 1 1 3 5 62 3rd 2006 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 18 7 4 7 12 121 2nd 2010 Formula One Mercedes GP Petronas F1 Team 19 0 0 0 0 72 9th 2011 Formula One Mercedes GP Petronas F1 Team 19 0 0 0 0 76 8th 2012 Formula One Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team 20 0 0 1 1 49 13th Source:[253][254] Complete German Formula Three results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DC Pts 1989 WTS Racing Volkswagen HOC 3 NÜR 3 AVU 3 BRN 5 ZEL 1 HOC 3 WUN 12 HOC 19 DIE 4 NÜR 5 NÜR 1 HOC 3 3rd 163 1990 WTS Racing Opel ZOL Ret HOC 19 NÜR 5 AVU 1 WUN 1 NOR 2 ZEL 1 DIE 1 NÜR 1 NÜR 4 HOC 2 1st 148 Source:[253] Complete World Sportscar Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pos. Pts 1990 Team Sauber Mercedes C Mercedes-Benz C11 Mercedes-Benz M119 5.0 V8 t SUZ MNZ SIL DNQ SPA DIJ 2 NÜR 2 DON CGV MEX 1 5th 21 1991 Team Sauber Mercedes C1 Mercedes-Benz C291 Mercedes-Benz M291 3.5 F12 SUZ Ret MNZ Ret SIL 2 NÜR Ret MAG Ret MEX Ret AUT 1 9th 43 C2 Mercedes-Benz C11 Mercedes-Benz M119 5.0 V8 t LMS 5 Source:[253][255] Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft results Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pos. Pts 1990 AMG Motorenbau GmbH Mercedes 190 E 2.5–16 Evo II ZOL 1 ZOL 2 HOC 1 HOC 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 AVU 1 AVU 2 MFA 1 MFA 2 WUN 1 WUN 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 NOR 1 NOR 2 DIE 1 DIE 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 HOC 1 Ret HOC 2 DNS NC 0 1991 Zakspeed Racing Mercedes 190 E 2.5–16 Evo II ZOL 1 ZOL 2 HOC 1 HOC 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 AVU 1 AVU 2 WUN 1 WUN 2 NOR 1 25 NOR 2 Ret DIE 1 Ret DIE 2 14 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 ALE 1 ALE 2 HOC 1 HOC 2 BRN 1 BRN 2 DON 1 DON 2 NC 0 Source:[253][254] Key 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class pos. 1991 Germany Team Sauber Mercedes Austria Karl Wendlinger Germany Fritz Kreutzpointner Mercedes-Benz C11 C2 355 5th 5th Source:[255] Complete Japanese Formula 3000 Championship results (key) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pos. Pts 1991 Team LeMans Ralt RT23 Mugen SUZ AUT FUJ MIN SUZ SUG 2 FUJ SUZ FUJ SUZ FUJ 12th 6 Source:[254] Complete Formula One results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 WDC Pts 1991 Team 7UP Jordan Jordan 191 Ford HBB 4 3.5 V8 USA BRA SMR MON CAN MEX FRA GBR GER HUN BEL Ret 14th 4 Camel Benetton Ford Benetton B191 Ford HBA 5 3.5 V8 ITA 5 POR 6 ESP 6 JPN Ret AUS Ret 1992 Camel Benetton Ford Benetton B191B Ford HB 3.5 V8 RSA 4 MEX 3 BRA 3 3rd 53 Benetton B192 ESP 2 SMR Ret MON 4 CAN 2 FRA Ret GBR 4 GER 3 HUN Ret BEL 1 ITA 3 POR 7 JPN Ret AUS 2 1993 Camel Benetton Ford Benetton B193 Ford HB 3.5 V8 RSA Ret BRA 3 4th 52 Benetton B193B EUR Ret SMR 2 ESP 3 MON Ret CAN 2 FRA 3 GBR 2 GER 2 HUN Ret BEL 2 ITA Ret POR 1 JPN Ret AUS Ret 1994 Mild Seven Benetton Ford Benetton B194 Ford Zetec-R 3.5 V8 BRA 1 PAC 1 SMR 1 MON 1 ESP 2 CAN 1 FRA 1 GBR DSQ GER Ret HUN 1 BEL DSQ ITA POR EUR 1 JPN 2 AUS Ret 1st 92 1995 Mild Seven Benetton Renault Benetton B195 Renault RS7 3.0 V10 BRA 1 ARG 3 SMR Ret ESP 1 MON 1 CAN 5 FRA 1 GBR Ret GER 1 HUN 11† BEL 1 ITA Ret POR 2 EUR 1 PAC 1 JPN 1 AUS Ret 1st 102 1996 Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. Ferrari F310 Ferrari 046 3.0 V10 AUS Ret BRA 3 ARG Ret EUR 2 SMR 2 MON Ret ESP 1 CAN Ret FRA DNS GBR Ret GER 4 HUN 9† BEL 1 ITA 1 POR 3 JPN 2 3rd 59 1997 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F310B Ferrari 046/2 3.0 V10 AUS 2 BRA 5 ARG Ret SMR 2 MON 1 ESP 4 CAN 1 FRA 1 GBR Ret GER 2 HUN 4 BEL 1 ITA 6 AUT 6 LUX Ret JPN 1 EUR Ret DSQ‡ 78 1998 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F300 Ferrari 047 3.0 V10 AUS Ret BRA 3 ARG 1 SMR 2 ESP 3 MON 10 CAN 1 FRA 1 GBR 1 AUT 3 GER 5 HUN 1 BEL Ret ITA 1 LUX 2 JPN Ret 2nd 86 1999 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F399 Ferrari 048 3.0 V10 AUS 8 BRA 2 SMR 1 MON 1 ESP 3 CAN Ret FRA 5 GBR DNS AUT GER HUN BEL ITA EUR MAL 2 JPN 2 5th 44 2000 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F1-2000 Ferrari 049 3.0 V10 AUS 1 BRA 1 SMR 1 GBR 3 ESP 5 EUR 1 MON Ret CAN 1 FRA Ret AUT Ret GER Ret HUN 2 BEL 2 ITA 1 USA 1 JPN 1 MAL 1 1st 108 2001 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F2001 Ferrari 050 3.0 V10 AUS 1 MAL 1 BRA 2 SMR Ret ESP 1 AUT 2 MON 1 CAN 2 EUR 1 FRA 1 GBR 2 GER Ret HUN 1 BEL 1 ITA 4 USA 2 JPN 1 1st 123 2002 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F2001 Ferrari 050 3.0 V10 AUS 1 MAL 3 1st 144 Ferrari F2002 Ferrari 051 3.0 V10 BRA 1 SMR 1 ESP 1 AUT 1 MON 2 CAN 1 EUR 2 GBR 1 FRA 1 GER 1 HUN 2 BEL 1 ITA 2 USA 2 JPN 1 2003 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F2002 Ferrari 051 3.0 V10 AUS 4 MAL 6 BRA Ret SMR 1 1st 93 Ferrari F2003-GA Ferrari 052 3.0 V10 ESP 1 AUT 1 MON 3 CAN 1 EUR 5 FRA 3 GBR 4 GER 7 HUN 8 ITA 1 USA 1 JPN 8 2004 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F2004 Ferrari 053 3.0 V10 AUS 1 MAL 1 BHR 1 SMR 1 ESP 1 MON Ret EUR 1 CAN 1 USA 1 FRA 1 GBR 1 GER 1 HUN 1 BEL 2 ITA 2 CHN 12 JPN 1 BRA 7 1st 148 2005 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F2004M Ferrari 053 3.0 V10 AUS Ret MAL 7 3rd 62 Ferrari F2005 Ferrari 055 3.0 V10 BHR Ret SMR 2 ESP Ret MON 7 EUR 5 CAN 2 USA 1 FRA 3 GBR 6 GER 5 HUN 2 TUR Ret ITA 10 BEL Ret BRA 4 JPN 7 CHN Ret 2006 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari 248 F1 Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 BHR 2 MAL 6 AUS Ret SMR 1 EUR 1 ESP 2 MON 5 GBR 2 CAN 2 USA 1 FRA 1 GER 1 HUN 8† TUR 3 ITA 1 CHN 1 JPN Ret BRA 4 2nd 121 2010 Mercedes GP Petronas F1 Team Mercedes MGP W01 Mercedes FO 108X 2.4 V8 BHR 6 AUS 10 MAL Ret CHN 10 ESP 4 MON 12 TUR 4 CAN 11 EUR 15 GBR 9 GER 9 HUN 11 BEL 7 ITA 9 SIN 13 JPN 6 KOR 4 BRA 7 ABU Ret 9th 72 2011 Mercedes GP Petronas F1 Team Mercedes MGP W02 Mercedes FO 108Y 2.4 V8 AUS Ret MAL 9 CHN 8 TUR 12 ESP 6 MON Ret CAN 4 EUR 17 GBR 9 GER 8 HUN Ret BEL 5 ITA 5 SIN Ret JPN 6 KOR Ret IND 5 ABU 7 BRA 15 8th 76 2012 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team Mercedes F1 W03 Mercedes FO 108Z 2.4 V8 AUS Ret MAL 10 CHN Ret BHR 10 ESP Ret MON Ret CAN Ret EUR 3 GBR 7 GER 7 HUN Ret BEL 7 ITA 6 SIN Ret JPN 11 KOR 13 IND 22† ABU 11 USA 16 BRA 7 13th 49 Source:[256][257] ‡ Schumacher was disqualified from the 1997 World Drivers' Championship due to dangerous driving in the European Grand Prix, where he caused an avoidable accident with Jacques Villeneuve. His points tally would have placed him in second place in that year's standings.[75] † Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. Formula One records Schumacher holds the following Formula One records: Record Date first achieved Current record Most Championship titles 2002 7[N 1] Most consecutive titles 2000–2004 5 Most races left in the season when becoming World Champion 2002 6[N 2] Most wins at the same Grand Prix French Grand Prix (1994–1995, 1997–1998, 2001–2002, 2004, 2006) 8[N 3] Most seasons with a win 1992–2006 15[N 1] Most consecutive seasons with a win 1992–2006 15[N 1] Most consecutive top two finishes 2002 Brazilian Grand Prix – 2002 Japanese Grand Prix 15[N 4] Highest percentage of podium finishes in a season 2002 100% Most consecutive podium finishes 2001 United States Grand Prix – 2002 Japanese Grand Prix 19 Most fastest laps 2001 Australian Grand Prix 77 Most fastest laps in a season 2004 10[N 5] Most hat-tricks (pole, win and fastest lap) 2002 Japanese Grand Prix 22 Footnotes  Record shared with Lewis Hamilton.  Record shared with Max Verstappen (2023).  Record shared with Lewis Hamilton at the Hungarian and British Grand Prix.  Record shared with Max Verstappen.  Record shared with Kimi Räikkönen (2005 and 2008). 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External links Michael Schumacher at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Official website Edit this at Wikidata Michael Schumacher career summary at DriverDB.com Michael Schumacher driver statistics at Racing-Reference Kartcenter and Museum Kartteam Kaiser-Schumacher-Muchow Formula1.com Profile Michael Schumacher sporting positions Sporting positions Preceded by None Formula König champion 1988 Succeeded by Thomas Winkelhock Preceded by Karl Wendlinger German Formula Three champion 1990 Succeeded by Tom Kristensen Preceded by David Brabham Macau Grand Prix Winner 1990 Succeeded by David Coulthard Preceded by Alain Prost Formula One World Champion 1994–1995 Succeeded by Damon Hill Preceded by Mika Häkkinen Formula One World Champion 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Succeeded by Fernando Alonso Preceded by Heikki Kovalainen Marcus Grönholm Race of Champions Nations' Cup 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Succeeded by Tom Kristensen Petter Solberg (2014) Preceded by Felipe Massa Desafio Internacional das Estrelas Winner 2007 Succeeded by Rubens Barrichello Preceded by Rubens Barrichello Desafio Internacional das Estrelas Winner 2009 Succeeded by Lucas di Grassi Awards Preceded by Markus Wasmeier German Sportsman of the Year 1995 Succeeded by Frank Busemann Preceded by Damon Hill Autosport International Driver of the Year 1995 Succeeded by Damon Hill Preceded by Mika Häkkinen Autosport International Driver of the Year 2000–2002 Succeeded by Juan Pablo Montoya Preceded by Tiger Woods L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2001–2003 Succeeded by Hicham El Guerrouj Preceded by Tiger Woods Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2002 Succeeded by Lance Armstrong (rescinded) Preceded by Juan Pablo Montoya Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2003 Succeeded by Kimi Räikkönen Preceded by Lance Armstrong (rescinded) Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2004 Succeeded by Roger Federer Preceded by Jan Ullrich German Sportsman of the Year 2004 Succeeded by Ronny Ackermann Preceded by Spain national basketball team Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2007 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Records Preceded by Alain Prost 51 wins (1980–1991, 1993) Most Grand Prix wins 91 wins, 52nd at the 2001 Belgian GP Succeeded by Lewis Hamilton 103 wins, 92nd at the 2020 Portuguese GP vte Michael Schumacher Family Corinna (wife)Mick (son)Ralf (brother)Sebastian Stahl (stepbrother) Related articles List of Grand Prix winsCareer achievementsHill–Schumacher rivalryHäkkinen–Schumacher rivalry1994 F1 season1995 F1 season2000 F1 season2001 F1 season2002 F1 season2003 F1 season2004 F1 season Formula One teams JordanBenettonFerrariMercedes Video games Michael Schumacher Racing World Kart 2002 In popular culture Asterix at the Olympic GamesCarsSchumacherTop Gear The Stig Related 15761 SchumiDekraDeutsche VermögensberatungFC Echichens  Category vte German Formula Three champions Three-time Komossa Two-time DeutschJelinskiSchäfer One-time Albersvan DamDeutzDillmannElkmannErikssonFontanaHeidfeldKaneishiKirchhöferKolmseeKonradKortenKreuzerKristensenLamyLangLeindersMaringMohrMüllerNielsenNissenOliveiraPaffettPantanoPommerScharmannSchneiderSchumacherSommerStanawayThiimTrulliTungVanthoorVerstappenVervischWeidlerWendlingerWinkelhock vte Macau Grand Prix winners Four-time John MacDonald Two-time Jan BussellAntónio Félix da CostaArsenio LaurelGeoff LeesHon Chio LeongEdoardo MortaraRiccardo PatreseFelix RosenqvistVern SchuppanDan Ticktum One-time AyariBartlettBertaggiaBianchiBrabhamBrowningChangChounConwayCoulthardCoutode Carvalhodi GrassiDonnellyDumbreckEarlFirmanGommendyGugelminHardwickHeathJarvisJuncadellaKunimotoLapierreLynnMaassenManningMawMorenoMüllerNielsenPatemanPoonPrématQuesterRedfernRitchieRydellSatoM. SchumacherR. SchumacherSennaSteaneVerschoorWallace vte Formula One drivers from Germany Paul Pietsch (1950–1952)Hans Stuck (1951–1953)Toni Ulmen (1952)Fritz Riess (1952)Helmut Niedermayr (1952)Adolf Brudes (1952)Hans Klenk (1952)Josef Peters (1952)Ludwig Fischer (1952)Willi Krakau (1952)Harry Merkel (1952)Willi Heeks (1952–1953)Rudolf Krause (1952–1953)Ernst Klodwig (1952–1953)Günther Bechem (1952–1953)Theo Helfrich (1952–1954)Oswald Karch (1953)Theo Fitzau (1953)Ernst Loof (1953)Erwin Bauer (1953)Kurt Adolff (1953)Helm Glöckler (1953)Hermann Lang (1953–1954)Edgar Barth (1953, 1957–1958, 1960–1961, 1964)Wolfgang Seidel (1953, 1958, 1960–1962)Hans Herrmann (1953–1955, 1957–1961, 1966, 1969)Karl Kling (1954–1955)Wolfgang von Trips (1956–1961)Günther Seiffert (1962)Gerhard Mitter (1963–1967, 1969)Kurt Kuhnke (1963)Hubert Hahne (1966–1970)Kurt Ahrens Jr. (1968)Rolf Stommelen (1969–1976, 1978)Jochen Mass (1973–1980, 1982)Hans-Joachim Stuck (1974–1979)Hans Heyer (1977)Manfred Winkelhock (1980, 1982–1985)Stefan Bellof (1984–1985)Christian Danner (1985–1987, 1989)Bernd Schneider (1988–1990)Volker Weidler (1989)Joachim Winkelhock (1989)Michael Bartels (1991)Michael Schumacher (1991–2006, 2010–2012)Heinz-Harald Frentzen (1994–2003)Ralf Schumacher (1997–2007)Nick Heidfeld (2000–2011)Timo Glock (2004, 2008–2012)Nico Rosberg (2006–2016)Adrian Sutil (2007–2011, 2013–2014)Markus Winkelhock (2007)Sebastian Vettel (2007–2022)Nico Hülkenberg (2010, 2012–2020, 2022–)André Lotterer (2014)Pascal Wehrlein (2016–2017)Mick Schumacher (2021–2022) vte Formula One World Drivers' Champions     1950  G. Farina 1951  J. M. Fangio 1952  A. Ascari 1953  A. Ascari 1954  J. M. Fangio 1955  J. M. Fangio 1956  J. M. Fangio 1957  J. M. Fangio 1958  M. Hawthorn 1959  J. Brabham 1960  J. Brabham 1961  P. Hill 1962  G. Hill 1963  J. Clark 1964  J. Surtees 1965  J. Clark 1966  J. Brabham 1967  D. Hulme 1968  G. Hill 1969  J. Stewart 1970  J. Rindt 1971  J. Stewart 1972  E. Fittipaldi 1973  J. Stewart 1974  E. Fittipaldi 1975  N. Lauda 1976  J. Hunt 1977  N. Lauda 1978  M. Andretti 1979  J. Scheckter 1980  A. Jones 1981  N. Piquet 1982  K. Rosberg 1983  N. Piquet 1984  N. Lauda 1985  A. Prost 1986  A. Prost 1987  N. Piquet 1988  A. Senna 1989  A. Prost 1990  A. Senna 1991  A. Senna 1992  N. Mansell 1993  A. Prost 1994  M. Schumacher 1995  M. Schumacher 1996  D. Hill 1997  J. Villeneuve 1998  M. Häkkinen 1999  M. Häkkinen 2000  M. Schumacher 2001  M. Schumacher 2002  M. Schumacher 2003  M. Schumacher 2004  M. Schumacher 2005  F. Alonso 2006  F. Alonso 2007  K. Räikkönen 2008  L. Hamilton 2009  J. Button 2010  S. Vettel 2011  S. Vettel 2012  S. Vettel 2013  S. Vettel 2014  L. Hamilton 2015  L. Hamilton 2016  N. Rosberg 2017  L. Hamilton 2018  L. Hamilton 2019  L. Hamilton 2020  L. Hamilton 2021  M. Verstappen 2022  M. Verstappen 2023  M. Verstappen vte Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000: Tiger Woods2001: Tiger Woods2002: Michael Schumacher2003: Lance Armstrong2004: Michael Schumacher2005: Roger Federer2006: Roger Federer2007: Roger Federer2008: Roger Federer2009: Usain Bolt2010: Usain Bolt2011: Rafael Nadal2012: Novak Djokovic2013: Usain Bolt2014: Sebastian Vettel2015: Novak Djokovic2016: Novak Djokovic2017: Usain Bolt2018: Roger Federer2019: Novak Djokovic2020: Lewis Hamilton & Lionel Messi2021: Rafael Nadal2022: Max Verstappen2023: Lionel Messi vte Winners of Autosport's International Racing Driver Award 1982: Keke Rosberg1983: Nelson Piquet1984: Niki Lauda1985: Alain Prost1986–87: Nigel Mansell1988: Ayrton Senna1989: Jean Alesi1990–91: Ayrton Senna1992–93: Nigel Mansell1994: Damon Hill1995: Michael Schumacher1996: Damon Hill1997: Jacques Villeneuve1998–99: Mika Häkkinen2000–02: Michael Schumacher2003: Juan Pablo Montoya2004: Jenson Button2005: Kimi Räikkönen2006: Fernando Alonso2007–08: Lewis Hamilton2009: Jenson Button2010–13: Sebastian Vettel2014–15: Lewis Hamilton2016: Nico Rosberg2017–20: Lewis Hamilton2021: Max Verstappen2022: Max Verstappen vte Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Sports Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 1980s 1987: Sebastian Coe1988: Juan Antonio Samaranch1989: Severiano Ballesteros 1990s 1990: Sito Pons1991: Sergey Bubka1992: Miguel Induráin1993: Javier Sotomayor1994: Martina Navratilova1995: Hassiba Boulmerka1996: Carl Lewis1997: Spain Marathon team: Abel Antón, Martín Fiz, José Manuel García, Fabián Roncero, Alberto Juzdado and Diego García1998: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario1999: Steffi Graf 2000s 2000: Lance Armstrong2001: Manuel Estiarte2002: Brazil national football team2003: Tour de France2004: Hicham El Guerrouj2005: Fernando Alonso2006: Spain men's national basketball team2007: Michael Schumacher2008: Rafael Nadal2009: Yelena Isinbayeva 2010s 2010: Spain men's national football team2011: Haile Gebrselassie2012: Iker Casillas and Xavi Hernández2013: José María Olazábal2014: New York City Marathon Princess of Asturias Award for Sports 2010s 2015: Pau Gasol and Marc Gasol2016: Francisco Javier Gómez Noya2017: New Zealand national rugby union team2018: Reinhold Messner and Krzysztof Wielicki2019: Lindsey Vonn 2020s 2020: Carlos Sainz2021: Teresa Perales2022: The Olympic Refuge Foundation and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team2023: Eliud Kipchoge vte Germany Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport (2010–present) OwnershipMercedes-Benz Group (33.3%)Toto Wolff (33.3%)Ineos (33.3%) Executive managementToto Wolff (CEO & team principal)Ola Källenius (Head of Mercedes-Benz) Current personnelJames AllisonPeter BonningtonJérôme d'AmbrosioMike ElliottRon MeadowsJarrod MurphyJohn OwenLoïc SerraAndrew ShovlinGeoff Willis Former personnelBob BellLoïc BigoisRoss BrawnAldo CostaAndy CowellJock ClearMark EllisNick FryNorbert HaugNiki LaudaPaddy LoweJames Vowles Current race drivers44. United Kingdom Lewis Hamilton63. United Kingdom George Russell Test and reserve driversGermany Mick Schumacher Simulator driversUnited Kingdom Jake HughesUnited Kingdom Anthony Davidson Junior Team driversDenmark Frederik VestiEstonia Paul AronItaly Andrea Kimi AntonelliJamaica Alex PowellChina Yuanpu Cui World ChampionsUnited Kingdom Lewis HamiltonGermany Nico Rosberg AmbassadorsGermany Nico RosbergMexico Esteban GutiérrezUnited Kingdom Susie Wolff Notable drivers Finland Valtteri Bottas Germany Michael Schumacher Drivers' titles2014201520162017201820192020 Constructors' titles20142015201620172018201920202021 Formula One carsW01W02W03W04W05W06W07W08W09W10W11W12W13W14 Engine divisionMercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains RelatedMercedes-Benz GroupMercedes-BenzMercedes-AMG Daimler-Benz (1954–1955) PersonnelFritz NallingerAlfred NeubauerMax SailerRudolf Uhlenhaut World ChampionsArgentina Juan Manuel Fangio Notable drivers Germany Hans Herrmann Germany Karl Kling Germany Hermann Lang United Kingdom Stirling Moss France André Simon Italy Piero Taruffi Drivers' titles19541955 Formula One carsW196 RelatedMercedes-BenzSilver Arrows Success with Mercedes-Benz engines Drivers' titles1954195519981999200820092014201520162017201820192020 Constructors' titles1998200920142015201620172018201920202021 RelatedMercedes AMG High Performance PowertrainsMercedes engine customers' Grand Prix resultsMercedes-AMG Italics indicate factory team. vte Italy Scuderia Ferrari Drivers Race drivers 16. Monaco Charles Leclerc55. Spain Carlos Sainz Jr. Test and reserve drivers 99. Italy Antonio Giovinazzi (reserve)Israel Robert Shwartzman (test) Ferrari Driver Academy Monaco Arthur LeclercSweden Dino BeganovicAustralia James WhartonBelgium Maya WeugUnited Kingdom Oliver BearmanBrazil Rafael CâmaraSpain Laura Camps TorrasItaly David TonizzaUnited Kingdom Brendon LeighItaly Giovanni de Salvo F1 world champions Italy Alberto AscariArgentina Juan Manuel FangioUnited Kingdom Mike HawthornUnited States Phil HillUnited Kingdom John SurteesAustria Niki LaudaSouth Africa Jody ScheckterGermany Michael SchumacherFinland Kimi Räikkönen F1 race winners José Froilán GonzálezAlberto AscariPiero TaruffiMike HawthornGiuseppe FarinaMaurice TrintignantJuan Manuel FangioLuigi MussoPeter CollinsTony BrooksPhil HillWolfgang von TripsGiancarlo BaghettiJohn SurteesLorenzo BandiniLudovico ScarfiottiJacky IckxClay RegazzoniMario AndrettiNiki LaudaCarlos ReutemannGilles VilleneuveJody ScheckterDidier PironiPatrick TambayRené ArnouxMichele AlboretoGerhard BergerNigel MansellAlain ProstJean AlesiMichael SchumacherEddie IrvineRubens BarrichelloFelipe MassaKimi RäikkönenFernando AlonsoSebastian VettelCharles LeclercCarlos Sainz Jr. Personnel Current John Elkann (president)Benedetto Vigna (chief executive officer)Piero Ferrari (vice chairman)Frédéric Vasseur (team principal)Riccardo AdamiLoïc BigoisEnrico CardileJock ClearDiego IovernoRavin JainXavier Marcos PadrosFabio MontecchiIñaki RuedaMatteo Togninalli Former Enzo Ferrari (founder)Ben AgathangelouJames AllisonMario AlmondoMaurizio ArrivabeneGiorgio AscanelliDaniele AudettoLuca BadoerLuca BaldisserriJohn BarnardDario BenuzziMattia BinottoRoss BrawnGustav BrunnerMarcin BudkowskiRuth BuscombeRory ByrneLouis C. CamilleriGiacomo CaliriCarlo ChitiGioacchino ColomboValerio ColottiAldo CostaDirk de BeerStefano DomenicaliHenri DurandChris DyerMarco FainelloGianfranco FantuzziAlfredo FerrariCesare FiorioMauro ForghieriPat FryHirohide HamashimaDiane HollJohn IleyVittorio JanoAurelio LamprediClaudio LombardiSergio MarchionneLuca MarmoriniNeil MartinPaolo MartinelliAlberto MassiminoMarco MattiacciLaurent MekiesJean-Claude MigeotJan MonchauxLuca Cordero di MontezemoloSteve NicholsOssi OikarinenMarco PiccininiHarvey PostlethwaiteSimone RestaMassimo RivolaDavid SanchezLorenzo SassiEnrique ScalabroniMichael SchumacherGilles SimonRob SmedleyAndrea StellaNigel StepneyRomolo TavoniRob TaylorAntonia TerziJean TodtWillem ToetNikolas TombazisJoan Villadelprat Cars Formula One 125212275340375500553625555D50801246256246 P1561581512246 F1-66312312B312T126C156/85F1/86F1/87640641642643F92AF93A412 T1412 T2F310F300F399F1-2000F2001F2002F2003-GAF2004F2005248 F1F2007F2008F60F10150º ItaliaF2012F138F14 TSF15-TSF16-HSF70HSF71HSF90SF1000SF21F1-75SF-23 Formula Two 166 F2500 F2553 F2Dino 156 F2156 F2Dino 166 F2 IndyCar/CART 375 Indy326 MI412 MI637 Sports cars 166 S/SC/MM166 MM Le Mans195 S275 S340 America212 Export225 S250 S250 MM340 Mexico & MM375 MM375 Plus625 TF735 S500 Mondial250 Monza750 Monza500 TR857 S376 S735 LM410 S860 Monza625 LMDino 196 S & 296 S & 246 S500 TRC290 MM290 S315 S335 S250 GT Berlinetta412 S250 Testa Rossa246 SP & 196 SP & 286 SP248 SP & 268 SP250 GTO330 TRI/LM330 LMB250 P, 275 P & 330 P275 P2, 330 P2 & 365 P2250 LM330 P3330 P3/4 & P4Dino 166 P & 206 SPDino 206 S212 E612P312 P512 S & 512 M712P312 PB333 SP499P Formula One titles Drivers' titles 195219531956195819611964197519771979200020012002200320042007 Constructors' titles 1961196419751976197719791982198319992000200120022003200420072008 Related DinoDriver AcademyGrand Prix racing historyGrand Prix results Engine customersNon-championship Formula One resultsPrancing HorseTifosi  Category:Ferrari Commons:Scuderia Ferrari vte Benetton Formula FounderLuciano Benetton PersonnelJames AllisonBen AgathangelouGiorgio AscanelliJohn BarnardBob BellRocco BenettonRoss BrawnFlavio BriatoreRory ByrneNick ChesterPeter CollinsFrank CoppuckTim DenshamPat FryMike GascoyneRob MarshallSteve MatchettPaul MonaghanJarrod MurphySteve NielsenAlan PermaneDavid RichardsSergio RinlandMark SmithNigel StepneyPat SymondsRob TaylorWillem ToetNikolas TombazisDino TosoJoan VilladelpratJohn WaltonJonathan WheatleyNick Wirth World ChampionsMichael Schumacher DriversTeo FabiGerhard BergerThierry BoutsenAlessandro NanniniJohnny HerbertEmanuele PirroNelson PiquetRoberto MorenoMichael SchumacherMartin BrundleRiccardo PatreseJJ LehtoJos VerstappenJean AlesiAlexander WurzGiancarlo FisichellaJenson Button Drivers' titles19941995 Constructors' titles1995 Formula One carsB186B187B188B189B189BB190B190BB191B191BB192B193B193BB194B195B196B197B198B199B200B201 Benetton Group Toleman Renault vte Republic of Ireland Jordan Grand Prix FounderEddie Jordan Notable staffGary AndersonBob BellAdrian BurgessTrevor CarlinHenri DurandJacky EeckelaertMark GallagherMike GascoyneAndrew GreenAkio HagaEghbal HamidyJohn IleyJames KeyGianpiero LambiaseJohn McQuilliamSam MichaelPaul MonaghanDave O'NeillAlex ShnaiderRob SmedleyMark SmithAndy StevensonDino TosoJohn Walton Notable driversFrance Jean AlesiBrazil Rubens BarrichelloItaly Andrea de CesarisItaly Giancarlo FisichellaGermany Heinz-Harald FrentzenUnited Kingdom Damon HillUnited Kingdom Eddie IrvineGermany Michael SchumacherGermany Ralf SchumacherItaly Jarno Trulli Formula One cars191192193194195196197198199EJ10EJ10BEJ11EJ12EJ13EJ14EJ15EJ15B vte PAP European Sportsperson of the Year 1958: Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak 1959: Vasili Kuznetsov 1960: Yury Vlasov 1961: Valeriy Brumel 1962: Valeriy Brumel 1963: Valeriy Brumel 1964: Lidiya Skoblikova 1965: Michel Jazy 1966: Irena Szewińska 1967: Jean-Claude Killy 1968: Jean-Claude Killy 1969: Eddy Merckx 1970: Eddy Merckx 1971: Juha Väätäinen 1972: Lasse Virén 1973: Kornelia Ender 1974: Irena Szewińska 1975: Kornelia Ender 1976: Nadia Comăneci 1977: Rosemarie Ackermann 1978: Vladimir Yashchenko 1979: Sebastian Coe 1980: Vladimir Salnikov 1981: Sebastian Coe 1982: Daley Thompson 1983: Jarmila Kratochvílová 1984: Michael Gross 1985: Sergey Bubka 1986: Heike Drechsler 1987: Stephen Roche 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Stefan Edberg 1991: Katrin Krabbe 1992: Nigel Mansell 1993: Linford Christie 1994: Johann Olav Kosss 1995: Jonathan Edwards 1996: Svetlana Masterkova 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Mika Häkkinen 1999: Gabriela Szaboo 2000: Inge de Bruijn 2001: Michael Schumacher 2002: Michael Schumacher 2003: Michael Schumacher 2004: Roger Federer 2005: Roger Federer & Yelena Isinbayeva 2006: Roger Federer 2007: Roger Federer 2008: Rafael Nadal 2009: Roger Federerr 2010: Rafael Nadal 2011: Sebastian Vettel 2012: Sebastian Vettel 2013: Lewis Hamilton 2014: Lewis Hamilton 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Cristiano Ronaldo 2017: Cristiano Ronaldo 2018: Novak Djokovic 2019: Lewis Hamilton 2020: Robert Lewandowski 2021: Novak Djokovic 2022: Iga Świątek vte L'Équipe Champion of Champions Original award 1980: Eric Heiden1981: Sebastian Coe1982: Paolo Rossi1983: Carl Lewis1984: Carl Lewis1985: Sergey Bubka1986: Diego Maradona1987: Ben Johnson1988: Florence Griffith Joyner1989: Greg LeMond1990: Ayrton Senna1991: Carl Lewis1992: Michael Jordan1993: Noureddine Morceli1994: Romário1995: Jonathan Edwards1996: Michael Johnson1997: Sergey Bubka1998: Zinedine Zidane1999: Andre Agassi2000: Tiger Woods2001: Michael Schumacher2002: Michael Schumacher2003: Michael Schumacher2004: Hicham El Guerrouj2005: Roger Federer2006: Roger Federer2007: Roger Federer2008: Usain Bolt2009: Usain Bolt2010: Rafael Nadal2011: Lionel Messi Male and female awards separated Male award 2012: Usain Bolt2013: Rafael Nadal2014: Renaud Lavillenie2015: Usain Bolt2016: Usain Bolt2017: Roger Federer & Rafael Nadal2018: Marcel Hirscher2019: Rafael Nadal2020: Lewis Hamilton2021: Novak Djokovic2022: Lionel Messi Female award 2012: Serena Williams2013: Serena Williams2014: Katie Ledecky2015: Serena Williams2016: Simone Biles2017: Katie Ledecky2018: Simone Biles2019: Simone Biles2020: Marte Olsbu Røiseland2021: Elaine Thompson-Herah2022: Iga Świątek Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International FASTISNIVIAF National NorwayFranceBnF dataCataloniaGermanyItalyUnited StatesLatviaJapanCzech RepublicNetherlandsPoland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef Categories: Michael Schumacher1969 births24 Hours of Le Mans driversAmbassadors of San MarinoBenetton Formula One driversKnights of the Legion of HonourFerrari Formula One driversFormula Ford driversFormula One race winnersFormula One World Drivers' ChampionsGerman expatriates in MonacoGerman expatriate sportspeople in SwitzerlandGerman Formula One driversGerman Formula Three Championship driversGerman philanthropistsGerman racing driversGerman Roman CatholicsJapanese Formula 3000 Championship driversJordan Formula One driversKarting World Championship driversLaureus World Sports Awards winnersLiving peopleMercedes-Benz Formula One driversPeople from HürthSportspeople from Cologne (region)People with disorders of consciousnessPeople with traumatic brain injuriesRacing drivers from North Rhine-WestphaliaRecipients of the Silver Laurel LeafSchumacher family (sports)World Sportscar Championship driversTeam LeMans driversHWA Team driversSauber Motorsport drivers Formula One     Article     Talk     Read     Edit     View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "F1", "Formula 1", and "FIA World Championship" redirect here. For other uses, see F1 (disambiguation), Formula One (disambiguation), and List of FIA championships. Formula One Formula One logo since 2018 Category Open-wheel single-seater Formula auto racing Country International Inaugural season 1950 Drivers 20 Teams 10 Chassis manufacturers 10 Engine manufacturers     Ferrari     Honda RBPT     Mercedes     Renault Tyre suppliers Pirelli Drivers' champion Netherlands Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT) Constructors' champion Austria Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT Official website Official website Current season Formula One Season summaries Related articles Lists Records Organisations     vte Formula One (more commonly known as Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform.[1] A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix. Grands Prix take place in multiple countries and continents around the world on either purpose-built circuits or closed public roads. A points system is used at Grands Prix to determine two annual World Championships: one for the drivers, and one for the constructors (the teams). Each driver must hold a valid Super Licence, the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA,[2] and the races must be held on tracks graded "1", the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA for tracks.[2] Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through generating large amounts of aerodynamic downforce. Much of this downforce is generated by front and rear wings, which have the side effect of causing severe turbulence behind each car. The turbulence reduces the downforce generated by the cars following directly behind, making it hard to overtake. Major changes made to the cars for the 2022 season have resulted in greater use of ground effect aerodynamics and modified wings to reduce the turbulence behind the cars, with the goal of making overtaking easier.[3] The cars are dependent on electronics, aerodynamics, suspension and tyres. Traction control, launch control, and automatic shifting, plus other electronic driving aids, were first banned in 1994. They were briefly reintroduced in 2001, and have more recently been banned since 2004 and 2008, respectively.[4] With the average annual cost of running a team – designing, building, and maintaining cars, pay, transport – being approximately £220,000,000 (or $265,000,000),[5] its financial and political battles are widely reported. On 23 January 2017, Liberty Media completed its acquisition of the Formula One Group, from private-equity firm CVC Capital Partners for £6.4bn ($8bn).[6][7] History Main article: History of Formula One Formula One originated from the European Motor Racing Championships of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula consists of a set of rules that all participants' cars must follow. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon during 1946 with the first non-championship races taking place during that year. The first Formula One Grand Prix was the 1946 Turin Grand Prix. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a motor racing world championship before World War II, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship did not become formalised until 1947. The first world championship race took place at Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom on 13 May 1950.[8] Giuseppe Farina, competing for Alfa Romeo, won the first Drivers' World Championship, narrowly defeating his teammate Juan Manuel Fangio. Fangio went on to win the championship in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.[9] This set the record for the most World Championships won by a single driver, a record that stood for 46 years until Michael Schumacher won his sixth championship in 2003.[9] Juan Manuel Fangio's 1951 title-winning Alfa Romeo 159 A Constructors' Championship was added in the 1958 season. Stirling Moss, despite being regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, never won the Formula One championship.[10] Between 1955 and 1961, Moss finished second place in the championship four times and in third place the other three times.[11][12] Fangio won 24 of the 52 races he entered – still the record for the highest Formula One wins percentage by an individual driver.[13] National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held by promoters for many years. Due to the increasing cost of competition, the last of these was held in 1983.[14] This era featured teams managed by road-car manufacturers, such as: Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Maserati. The first seasons featured pre-war cars like Alfa's 158. They were front-engined, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre supercharged or 4.5-litre naturally aspirated engines. The 1952 and 1953 seasons were run to Formula Two regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the lack of Formula One cars available.[15][16] When a new Formula One formula for engines limited to 2.5 litres was reinstated to the world championship for 1954, Mercedes-Benz introduced their W196. The W196 featured things never seen on Formula One cars before, such as: desmodromic valves, fuel injection and enclosed streamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for the next two years, before the team withdrew from all motorsport competitions due to the 1955 Le Mans disaster.[17] Technological developments Stirling Moss's Lotus 18 at the Nürburgring during 1961 The first major technological development in the sport was Bugatti's introduction of mid-engined cars. Jack Brabham, the world champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966, soon proved the mid-engine's superiority over all other engines. By 1961 all teams had switched to mid-engined cars. The Ferguson P99, a four-wheel drive design, was the last front-engined Formula One car to enter a world championship race. It was entered in the 1961 British Grand Prix, the only front-engined car to compete that year.[18] During 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional space-frame design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars. In 1968 sponsorship was introduced to the sport. Team Gunston became the first team to run cigarette sponsorship on their Brabham cars, which privately entered in orange, brown and gold colours of Gunston cigarettes in the 1968 South African Grand Prix on 1 January 1968.[19] Five months later, Lotus as the first works team followed this example when they entered their cars painted in the red, gold and white colours of the Imperial Tobacco's Gold Leaf livery at the 1968 Spanish Grand Prix. Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design with the appearance of aerofoils during the 1968 season. During the late 1970s, Lotus introduced ground-effect aerodynamics, previously used on Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J in 1970, that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds. The aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track were up to five times the car's weight. As a result, extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid. This meant that the drivers were depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface.[20] Big business Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the multibillion-dollar business it now is.[21][22] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971, he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors' Association and during 1978, he became its president.[23] Previously, the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually; however, Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.[22] He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package, which they could take or leave. In return for the package, almost all that was required was to surrender trackside advertising.[21] The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) during 1979 set off the FISA–FOCA war, during which FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre argued repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.[24] The Guardian said that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "used [FOCA] to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view". FOCA threatened to establish a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew its sanction from races.[21] The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement, which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.[25] Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA.[26] FISA imposed a ban on ground-effect aerodynamics during 1983.[27] By then, however, turbocharged engines, which Renault had pioneered in 1977, were producing over 520 kW (700 bhp) and were essential to be competitive. By 1986, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5 bar (80 psi) pressure, estimated[who?] to be over 970 kW (1,300 bhp) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. The next year, power in race trim reached around 820 kW (1,100 bhp), with boost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar.[28] These cars were the most powerful open-wheel circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984, and boost pressures in 1988, before banning turbocharged engines completely in 1989.[29] The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of active suspension, which first appeared during 1983 on the Lotus 92.[30] By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill, banned many such aids for the 1994 season. This resulted in cars that were previously dependent on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive. Observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only, as they "proved difficult to police effectively".[31] The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997.[32] Stefan Johansson driving for Ferrari at the 1985 European Grand Prix On the track, the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s. Brabham were also being competitive during the early part of the 1980s, winning two Drivers' Championships with Nelson Piquet. Powered by Porsche, Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen championships (seven constructors' and nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from Ford, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteen titles (nine constructors' and seven drivers'). The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1's central focus during 1988 and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993. Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also died in an accident during Saturday qualifying. No driver died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years until the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, where Jules Bianchi collided with a recovery vehicle after aquaplaning off the circuit, dying nine months later from his injuries. Since 1994, three track marshals have died, one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[33] the second at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix[33] and the third at the 2013 Canadian Grand Prix. Since the deaths of Senna and Ratzenberger, the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes that otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams – most notably the changes introduced for 1998. This so-called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall, and the introduction of grooved tyres to reduce mechanical grip. The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rainy conditions by enforcing a smaller contact patch between tyre and track. This, according to the FIA, was to reduce cornering speeds in the interest of safety.[34] Damon Hill driving for Williams at the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix Results were mixed, as the lack of mechanical grip resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip. This resulted in pushing more force onto the tyres through wings and aerodynamic devices, which in turn resulted in less overtaking as these devices tended to make the wake behind the car turbulent or 'dirty'. This prevented other cars from following closely due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound to be able to hold the grooved tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure, as the harder compound could not grip the track as well. Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton), and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", won every World Championship from 1984 to 2008. The teams won every Constructors' Championship from 1979 to 2008, as well as placing themselves as the top four teams in the Constructors' Championship in every season between 1989 and 1997, and winning every race but one (the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix) between 1988 and 1997. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically, thus increasing financial burdens. This, combined with the dominance of four teams (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive but to stay in business. This effectively forced several teams to withdraw. Manufacturers' return Michael Schumacher (pictured here in 2001) won five consecutive titles with Ferrari. Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won five consecutive Drivers' Championships (2000–2004) and six consecutive Constructors' Championships (1999–2004). Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91, since beaten by Lewis Hamilton), wins in a season (thirteen, since beaten by Max Verstappen), and most Drivers' Championships (seven, tied with Lewis Hamilton as of 2021).[35] Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005, when Renault driver Fernando Alonso became Formula One's youngest champion at that time (until Lewis Hamilton in 2008 and followed by Sebastian Vettel in 2010). During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for the newly formed Mercedes works team, following the rebrand of Brawn GP. During this period, the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs.[36] Team orders, legal since the championship started during 1950, were banned during 2002, after several incidents, in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. Other changes included the qualifying format, the points scoring system, the technical regulations, and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A "tyre war" between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall, although, at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis, seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use, leading to Bridgestone becoming the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season by default. Bridgestone then went on to sign a contract on 20 December 2007 that officially made them the exclusive tyre supplier for the next three seasons.[37] During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a "green" future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor.[38] Starting in 2000, with Ford's purchase of Stewart Grand Prix to form the Jaguar Racing team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams – Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda, and Ferrari – dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the Constructors' Championship. The sole exception was McLaren, which at the time was part-owned by Mercedes-Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA), the manufacturers negotiated a larger share of Formula One's commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.[39] Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers In 2008 and 2009, Honda, BMW, and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with Ross Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP laid off hundreds of employees, but eventually won the year's world championships. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team, Peter Sauber. The Lotus F1 Team[40] were another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that reverted to "privateer" ownership, together with the buy-out of the Renault team by Genii Capital investors. A link with their previous owners still survived, however, with their car continuing to be powered by a Renault engine until 2014. The three teams that debuted in 2010 (Hispania Racing F1 Team/HRT Formula 1 Team, Lotus Racing/Team Lotus/Caterham F1 Team, and Virgin Racing/Marussia Virgin Racing/Marussia F1 Team/Manor Marussia F1 Team/Manor Racing MRT) all disappeared within seven years of their debuts. McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes-Benz (McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari). Hence, during the 2010 season, Mercedes-Benz re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase of Brawn GP and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team. During the 2009 season of Formula One, the sport was gripped by the FIA–FOTA dispute. The FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost-cutting measures for the following season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;[41] teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a rev limiter.[41] The Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a 'two-tier' championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. However, talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with the exception of Williams and Force India,[42][43] that 'they had no choice' but to form a breakaway championship series.[43] Bernie Ecclestone, the former Chief executive of the Formula One Group On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing body and the teams to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were not specified,[44] and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to the FIA presidency in October.[45] Following further disagreements, after Max Mosley suggested he would stand for re-election,[46] FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season,[47] and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.[48] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.[49] To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams, four new teams were accepted entry into the 2010 season ahead of a much anticipated 'cost-cap'. Entrants included a reborn Team Lotus – which was led by a Malaysian consortium including Tony Fernandes, the boss of Air Asia; Hispania Racing – the first Spanish Formula One team; as well as Virgin Racing – Richard Branson's entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before. They were also joined by the US F1 Team, which planned to run out of the United States as the only non-European-based team in the sport. Financial issues befell the squad before they even made the grid. Despite the entry of these new teams, the proposed cost-cap was repealed and these teams – who did not have the budgets of the midfield and top-order teams – ran around at the back of the field until they inevitably collapsed; HRT in 2012, Caterham (formerly Lotus) in 2014 and Manor (formerly Virgin then Marussia), having survived falling into administration in 2014, went under at the end of 2016. Hybrid era A major rule shake-up in 2014 saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced by 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid power units. This prompted Honda to return to the sport in 2015 as the championship's fourth power unit manufacturer. Mercedes emerged as the dominant force after the rule shake-up, with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and teammate, Nico Rosberg, with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season. The team continued this form in the following two seasons, again winning 16 races in 2015 before taking a record 19 wins in 2016, with Hamilton claiming the title in the former year and Rosberg winning it in the latter by five points. The 2016 season also saw a new team, Haas, join the grid, while Max Verstappen became the youngest-ever race winner at the age of 18 in Spain.[50] Mercedes won eight consecutive constructors' titles and Lewis Hamilton won six drivers' titles during the beginning of the hybrid era. After revised aerodynamic regulations were introduced, the 2017 and 2018 seasons featured a title battle between Mercedes and Ferrari.[51][52][53][54] However, Mercedes ultimately won the titles with multiple races to spare and continued to experience dominance in the next two years,[55] eventually winning seven consecutive Drivers' Championships from 2014 to 2020 and eight consecutive Constructors' titles from 2014 to 2021. During this eight-year period between 2014 and 2021, 111 of the 160 races were won by a Mercedes driver,[56] with Hamilton winning 81 of these races and taking six Drivers' Championships during this period to equal Schumacher's record of seven titles.[57][58][59] In 2021, the Honda-powered Red Bull team began to seriously challenge Mercedes, with their driver Max Verstappen beating Hamilton to the Drivers' Championship after a season-long battle that saw the pair exchange the championship lead multiple times. This era has seen an increase in car manufacturer presence in the sport. After Honda's return as an engine manufacturer in 2015, Renault came back as a team in 2016 after buying back the Lotus F1 team. In 2018, Aston Martin and Alfa Romeo became Red Bull and Sauber's title sponsors, respectively. Sauber was rebranded as Alfa Romeo Racing for the 2019 season, while Racing Point part-owner Lawrence Stroll bought a stake in Aston Martin to rebrand the Racing Point team as Aston Martin for 2021. In August 2020, a new Concorde Agreement was signed by all ten F1 teams committing them to the sport until 2025, including a $145M budget cap for car development to support equal competition and sustainable development in the future.[60][61] The COVID-19 pandemic forced the sport to adapt to budgetary and logistical limitations. A significant overhaul of the technical regulations intended to be introduced in the 2021 season was pushed back to 2022,[62] with constructors instead using their 2020 chassis for two seasons and a token system limiting which parts could be modified was introduced.[63] The start of the 2020 season was delayed by several months,[64] and both it and 2021 seasons were subject to several postponements, cancellations and rescheduling of races due to the shifting restrictions on international travel. Many races took place behind closed doors and with only essential personnel present to maintain social distancing.[65] In 2022, a major rule and car design change was announced by the F1 governing body, intended to promote closer racing through the use of ground effects, new aerodynamics, larger wheels with low-profile tires, and redesigned nose and wing regulations.[66][67] The 2022 Constructors' and Drivers' Championships were won by Red Bull and Verstappen, respectively.[68][69] Racing and strategy Main articles: Formula One racing, Formula One tyres, Racing flags, and Formula One regulations A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It typically begins with two free practice sessions on Friday, and one free practice on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.[70][71] Tyre rules The 2023 Pirelli tyres include (from left to right) the three slicks – called the hards, mediums, and softs – intermediates, and full wets. Each driver may use no more than thirteen sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of intermediate tyres, and three sets of wet-weather tyres during a race weekend.[72] Qualifying For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more sessions in which to set their fastest time, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, with the fastest getting first place on the grid, referred to as pole position. From 1996 to 2002, the format was a one-hour shootout. This approach lasted until the end of 2002 before the rules were changed again because the teams were not running in the early part of the session to take advantage of better track conditions later on.[73] Grids were generally limited to 26 cars – if the race had more entries, qualification would also decide which drivers would start the race. During the early 1990s, the number of entries was so high that the worst-performing teams had to enter a pre-qualifying session, with the fastest cars allowed through to the main qualifying session. The qualifying format began to change in the early 2000s, with the FIA experimenting with limiting the number of laps, determining the aggregate time over two sessions, and allowing each driver only one qualifying lap. The current qualifying system was adopted in the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is split into three periods, known as Q1, Q2, and Q3. In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" of qualification (but not necessarily the race) at the end of the period and their grid positions set within the rearmost five based on their best lap times. Drivers are allowed as many laps as they wish within each period. After each period, all times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed and will count toward that driver's placement. The number of cars eliminated in each period is dependent on the total number of cars entered into the championship.[74] Currently, with 20 cars, Q1 runs for 18 minutes, and eliminates the slowest five drivers. During this period, any driver whose best lap takes longer than 107% of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards. Otherwise, all drivers proceed to the race albeit in the worst starting positions. This rule does not affect drivers in Q2 or Q3. In Q2, the 15 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period. Finally, Q3 lasts 12 minutes and sees the remaining ten drivers decide the first ten grid positions. At the beginning of the 2016 Formula 1 season, the FIA introduced a new qualifying format, whereby drivers were knocked out every 90 seconds after a certain amount of time had passed in each session. The aim was to mix up grid positions for the race, but due to unpopularity, the FIA reverted to the above qualifying format for the Chinese GP, after running the format for only two races.[74] Each car is allocated one set of the softest tyres for use in Q3. The cars that qualify for Q3 must return them after Q3; the cars that do not qualify for Q3 can use them during the race.[75] As of 2022, all drivers are given a free choice of tyre to use at the start of the Grand Prix,[76] whereas in previous years only the drivers that did not participate in Q3 had free tyre choice for the start of the race. Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying. Grid penalties can be applied for driving infractions in the previous or current Grand Prix, or for changing a gearbox or engine component. If a car fails scrutineering, the driver will be excluded from qualifying but will be allowed to start the race from the back of the grid at the race steward's discretion. 2021 saw the trialling of a 'sprint qualifying' race on the Saturday of three race weekends, with the intention of testing the new approach to qualifying. The traditional qualifying would determine the starting order for the sprint, and the result of the sprint would then determine the start order for the Grand Prix.[77] The system returned for the 2022 season, now titled the 'sprint'.[78] From 2023, sprint races no longer impacted the start order for the main race, which would be determined by traditional qualifying. Sprints would have their own qualifying session, titled the 'sprint shootout';[79] such a system made its debut at the 2023 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and is set to be used throughout all sprint sessions in place of the traditional second free practice session. Sprint qualifying sessions are run much shorter than traditional qualifying, and each session required teams to fit new tyres - mediums for SQ1 and SQ2, and softs for SQ3 - otherwise they cannot participate in the session.[80] Race The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction and grip, and also gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid for the race start. Jacques Villeneuve qualifying at the 2005 United States Grand Prix in his Sauber C24 Once all the cars have formed on the grid, after the medical car positions itself behind the pack,[81] a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid or on the track in an unsafe position, signalled by raising their arm. If this happens, the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if race control feels a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavy rainfall. As of the 2019 season, there will always be a standing restart. If due to heavy rainfall a start behind the safety car is necessary, then after the track has dried sufficiently, drivers will form up for a standing start. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[82] Under normal circumstances, the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps. Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather or if the safety car is deployed during the race. When a situation justifies pausing the race without terminating it, the red flag is deployed; since 2005, a ten-minute warning is given before the race is resumed behind the safety car, which leads the field for a lap before it returns to the pit lane (before then the race resumed in race order from the penultimate lap before the red flag was shown). In the 1950s, race distances varied from 300 km (190 mi) to 600 km (370 mi). The maximum race length was reduced to 400 km (250 mi) in 1966 and 325 km (202 mi) in 1971. The race length was standardised to the current 305 km (190 mi) in 1989. However, street races like Monaco have shorter distances, to keep under the two-hour limit. Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race. If a leader comes across a backmarker (slower car) who has completed fewer laps, the back marker is shown a blue flag[83] telling them that they are obliged to allow the leader to overtake them. The slower car is said to be "lapped" and, once the leader finishes the race, is classified as finishing the race "one lap down". A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any car in front of them. A driver who fails to complete more than 90% of the race distance is shown as "not classified" in the results. Throughout the race, drivers may make pit stops to change tyres and repair damage (from 1994 to 2009 inclusive, they could also refuel). Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order to maximise their car's potential. Three dry tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Over the course of a race, drivers must use two of the three available compounds. The different compounds have different levels of performance and choosing when to use which compound is a key tactical decision to make. Different tyres have different colours on their sidewalls; this allows spectators to understand the strategies. Under wet conditions, drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves (one "intermediate", for mild wet conditions, such as after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in or immediately after rain). A driver must make at least one stop to use two tyre compounds; up to three stops are typically made, although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditions change. If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry tyres. Race director This role involves generally managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspecting cars in parc fermé before a race, enforcing FIA rules, and controlling the lights which start each race. As the head of the race officials, the race director also plays a large role in sorting disputes among teams and drivers. Penalties, such as drive-through penalties (and stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications, and fines can all be handed out should parties break regulations. As of 2023, the race director is Niels Wittich, with Herbie Blash as a permanent advisor.[84] Safety car The Mercedes-AMG GT R safety car at the 2019 Hungarian Grand Prix In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race marshals, race officials may choose to deploy the safety car. This in effect suspends the race, with drivers following the safety car around the track at its speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. Cars that have been lapped may, during the safety car period and depending on circumstances permitted by the race director, be allowed to un-lap themselves in order to ensure a smoother restart and to avoid blue flags being immediately thrown upon the resumption of the race with many of the cars in very close proximity to each other. The safety car circulates until the danger is cleared; after it comes in, the race restarts with a "rolling start". Pit stops are permitted under the safety car. Since 2000, the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver Bernd Mayländer.[85] On the lap in which the safety car returns to the pits, the leading car takes over the role of the safety car until the timing line. After crossing this line, drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more. Mercedes-Benz supplies Mercedes-AMG models to Formula One to use as the safety cars. From 2021 onwards, Aston Martin supplies the Vantage to Formula One to use as the safety car, sharing the duty with Mercedes-Benz.[86] Flags Main article: Racing flags Flags specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H of the FIA's International Sporting Code.[87] Flag Name Meaning SC Board (Safety Car) Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the Safety Car is on track. Full course yellow flag applies. Drivers must hold position and slow down. VSC Board (Virtual Safety Car) Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the virtual safety car is in use. During this time, the drivers are given minimum sector times that they must stay above. Full course double yellow flag applies. The car's time relative to this set time is measured at each marshalling post (approximately every 50 m), and the difference is referred to as the car's "delta" time. This delta time is reported to the driver, and must remain positive throughout the VSC period else the driver will be penalised.[88] Yellow Indicates a hazard on or near the track (waved yellows indicate a hazard on the track, frozen yellows indicate a hazard near the track). Double waved yellows inform drivers that they must slow down as marshals are working on or near to the track and drivers should be prepared to stop. Green Normal racing conditions apply. This is usually shown following a yellow flag to indicate that the hazard has been passed. A green flag is shown at all stations for the lap following the end of a full-course yellow (or safety car). A green flag is also shown at the start of a session. Yellow and red striped Slippery track, due to oil, water, or loose debris. Can be seen 'rocked' from side to side (not waved) to indicate a small animal on track. Blue A blue flag indicates that the driver in front must let faster cars behind them pass because they are being lapped. If the flag is missed 3 times, the driver could be penalised. Accompanied by the driver's number. White Indicates that there is a slow car ahead, either a race car or a course vehicle. Often waved at the end of the pit lane when a car is about to leave the pits. Black and orange circle Car is damaged or has a mechanical problem, must return to the pit lane immediately. Will be accompanied by driver's number Half black half white Warns a driver for poor sportsmanship or dangerous behaviour. Can be followed by a Black flag upon further infringement. Accompanied by the driver's number. Black Driver is disqualified. Will be accompanied by the driver's number. This can be issued after a Half Black Half White flag. Red A red flag immediately halts a race or session when conditions become too dangerous to continue. Chequered flag End of the practice, qualifying, or racing session. The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes have revolved around what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver would be allowed to continue a race in their teammate's car should theirs develop a problem – in the modern era, cars are so carefully fitted to drivers that this has become impossible. In recent years, the emphasis has been on changing refuelling and tyre change regulations. Since the 2010 season, refuelling – which was reintroduced in 1994 – has not been allowed, to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns. The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007, again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to be completed on time for a growing international live television audience. Points system Main article: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th FL* 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 1 *A driver must finish within the top ten to receive a point for setting the fastest lap of the race. If the driver who set the fastest lap finishes outside of the top ten, then the point for fastest lap will not be awarded for that race.[89] The Formula One trophy given to the drivers' champion at the end of the year Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. The current system, in place since 2010, awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, with the winner receiving 25 points. All points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions. Regardless of whether a driver stays with the same team throughout the season, or switches teams, all points earned by them count for the Drivers' Championship.[90] A driver must be classified in order to receive points, as of 2022, a driver must complete at least 90% of the race distance in order to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.[91] From some time between the 1977 and 1980 seasons to the end of the 2021 season if less than 75% of the race laps were completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table were awarded to the drivers and constructors. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the 1984 season. The last occurrence was at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix when the race was called off after just three laps behind a safety car due to torrential rain.[92][93] The half points rule was replaced by a distance-dependent gradual scale system for 2022.[94] Constructors See also: List of Formula One constructors, List of Formula One engine constructors, and List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions Ferrari (pictured with Charles Leclerc) have competed in every season. A Formula One constructor is the entity credited for designing the chassis and the engine.[95] If both are designed by the same company, that company receives sole credit as the constructor (e.g., Ferrari). If they are designed by different companies, both are credited, and the name of the chassis designer is placed before that of the engine designer (e.g., McLaren-Mercedes). All constructors are scored individually, even if they share either chassis or engine with another constructor (e.g., Williams-Ford, Williams-Honda in 1983).[96] Since 1981,[97] Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, and consequently the distinction between the terms "team" and "constructor" became less pronounced, though engines may still be produced by a different entity. This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Series which allows teams to purchase chassis, and "spec series" such as Formula 2 which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. It also effectively prohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s. The sport's debut season, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs, many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team, the only still-active team which competed in 1950. McLaren won all but one race in 1988 with engine partner Honda. Renault (pictured here with Nico Hülkenberg) has had an active role in Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier since 1977. Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (sixteen). Companies such as Climax, Repco, Cosworth, Hart, Judd and Supertec, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them. In the early years, independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines, though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Toyota, whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive. Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier.[98] It is estimated the major teams spend between €100 and €200 million ($125–$225 million) per year per manufacturer on engines alone.[99] In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1981 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams. Super Aguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing RA106 chassis (used by Honda the previous year), while Scuderia Toro Rosso used the same chassis used by the parent Red Bull Racing team, which was formally designed by a separate subsidiary. The usage of these loopholes was ended for 2010 with the publication of new technical regulations, which require each constructor to own the intellectual property rights to their chassis,[100][101] The regulations continue to allow a team to subcontract the design and construction of the chassis to a third-party, an option used by the HRT team in 2010 and Haas currently. Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66 million to US$400 million each.[102] Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a $200 million up-front payment to the FIA, which is then shared equally among the existing teams.[103] As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: BAR's purchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue. Seven out of the ten teams competing in Formula One are based close to London in an area centred around Oxford. Ferrari have both their chassis and engine assembly in Maranello, Italy. The AlphaTauri team are based close to Ferrari in Faenza, whilst the Alfa Romeo team are based near Zurich in Switzerland.[104][105] Drivers See also: List of Formula One drivers, List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions, and List of Formula One driver numbers 2005 Canadian Grand Prix: Kimi Räikkönen leading Michael Schumacher, with Jarno Trulli (Toyota) and Takuma Sato (BAR-Honda) fighting for position Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in a season.[71] A team may also run two additional drivers in Free Practice sessions,[71] which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienced drivers to evaluate the car.[106][107] Most drivers are contracted for at least the duration of a season, with driver changes taking place in-between seasons, in comparison to early years when drivers often competed on an ad hoc basis from race to race. Each competitor must be in the possession of a FIA Super Licence to compete in a Grand Prix,[108] which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and having achieved 300 kilometres (190 mi) of running in a Formula One car. Drivers may also be issued a Super Licence by the World Motor Sport Council if they fail to meet the criteria.[108] Although most drivers earn their seat on ability, commercial considerations also come into play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands. Teams also contract test and reserve drivers to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a simulator,[109] such as rFactor Pro,[110][111] which is used by most of the F1 teams.[112][113] Each driver chooses an unassigned number from 2 to 99 (excluding 17 which was retired following the death of Jules Bianchi)[114] upon entering Formula One and keeps that number during their time in the series. The number one is reserved for the reigning Drivers' Champion, who retains their previous number and may choose to use it instead of the number one.[115] At the onset of the championship, numbers were allocated by race organisers on an ad hoc basis from race to race.[116] Permanent numbers were introduced in 1973 to take effect in 1974, when teams were allocated numbers in ascending order based on the Constructors' Championship standings at the end of the 1973 season. The teams would hold those numbers from season to season with the exception of the team with the World Drivers' Champion, which would swap its numbers with the one and two of the previous champion's team. New entrants were allocated spare numbers, with the exception of the number 13 which had been unused since 1976.[117] As teams kept their numbers for long periods of time, car numbers became associated with a team, such as Ferrari's 27 and 28.[116] A different system was used from 1996 to 2013: at the start of each season, the current Drivers' Champion was designated number one, their teammate number two, and the rest of the teams assigned ascending numbers according to previous season's Constructors' Championship order.[118] As of the conclusion of the 2022 Championship, a total of 34 separate drivers have won the World Drivers' Championship, with Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton holding the record for most championships with seven. Lewis Hamilton achieved the most race wins, too, in 2020. Jochen Rindt is the only posthumous World Champion, after his points total was not surpassed despite his fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix, with 4 races still remaining in the season. Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport, with 18 championships among 10 drivers, and 308 wins. Feeder series FIA Formula 2 Championship, the main F1 feeder series since 2017 FIA Formula 3 Championship, the main F1 and F2 feeder series since 2019 Most F1 drivers start in kart racing competitions, and then come up through traditional European single-seater series like Formula Ford and Formula Renault to Formula 3, and finally the GP2 Series. GP2 started in 2005, replacing Formula 3000, which itself had replaced Formula Two as the last major stepping-stone into F1. GP2 was rebranded as the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017. Most champions from this level graduate into F1, but 2006 GP2 champion Lewis Hamilton became the first F2, F3000 or GP2 champion to win the Formula One drivers' title in 2008.[119] Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One. British F3 has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions, including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One, and Max Verstappen made his F1 debut following a single season in European F3. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.[120] American open-wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid. CART champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven races in F1. Other CART (also known as ChampCar) champions, like Michael Andretti and Alessandro Zanardi won no races in F1. Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill raced motorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars, albeit after climbing through the junior single-seater ranks. Former F1 driver Paul di Resta raced in DTM until he was signed with Force India in 2011. Grands Prix See also: List of Formula One Grands Prix World map showing the location of Formula 1 Grands Prix: countries marked in green are on the current race schedule, those in dark grey have hosted a Formula One race in the past. (De facto status of the territories is shown.) The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. The inaugural 1950 world championship season comprised only seven races, while the 2019 season contained 21 races. There were no more than 11 Grands Prix per season during the early decades of the championship, although a large number of non-championship Formula One events also took place. The number of Grands Prix increased to an average of 16 to 17 by the late 1970s, while non-championship events ended in 1983. More Grands Prix began to be held in the 2000s, and recent seasons have seen an average of 19 races. In 2021 and 2022, the calendar peaked at 22 events, the highest number of world championship races in one season.[121] Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500, which was held to different regulations and later replaced by the United States Grand Prix. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries. Argentina hosted the first South American Grand Prix in 1953, and Morocco hosted the first African World Championship race in 1958. Asia and Oceania followed (Japan in 1976 and Australia in 1985), and the first race in the Middle East was held in 2004. The 19 races of the 2014 season were spread over every populated continent except for Africa, with 10 Grands Prix held outside Europe. Some of the Grands Prix pre-date the formation of the World Championship, such as the French Grand Prix and were incorporated into the championship as Formula One races in 1950. The British and Italian Grands Prix are the only events to have been held every Formula One season; other long-running races include the Belgian, German, and French Grands Prix. The Monaco Grand Prix was first held in 1929 and has run continuously since 1955 (with the exception of 2020) and is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world.[122] All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day, until the inaugural Singapore Grand Prix hosted the first Formula One night race in 2008,[123] which was followed by the day–night Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in 2009 and the Bahrain Grand Prix which converted to a night race in 2014. Other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience.[124] Returning additions (2008–present) Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2023 season.     European Grand Prix at Valencia Street Circuit (2008–2012)     United States Grand Prix at Circuit of the Americas (2012–2019, 2021–present)     Austrian Grand Prix at Red Bull Ring (2014–present)     Mexican Grand Prix at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez (2015–2019); renamed Mexico City Grand Prix (2021–present)[125]     European Grand Prix at Baku City Circuit (2016; renamed the Azerbaijan Grand Prix for 2017–2019, 2021–present)     French Grand Prix at Circuit Paul Ricard (2018–2019, 2021–2022)     Portuguese Grand Prix at Algarve International Circuit (2020–2021)[a]     Imola Circuit with the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix (2020–present; previously hosted the Italian Grand Prix and the San Marino Grand Prix)[b]     Dutch Grand Prix at Circuit Zandvoort (2021–present) New Locations Initiative (2008–present) Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2023 season. Since 2008, the Formula One Group has been targeting new "destination cities" to expand its global reach, with the aim to produce races from countries that have not previously been involved in the sport. This initiative started with the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix.[126] Race Years Circuit Notes Singapore Singapore Grand Prix 2008–2019, 2022– Marina Bay Street Circuit First race to take place outside of daylight hours. 2020 and 2021 races cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 2009– Yas Marina Circuit South Korea Korean Grand Prix 2010–2013 Korea International Circuit Discontinued due to poor attendance figures. India Indian Grand Prix 2011–2013 Buddh International Circuit Discontinued due to local government tax classification dispute. Russia Russian Grand Prix 2014–2021 Sochi Autodrom The Russian Grand Prix was due to move to Igora Drive from 2023. This move, and the 2022 Russian Grand Prix were cancelled following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[127] Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Grand Prix 2017–2019, 2021– Baku City Circuit Previously called the European Grand Prix in 2016. 2020 race cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 2021– Jeddah Corniche Circuit Qatar Qatar Grand Prix 2021, 2023– Losail International Circuit Called in last minute to replace the Australian Grand Prix. Has a ten-year contract from 2023. Was originally due to be held at a new venue from 2023 onwards, although this did not transpire. United States Miami Grand Prix 2022– Miami International Autodrome United States Las Vegas Grand Prix 2023– Las Vegas Street Circuit Circuits See also: List of Formula One circuits The Autodromo Nazionale Monza, home to the Italian Grand Prix, is the oldest purpose-built track still in use today. Sochi Autodrom, host venue for the Russian Grand Prix from 2014 to 2021 A typical circuit features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated. The pit lane, where the drivers stop for tyres, aerodynamic adjustments and minor repairs (such as changing the car's nose due to front wing damage) during the race, retirements from the race, and where the teams work on the cars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that run anticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal. A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5,000 visitors.[128] Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition. The current street circuits are Monaco, Melbourne, Singapore, Baku, Miami and Jeddah although races in other urban locations come and go (Las Vegas and Detroit, for example) and proposals for such races are often discussed – most recently Las Vegas. The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use, even though it does not meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World champion Nelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room".[129] Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by the Bahrain International Circuit, added in 2004 and designed – like most of F1's new circuits – by Hermann Tilke. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. These newer circuits, however, are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones. The Circuit of the Americas in Austin, the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi and the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012. In 2020, Algarve International Circuit debuted on the F1 calendar as the venue of the Portuguese Grand Prix, with the country having last hosted a race in 1996.[a] In 2021, Circuit Zandvoort returned to the F1 calendar as the Dutch Grand Prix, having last hosted a race in 1985. Cars and technology Main articles: Formula One car, Formula One engines, and Formula One tyres Jenson Button in the Brawn BGP 001 Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined, hybrid, semi-open cockpit, open-wheel single-seaters. The chassis is made largely of carbon-fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including the driver but not fuel, weighs only 795 kg (1,753 lb) – the minimum weight set by the regulations.[130] If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum, it can be ballasted up to add the necessary weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer.[131] The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic downforce that they generate, which pushes the car down onto the track. This is provided by "wings" mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle, and by ground effect created by low air pressure under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance. The previous generation of cars sported a large number of small winglets, "barge boards", and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over, under, and around the car. The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the tyres. From 1998 to 2008, the tyres in Formula One were not "slicks" (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuit racing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars.[132] Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the 2009 season. Suspension is double wishbone or multilink front and rear, with pushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis – one exception being that of the 2009 specification Red Bull Racing car (RB5) which used pullrod suspension at the rear, the first car to do so since the Minardi PS01 in 2001. Ferrari used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their 2012 car.[133] Both Ferrari (F138) and McLaren (MP4-28) of the 2013 season used a pullrod suspension at both the front and the rear. In 2022, McLaren (MCL36) and Red Bull Racing (RB18) switched to a pullrod front suspension and push rod rear suspension.[134][135] Carbon-carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element that provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula. In 2022, the technical regulations changed considerably in order to reduce the turbulence (commonly referred to as "dirty air") produced by the aerodynamics of the car. This includes a redesigned front and rear wing, larger wheels with a lower tyre profile, wheel covers, small winglets, the banning of barge boards, and the reintroduction of Ground effect downforce production. These have been changed to promote racing, meaning cars lose less downforce when following another car. It allows cars to follow another at a much closer distance, without extending the gap due to the turbulent air.[136] (See 2022 Formula One World Championship Technical regulations) Formula One cars must have four wheels made of the same metallic material, which must be one of two magnesium alloys specified by the FIA.[137] Magnesium alloy wheels made by forging are used to achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction.[138] As of 2022, the wheels are covered with "spec" (Standardised) Wheel Covers, the wheel diametre has increased from 13 inches to 18 inches (reducing the "tyre profile"), and small winglets have been placed over the front tyres.[139] A BMW Sauber P86 V8 engine, which powered their 2006 F1.06 Starting with the 2014 Formula 1 season, the engines have changed from a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 to turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 "power-units".[140] These get a significant amount of their power from electric motors. In addition, they include a lot of energy recovery technology. Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol.[141] The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water. The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 rpm and produced over 580 kW (780 bhp).[142] For 2007, engines were restricted to 19,000 rpm with limited development areas allowed, following the engine specification freeze since the end of 2006.[143] For the 2009 Formula One season the engines were further restricted to 18,000 rpm.[144] A wide variety of technologies – including active suspension[145] are banned under the current regulations. Despite this the current generation of cars can reach speeds in excess of 350 km/h (220 mph) at some circuits.[146] The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph), set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix.[147] A BAR-Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave Desert achieved a top speed of 415 km/h (258 mph) in 2006. According to Honda, the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations.[148] Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at 160 km/h (99 mph) aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car, and the oft-repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to "drive on the ceiling", while possible in principle, has never been put to the test. Downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed. The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in cornering.[149] Consequently, the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of 20 kg in corners. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to complete the race. A high-performance road car like the Enzo Ferrari only achieves around 1g.[150] As of 2019, each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time.[151] Each driver may use no more than four engines during a championship season unless they drive for more than one team. If more engines are used, they drop ten places on the starting grid of the event at which an additional engine is used. The only exception is where the engine is provided by a manufacturer or supplier taking part in its first championship season, in which case up to five may be used by a driver.[152] Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for six consecutive events; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the grid unless they failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team's control.[153] As of 2019, each driver is limited to three power units per season, before incurring grid penalties. Revenue and profits This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs update to account for the ban in private testing and cost caps.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) Estimated budget split of a Formula One team based on the 2006 season In March 2007, F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams.[154] The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US. This was broken down as follows: Toyota $418.5 million, Ferrari $406.5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380.5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault $324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195.5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, and Super Aguri $57 million. Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari were estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million.[155] In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations banned all performance-related engine development.[156] Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000, plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors' Championship. Formula One drivers pay a FIA Super Licence fee, which in 2013 was €10,000 plus €1,000 per point.[157] There have been controversies with the way profits are shared among the teams. The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared, favouring established top teams. In September 2015, Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful.[158] The cost of building a brand-new permanent circuit can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road, such as Albert Park, into a temporary circuit is much less. Permanent circuits, however, can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races, such as MotoGP. The Shanghai International Circuit cost over $300 million[159] and the Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build.[160] A number of Formula One drivers earn the highest salary of any drivers in auto racing. The highest-paid driver in 2021 is Lewis Hamilton, who received $55 million in salary from Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 – a record for any driver.[161] The very top Formula One drivers get paid more than IndyCar or NASCAR drivers; however, the earnings immediately fall off after the top three F1 drivers, and the majority of NASCAR racers will make more money than their F1 counterparts.[162] Most top IndyCar drivers are paid around a tenth of their Formula One counterparts.[161] In the second quarter of 2020, Formula One reported a loss revenue of $122 million and an income of $24 million. This was a result of the delay of the racing championship start as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The company grossed revenues of $620 million for the same quarter the previous year.[163] Future A sign announcing that the safety car (SC) is deployed The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport.[164][165] Following their purchase of the commercial rights to the sport in 2017, Liberty Media announced their vision for the future of Formula One at the 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix. The proposal identified five key areas, including streamlining the governance of the sport, emphasising cost-effectiveness, maintaining the sport's relevance to road cars and encouraging new manufacturers to enter the championship whilst enabling them to be competitive.[166] Liberty cited 2021 as their target date as it coincided with the need to renew commercial agreements with the teams and the end of the seven-year cycle[original research?] of engine development that started in 2014. On 19 August 2020, it was announced that all 10 teams had signed the new Concorde Agreement.[167] This came into effect at the start of the 2021 season and changed how prize money and TV revenue is distributed.[168] Responsibility towards the environment     When I get out of the car, of course I'm thinking as well: 'Is this something we should do, travel the world, wasting resources?' —Sebastian Vettel, former champion voicing concerns on Formula One's impact on climate change.[169] Formula One has launched a plan to become carbon neutral by 2030. By 2025, all events should become "sustainable", including eliminating single-use plastics and ensuring all waste is reused, recycled or composted.[170] A report conducted by Formula One estimated that the series was responsible for 256,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions in the 2019 season, finding that 45% of emissions were from logistics and only 0.7% were from emissions from the cars themselves.[171][172] In January 2020, FIA and Formula One signed the United Nations "Sports for Climate Action" framework. After the signing was announced, FIA President Jean Todt said: "As an international Federation comprising 244 members in 140 countries and the leader in motor sport and mobility development, we are fully committed to global environmental protection. The signing of this UN Sports for Climate Action Framework reinforces the momentum that has been growing in our Federation for many years. Since the introduction of the hybrid power unit in F1 to the creation of the Environment and Sustainability Commission, the entire FIA community has been investing time, energy and financial resources to the benefit of environmental innovations. We aim to inspire greater awareness and best practice in sustainability motor sport standards."[173] From the 2021–22 season, all cars will increase the bio-component of their fuel, using E10 fuel, rather than the 5.75% of ethanol currently used. This percentage is expected to grow again in the future.[174] In December 2020, the FIA claimed that it had developed a fuel with 100% sustainability, to be used in Formula One from either 2025 or 2026, when new engine regulations come into force.[175] Responsibility towards social inequities in the sport Prior to the beginning of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, F1 announced and launched the #WeRaceAsOne initiative.[176] The initiative primarily focuses on visible displays of solidarity in the fight against racism on Grand Prix Weekends, as well as the creation of a Formula 1 Task Force that will "listen to people from across the paddock [...] and make conclusions on the actions required to improve the diversity and opportunity in Formula 1 at all levels".[176] The move spurs from the growing questions about racism and global inequalities perpetuated by the sport. The 70-year history of the World Championship has been dominated by European and white drivers, with the first (and only) black driver, Lewis Hamilton, participating in the world championship since 2007.[177] In addition to organization-wide measures, individual teams have also acknowledged deficiencies in the sport's cultural and political activism. During the 2020 season, the Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team conducted a study of its racial composition and found that approximately 95% of its workforce was white.[178] Due to the results of the study, the team changed the car's livery to promote anti-racism messages and also launched the Accelerate 25 programme. The program vows that approximately 25% of all new hires to the team will come from underrepresented minorities in the sport until 2025.[179] The 20 drivers on the grid have also stood in solidarity on multiple occasions in the fight against racism both on and off the track. Following the murder of George Floyd in the summer of 2020, all twenty drivers wore "End Racism" shirts and took part in an organised anti-racism protest during the pre-race formalities.[180] In the year since, Lewis Hamilton has remained vocal in his pre-race attire, with other drivers occasionally wearing change-demanding clothing.[citation needed] Media coverage See also: List of Formula One broadcasters Formula One can be seen live, or tape delayed in almost every country and territory and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race.[181] The cumulative television audience was calculated to be 54 billion for the 2001 season, broadcast to 200 territories.[182] During the early 1990s, Formula One Group created a number of trademarks, an official logo, an official TV graphics package and in 2003, an official website for the sport in an attempt to give it a corporate identity. TV stations all take what is known as the "World Feed", either produced historically by the "host broadcaster" or by Formula One Management (FOM). The host broadcaster either had one feed for all, or two separate feeds – a feed for local viewers and a feed for international viewers. The one size fits all approach meant that there was bias to a certain team or driver during the event, which led to viewers missing out on more important action and incidents, while the two-feed approach meant that replays (for when returning from an ad break) and local bias action could be overlaid on the local feed while the international feed was left unaffected. The only station that differed from this set up was "DF1" (re-branded to "Premiere" then to "Sky Deutschland") – a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as the onboard and pit-lane channels. This service was purchased by Bernie Ecclestone at the end of 1996 and became F1 Digital Plus, which was made more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the cost of the digital interactive service was thought too much. On 12 January 2011, F1 announced that it would adopt the HD format for the 2011 season.[183] It was announced on 29 July 2011, that Sky Sports and the BBC would team up to show the races in F1 from 2012 to 2018. Sky launched a dedicated channel, Sky Sports F1 which covered all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions, along with F1 programming, including interviews, archive action and magazine shows.[184] In 2012 the BBC broadcast live coverage of half of the races in the season.[185] The BBC ended its television contract after the 2015 season, three years earlier than planned.[186] The free-to-air TV rights were picked up by Channel 4 until the end of the 2018 season.[187] Sky Sports F1 coverage remained unaffected and BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Sports Extra coverage was extended until 2021.[188] As of 2022, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Sports Extra has rights to such coverage until 2024.[189] While Sky Sports and Channel 4 are the two major broadcasters of Formula 1, other countries show Formula One races. Many use commentary from either Sky Sports or Channel 4. In most of Asia (excluding China), the two main broadcasters of Formula one includes the Fox network and Star Sports (in India). In the United States, ESPN holds the official rights to broadcast the sport while ABC also holds free-to-air rights for some races under the ESPN on ABC banner. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the two main broadcasters are RTL Germany and n-TV. In China, there are multiple channels that broadcast Formula One which include CCTV, Tencent, Guangdong TV and Shanghai TV.[190] Currently in France, the only channel that broadcasts Formula one is the pay TV channel Canal+, having renewed its broadcasting rights until 2024.[191] The official Formula One website has live timing charts that can be used during the race to follow the leaderboard in real time. An official application has been available for the Apple App Store since 2009,[192] and on Google Play since 2011,[193] that shows users a real-time feed of driver positions, timing and commentary.[194] On 26 November 2017 Formula One unveiled a new logo, which replaced the previous "flying one" in use since 1993.[195] In March 2018, FOM announced the launch of F1 TV, an over-the-top (OTT) streaming platform that lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous video feeds and timing screens in addition to traditional directed race footage and commentary.[196] Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races Currently, the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous. Since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been run to Formula One regulations. However, the two terms are not interchangeable.     The first Formula One race was held in 1946,[197] whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950.[197]     In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races that did not count for the World Championship[198] (e.g., in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship).[197] The number of non-championship Formula One events decreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, to the point where the last non-championship Formula One race was the 1983 Race of Champions.[198]     The World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events:         The World Championship was originally established as the "World Championship for Drivers", i.e., without the term "Formula One" in the title. It only officially became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981.         From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 race counted towards the World Championship.[198] This race was run to American Automobile Association, and later United States Automobile Club, Championship Car regulations, rather than to Formula One regulations. Only one of the World Championship regulars, Alberto Ascari in 1952, started at Indianapolis during this period.[199]         From 1952 to 1953, all races counting towards the World Championship (except the Indianapolis 500) were run to Formula Two regulations.[198] Formula One was not changed to Formula Two during this period; the Formula One regulations remained the same, and numerous non-championship Formula One races were staged during this time.[200][201] The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and all-time lists. For example, in the List of Formula One drivers, Clemente Biondetti is shown with a single race against his name. Biondetti actually competed in four Formula One races in 1950,[202] but only one of these counted for the World Championship. In the earlier history of Formula One, many races took place outside the World Championship, and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not always suitable for the World Championship and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the championship.[14] European non-championship racing In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship, these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship; in 1950 a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship.[197] In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run to Formula Two regulations, non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place. Some races, particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park International Gold Cup and the International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders. Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as the Syracuse and Danish Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.[14] These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams-Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan.[14] South African Formula One championship Main article: South African Formula One Championship South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. British Formula One Championship Main article: British Formula One Championship The DFV helped in making the UK domestic Formula One championship possible between 1978 and 1980. As in South Africa a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3.[203] See also     iconFormula One portal     Formula One video games Notes The Portuguese Grand Prix featured on the 2020 calendar following the cancellation of events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It featured on the 2021 calendar for reasons unrelated to the pandemic.     The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix featured on the 2020 calendar following the cancellation of events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was later extended until 2025. 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The Official ITV Sport Guide: Formula One Grand Prix 2003. Carlton. Includes foreword by Martin Brundle. ISBN 1-84222-813-7.     Jones, Bruce (2005). The Guide to 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship: The World's Bestselling Grand Prix Guide. Carlton. ISBN 1-84442-508-8.     Lang, Mike (1981–1992). Grand Prix! volumes 1–4. Haynes, Sparkford, UK.     Menard, Pierre (2006). The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1, 5th edition. Chronosport, Switzerland. ISBN 2-84707-051-6     Miltner, Harry (2007). Race Travel Guide 2007. egoth: Vienna, Austria. ISBN 978-3-902480-34-7     Small, Steve (2000). Grand Prix Who's Who (3rd edition). Travel Publishing, UK. ISBN 1-902007-46-8.     Tremayne, David & Hughes, Mark (1999). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One. Parragon     Twite, Mike. "Formula Regulations: Categories for International Racing" in Northey, Tom, ed. The World Of Automobiles, Volume 6, pp. 701–3. London: Phoebus, 1978. External links     Official website Edit this at Wikidata     Media related to Formula One at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles     vte Formula One teams Teams and drivers that competed in the 2023 Formula One World Championship Alfa Romeo-Ferrari AlphaTauri-Honda RBPT Alpine-Renault Aston Martin Aramco-Mercedes Ferrari     24. Zhou Guanyu     77. Valtteri Bottas     3. Daniel Ricciardo     21. Nyck de Vries     22. Yuki Tsunoda     40. Liam Lawson     10. Pierre Gasly     31. Esteban Ocon     14. Fernando Alonso     18. Lance Stroll     16. Charles Leclerc     55. Carlos Sainz Jr. Haas-Ferrari McLaren-Mercedes Mercedes Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT Williams-Mercedes     20. Kevin Magnussen     27. Nico Hülkenberg     4. Lando Norris     81. Oscar Piastri     44. Lewis Hamilton     63. George Russell     1. Max Verstappen     11. Sergio Pérez     2. Logan Sargeant     23. Alexander Albon Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2024 Formula One World Championship TBA-Ferrari TBA-Honda RBPT Alpine-Renault Aston Martin Aramco-Mercedes Ferrari     24. Zhou Guanyu     77. Valtteri Bottas     3. Daniel Ricciardo     22. Yuki Tsunoda     10. Pierre Gasly     31. Esteban Ocon     14. Fernando Alonso     18. Lance Stroll     16. Charles Leclerc     55. Carlos Sainz Jr. Haas-Ferrari McLaren-Mercedes Mercedes Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT Williams-Mercedes     20. Kevin Magnussen     27. Nico Hülkenberg     4. Lando Norris     81. Oscar Piastri     44. Lewis Hamilton     63. George Russell     1. Max Verstappen     11. Sergio Pérez     23. Alexander Albon     TBA     vte Formula One seasons     1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024     vte Formula One Grands Prix Current (2023)     Bahrain Saudi Arabian Australian Azerbaijan Miami Monaco Spanish Canadian Austrian British Hungarian Belgian Dutch Italian Singapore Japanese Qatar United States Mexico City São Paulo Las Vegas Abu Dhabi Returning (2024)     Chinese Emilia Romagna Former     70th Anniversary Argentine Brazilian Caesars Palace Dallas Detroit Eifel European French German Indian Indianapolis 500 Korean Luxembourg Malaysian Mexican Moroccan Pacific Pescara Portuguese Russian Sakhir San Marino South African Styrian Swedish Swiss Turkish Tuscan United States West     vte Formula One circuits (1950–present) Current (2023)     Sakhir Jeddah Melbourne Baku Miami Monte Carlo Catalunya Montreal Spielberg Silverstone Hungaroring Spa-Francorchamps Zandvoort Monza Singapore Suzuka Lusail Austin Mexico City Interlagos Las Vegas Yas Marina Returning (2024)     Imola Shanghai Former     Adelaide Aida (Okayama) Ain-Diab Aintree Algarve Anderstorp AVUS Boavista Brands Hatch Bremgarten Buddh Buenos Aires Caesars Palace Clermont-Ferrand Dallas Detroit Dijon Donington Park East London Estoril Fuji Hockenheimring Indianapolis Istanbul Jacarepaguá Jarama Jerez Kyalami Le Mans Bugatti Long Beach Magny-Cours Monsanto Montjuïc Mont-Tremblant Mosport Mugello Nivelles-Baulers Nürburgring Paul Ricard Pedralbes Pescara Phoenix Reims Riverside Rouen Sebring Sepang Sochi Valencia Watkins Glen Yeongam Zeltweg Zolder     vte Formula One constructors 2023 season     Alfa Romeo (results) AlphaTauri Alpine Aston Martin Ferrari (results) Haas McLaren (results) Mercedes (results) Red Bull (results) Williams (results) Former     AFM AGS Alta Amon Andrea Moda Apollon Arrows (results) Arzani-Volpini Aston-Butterworth ATS (Italy) ATS (Germany) BAR Behra-Porsche Bellasi Benetton (results) BMW (results) Boro Brabham (results) Brawn BRM (results) BRP Bugatti (results) Caterham Cisitalia Coloni Connaught Connew Cooper (results) Dallara De Tomaso Derrington-Francis Eagle Eifelland Emeryson EMW ENB Ensign ERA EuroBrun Ferguson Fittipaldi Fondmetal Footwork Force India (results) Force India (Racing Point) Forti (results) Frazer Nash Fry Gilby Gordini Greifzu Hesketh Hill Honda (results) HRT HWM Jaguar JBW Jordan (results) Kauhsen Klenk Kojima Kurtis Kraft Lancia Larrousse LDS LEC Leyton House Life Ligier Lola Lola (Haas) Lola (MasterCard) Lotus (1958–1994) (results) Lotus (2010–2011) Lotus (2012–2015) Lyncar Maki March (results) Martini Marussia Maserati (results) Matra MBM McGuire Merzario Midland Milano Minardi Modena MRT Onyx OSCA Osella Pacific Parnelli Penske (results) Porsche (results) Prost Protos Racing Point RAM Realpha Rebaque Renault (results) Reynard Rial Sauber (results) Scarab Scirocco Shadow Shannon Simtek Spirit Spyker Stebro Stewart Super Aguri Surtees SVA Talbot-Lago Tec-Mec Tecno Theodore Toro Rosso (results) Token Toleman Toyota Trojan Tyrrell (results) Vanwall Veritas Virgin Williams (FWRC) Wolf Zakspeed Proposed     Andretti-Cadillac Audi Bravo F1 DAMS Direxiv Dome FIRST Hitech GP Phoenix Prodrive Stefan US F1 Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity. Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed.     vte Formula One drivers by country     Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany Finland France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Liechtenstein Malaysia Mexico Monaco Morocco Netherlands Neutral New Zealand Poland Portugal Rhodesia Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela     vte Formula One World Drivers' Champions     1950  G. Farina 1951  J. M. Fangio 1952  A. Ascari 1953  A. Ascari 1954  J. M. Fangio 1955  J. M. Fangio 1956  J. M. Fangio 1957  J. M. Fangio 1958  M. Hawthorn 1959  J. Brabham 1960  J. Brabham 1961  P. Hill 1962  G. Hill 1963  J. Clark 1964  J. Surtees 1965  J. Clark 1966  J. Brabham 1967  D. Hulme 1968  G. Hill 1969  J. Stewart 1970  J. Rindt 1971  J. Stewart 1972  E. Fittipaldi 1973  J. Stewart 1974  E. Fittipaldi 1975  N. Lauda 1976  J. Hunt 1977  N. Lauda 1978  M. Andretti 1979  J. Scheckter 1980  A. Jones 1981  N. Piquet 1982  K. Rosberg 1983  N. Piquet 1984  N. Lauda 1985  A. Prost 1986  A. Prost 1987  N. Piquet 1988  A. Senna 1989  A. Prost 1990  A. Senna 1991  A. Senna 1992  N. Mansell 1993  A. Prost 1994  M. Schumacher 1995  M. Schumacher 1996  D. Hill 1997  J. Villeneuve 1998  M. Häkkinen 1999  M. Häkkinen 2000  M. Schumacher 2001  M. Schumacher 2002  M. Schumacher 2003  M. Schumacher 2004  M. Schumacher 2005  F. Alonso 2006  F. Alonso 2007  K. Räikkönen 2008  L. Hamilton 2009  J. Button 2010  S. Vettel 2011  S. Vettel 2012  S. Vettel 2013  S. Vettel 2014  L. Hamilton 2015  L. Hamilton 2016  N. Rosberg 2017  L. Hamilton 2018  L. Hamilton 2019  L. Hamilton 2020  L. Hamilton 2021  M. Verstappen 2022  M. Verstappen 2023  M. Verstappen     vte Formula One World Constructors' Champions                                                         1958: Vanwall     1959: Cooper-Climax     1960: Cooper-Climax     1961: Ferrari     1962: BRM     1963: Lotus-Climax     1964: Ferrari     1965: Lotus-Climax     1966: Brabham-Repco     1967: Brabham-Repco     1968: Lotus-Ford     1969: Matra-Ford     1970: Lotus-Ford     1971: Tyrrell-Ford     1972: Lotus-Ford     1973: Lotus-Ford     1974: McLaren-Ford     1975: Ferrari     1976: Ferrari     1977: Ferrari     1978: Lotus-Ford     1979: Ferrari     1980: Williams-Ford     1981: Williams-Ford     1982: Ferrari     1983: Ferrari     1984: McLaren-TAG     1985: McLaren-TAG     1986: Williams-Honda     1987: Williams-Honda     1988: McLaren-Honda     1989: McLaren-Honda     1990: McLaren-Honda     1991: McLaren-Honda     1992: Williams-Renault     1993: Williams-Renault     1994: Williams-Renault     1995: Benetton-Renault     1996: Williams-Renault     1997: Williams-Renault     1998: McLaren-Mercedes     1999: Ferrari     2000: Ferrari     2001: Ferrari     2002: Ferrari     2003: Ferrari     2004: Ferrari     2005: Renault     2006: Renault     2007: Ferrari     2008: Ferrari     2009: Brawn-Mercedes     2010: Red Bull-Renault     2011: Red Bull-Renault     2012: Red Bull-Renault     2013: Red Bull-Renault     2014: Mercedes     2015: Mercedes     2016: Mercedes     2017: Mercedes     2018: Mercedes     2019: Mercedes     2020: Mercedes     2021: Mercedes     2022: Red Bull-RBPT     2023: Red Bull-Honda RBPT     vte FIA     FIA World Motor Sport Council FIA Hall of Fame Commission Internationale de Karting FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy FIA Contract Recognition Board FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society International Sporting Code FIA World Championships     Formula One         Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula E World Endurance Championship World Rally Championship         WRC2 WRC3 Junior WRC World Rallycross Championship World Rally-Raid Championship         World Cup for Cross-Country Bajas World Karting Championship FIA European Championships     Formula Regional European Championship Masters Historic Formula One Championship European Rally Championship European Rallycross Championship European Autocross Championship European Hill Climb Championship European Truck Racing Championship European Drag Racing Championship European Cup for Cross-Country Bajas European Karting Championship Presidents     Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt (1904–1931) Robert de Vogüé (1931–1936) Jehan de Rohan-Chabot (1936–1958) Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort (1958–1963) Filippo Caracciolo di Castagneto (1963–1965) Wilfred Andrews (1965–1971) Amaury de Merode (1971–1975) Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg (1975–1985) Jean-Marie Balestre (1985–1993) Max Mosley (1993–2009) Jean Todt (2009–2021) Mohammed Ben Sulayem (2021–present) FIA Drivers' Categorisation     Platinum Gold Silver Bronze FIA Motorsport Games     2019 2020 2021 2022 Others     List of FIA championships List of FIA member organisations FIA Super Licence FIA Global Pathway FIA Heritage Certificate FIA Historic Technical Passport     vte Classes of auto racing Formula racing Active     F1 F2 F3 F4 F600 Formula 1000 Formula Atlantic Formula Car Challenge Formula Continental Formula E Formula Enterprises Formula Ford FF1600 Formula Regional GB3 Formula Vee IndyCar Super Formula S5000 Supermodified BOSS GP Monoposto Racing Club V de V Challenge Monoplace Defunct     F3000 F5000 Formula A (SCCA) Formula B (SCCA) Formula C (SCCA) FCJ Formula Dream Formula Holden Formula Junior Formula Libre Formula Mondial Formula Pacific Formula Super Vee Australian National Formula Grand Prix Masters Grand Prix motor racing Tasman Series One-make formulae Active     Ferrari Challenge Formula Car Challenge Formula Enterprise Global MX-5 Cup Indy NXT Lamborghini Super Trofeo MRF Challenge Porsche Carrera Cup SRF USF2000 USF Juniors FIA Formula Championship         2 3 S5000 Defunct     A1GP ADAC Formel Masters Audi LMS Auto GP Barber Pro CFGP FA1 Formula Asia Formula         Abarth Alfa BMW Chrysler König LGB             Swift Hyundai Lightning Maruti Masters             China Russia Mazda Nissan Opel/Vauxhall Palmer Audi RUS Rolon Formula Renault         2.0L Grand Prix Masters GP2 GP3 International Formula Master Toyota Racing Series Trofeo Maserati Superleague Formula W Series Karting     KF1 KF2 KF3 KZ1 KZ2 Superkart Electric Touring car racing Active     BTCC NGTC (TCN-1) TCR (TCN-2) Stock Car Brasil Stock Car Light Supercars Turismo Nacional Turismo Nacional BR TC2000 Defunct     Appendix J BTC-T Group 1 Group 2 Group 5 Group A Group C Group E Group F Group G Group H Group N         Aus Group S Class 1 Class 2 Super 2000 Diesel 2000 DTM ETCR Superstars V8Star WTCC WTCR Stock car racing Active     ARCA Allison Legacy Series IMCA Sport Compact Late model Legends Modifieds NASCAR         Cup Xfinity Truck Pinty's Whelen Euro Series Mexico SRX Super Stock Street Stock Turismo Carretera Defunct     ASCAR AUSCAR IROC Oval     BriSCA F1 BriSCA F2 V8 Hotstox Hot Rods Superstocks Sprint car racing Midget car racing Quarter Midget racing Rallying Active     Groups Rally         Group Rally1 Group Rally2 Group Rally3 Group Rally4 Group Rally5 Group R-GT Defunct     Group 1 Group 2 Group 4 Group A Group B Group S Group N Group R R5 Super 1600 Super 2000 World Rally Car Sports prototypes Active     LMDh LMH LMP         LMP2 LMP3 Clubmans Defunct     DP         DPi Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group A Group C Group CN GC         GC-21 IMSA GTP (1981–1993 era) LMP         LMP1 LMPC S2000 Grand touring Active     GT3 SRO GT2 GT4 GT500 GT300 Trans-Am Defunct     Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group B Group D GT1 (1993–1999) GT1 (2000–2012) GT2 (1993–1999) GT2 (2005–2010) GT3 (1998–1999) LM GTE IMSA         AAGT GTO GTS GTU GTX Appendix K Group D GT Cars Drag racing Active     Top Fuel         Dragster (TF/D) Funny Car (TF/FC) Top Alcohol         Dragster (TA/D) Funny Car (TA/FC) Pro Stock (PS) Pro Modified (Pro Mod) Gas Super Stock Super Comp/Quick Rod Top Doorslammer Altered Competition Defunct     Top Gas Modified Pro FWD Off-road     Baja Bug Dune buggy Rallycross Autocross Trophy truck Group T1 Group T2 Group T3 Group T4 Group T5 Truggy Side by Side (UTV)     vte World championships     List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team     Association football         men men's club women women's club Baseball         men women Basketball         men women 3x3 basketball club Beach volleyball Curling         mixed doubles mixed Field hockey         men women Handball         men women Ice hockey         men women Rugby 7s Softball         men women Volleyball         men men's club women women's club Water polo         men women Individual     Archery Aquatic sports Athletics         outdoor race walking Badminton         men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing         slalom sprint Cycling         BMX mountain biking road track urban Dance sport         breakdancing Equestrianism         dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf         men women Gymnastics         artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating         figure short track speed Judo Luge         artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing         Olympic Class Combined Worlds Shooting Skateboarding Skiing         alpine Nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis         men women Triathlon         mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued     Basque pelota Croquet         singles team Karate Lacrosse         men women Polo Rackets Real tennis Tug of war         outdoor indoor Paralympic sports Team     Blind football Para Ice Hockey         Men Women Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair handball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling         mixed team Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual     Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Climbing Cycling         track cycling road cycling Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing         alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Combat sports     Kendo Kickboxing (amateur) Muaythai Sambo Sumo Wrestling         beach wrestling Wushu Cue sports     Carom billiards         Three-cushion             men women team Five-pins             individual team artistic English billiards         amateurs women Pool         blackball chinese eight ball eight-ball men nine-ball women nine-ball team nine-ball pyramid ten-ball straight pool Snooker         men women team amateurs six-red Mind sports     Backgammon Bridge Chess         open women team Draughts         men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi Motorsport Auto racing     Formula E Formula One Hill climb Karting Rallying         Rally2 Rally3 Rallycross Rally raid         Bajas Sports Car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports     Endurance Enduro         SuperEnduro Hard Enduro team endurance Ice racing         individual team Grand Prix         MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motocross         individual             women nations Supercross SuperMotocross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production         Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid         Bajas Sidecar Speedway         individual team long track team long track flat track Supermoto         team Trial         nations E-Bike         cross Other     Aeroplane sport         Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Powerboating         Aquabike F1 F4s offshore Radio-controlled racing         1:10 electric off-road 1:8 nitro off-road Tank biathlon Discontinued     Air racing Grand Touring Car Sprint Other sports Team     American football         men women Australian football Baseball5 Ball hockey Bandy         men men's club women women's club Cricket         Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Beach handball Beach soccer Beach tennis Canoe polo Dancesport         Formation Latin Dodgeball Fistball Flag football Floorball         men women Futsal         men women men's club women Indoor hockey         men women Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse         indoor Life saving Minifootball Netball Padel tennis Quidditch/Quadball Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby         men women Roller hockey         men women Rugby league         men men's club women Rugby union         men women Sailing         Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Socca Synchronized skating Tchoukball Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Individual     Air sports         ballooning gliding parachuting paragliding Aquatics         water skiing Armwrestling Archery         indoor 3D field Athletics         cross country half marathon indoor relays 100 km mountain running long distance mountain running snowshoe running skyrunning trail running Bowling         Tenpin Ninepin (singles, team) Bowls         indoor outdoor Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Canoeing         marathon ocean race wildwater SUP canoe sailing freestyle waveski Crokinole Cycling         cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts         BDO PDC team Finswimming Fishing         freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics         acrobatic aerobic parkour Ice Climbing Modern pentathlon         biathle triathle laser run Mounted games Orienteering         foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting         men women Racquetball Roller Sports         artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline speed skating roller freestyle scooter Rowing         coastal indoor Shooting         practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing         flying speed ski mountaineering telemarking Squash         individual doubles team Summer biathlon Surfing         short board long board big wave SUP/paddleboard Swimming         short course Teqball Triathlon         Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Ironman 70.3 cross cross duathlon long distance long distance duathlon sprint winter Yo-yo Esports     Call of Duty Counter-Strike Dota 2 eSailing FIFA Fortnite League of Legends Mobile Legends: Bang Bang NES Tetris Overwatch Pro Evolution Soccer Rainbow Six Siege Rocket League Smite StarCraft II Valorant     See also: World cups Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International     VIAF National     France BnF data Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Categories:     Formula One1950 establishments in EuropeFormula racing seriesFormula racingGames and sports introduced in 1947Open wheel racing List of Germans Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of notable Germans. Persons of mixed heritage have their respective ancestries credited. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Architects Main article: List of German architects Walter Gropius Walter Gropius (1883–1969), architect Carl Ludvig Engel (1778–1840), architect Leo von Klenze (1784–1864), architect Balthasar Neumann (1687–1753), architect and engineer Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (1662–1736), architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969), architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841), architect and painter Johann Conrad Schlaun (1695–1773), architect Gottfried Semper (1803–1879), architect Albert Speer (1905–1981), architect Wilhelm Kreis (1873–1955), architect Artists Main article: List of German artists See also: List of German architects and List of German painters Häusliche Szene by Johann Gottlieb Hantzsch, 1831 Horst Janssen, 1968 A–M Hans von Aachen (1552–1615), mannerist painter Albrecht Altdorfer (1480–1538), painter Gertrud Arndt (1903–2000), photographer; pioneering self-portraiture Ernst Barlach (1870–1938), sculptor and writer Günther Behnisch (1922–2010), architect Peter Behrens (1868–1940), architect Sibylle Bergemann (1941–2010), photographer Joseph Beuys (1921–1986), artist Hermann Biow (1804–1850), photographer Elisabeth Böhm (1921–2012), architect Gottfried Böhm (1920–2021), architect Arno Breker (1900–1991), sculptor Lovis Corinth (1858–1925), painter Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553), painter Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515–1586), painter Yitzhak Danziger (1916–1977), Berlin-born Israeli sculptor Otto Dix (1891–1969), painter Leon Draisaitl (born 1995), ice hockey player of the Edmonton Oilers Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), painter Egon Eiermann (1904–1970), architect and designer Max Ernst (1891–1976), surrealist painter Carl Eytel (1862–1925), painter of desert landscapes in the American Southwest Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), painter Dörte Gatermann (born 1956), architect Willi Glasauer (born 1938), artist Walter Gropius (1883–1969), architect George Grosz (1893–1959), artist Matthias Grünewald (c. 1470 – 1528), German Renaissance painter Johann Gottlieb Hantzsch (1794–1848), painter (genre works) Bettina Heinen-Ayech (1937–2020), painter Hannah Höch (1889–1978), artist Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1465 – 1524), painter Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1497 – 1543), illustrator and painter Jörg Immendorff (1945–2007), painter Helmut Jahn (1940–2021), architect and designer Horst Janssen (1929–1995), draftsman, graphic artist, woodcutter, watercolour painter, writer Ulli Kampelmann (born 1952), sculptor and painter Anselm Kiefer (born 1945), painter Martin Kippenberger (1953–1997), painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938), painter Leo von Klenze (1784–1864), architect Hans Kollhoff (born 1946), architect Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945), painter Christian Lemmerz (born 1959), sculptor and scenographer Max Liebermann (1847–1935), painter Markus Lüpertz (born 1941), painter and sculptor August Macke (1887–1914), painter Harro Magnussen (1861–1908), sculptor Franz Marc (1880–1916), painter Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494), painter Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969), architect and designer Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876–1907), painter Georg Muche (1895–1987), painter, printmaker, architect, author and teacher Bill Kaulitz (born 1989), songwriter, composer, singer-songwriter, voice actor, film producer, and lyricist Tom Kaulitz (born 1989), songwriter, singer-songwriter, guitarist, pianist, voice actor, film producer, and lyricist Georg Listing (born 1987), bassist and pianist Gustav Schäfer (born 1988), musician and drummer N–Z Helmut Newton (1920–2004), photographer Frei Otto (1925–2015), architect and research scientist Max Pechstein (1881–1955), painter Sigmar Polke (1941–2010), painter Gerhard Richter (born 1932), painter Julius Runge (1843–1922), marine painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel, architect and painter Oskar Schlemmer (1888–1943), choreographer, painter, sculptor and stage designer Eberhard Schlotter (1921–2014), painter Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884–1976), painter Kurt Schwitters, painter and poet Fritz Schumacher (1869–1947), architect and urban designer Max Slevogt, painter Carl Spitzweg (1808–1885), painter Birgit Stauch (born 1961), sculptor Fritz Stoltenberg (1855–1921), landscape artist and marine painter Franz Stuck, painter Yigal Tumarkin (1933–2021), Israeli painter and sculptor Wolf Vostell (1932–1998), artist Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann (1815–1901), pioneering female photographer Emilie Winkelmann (1875–1951), architect Company founders Main article: List of German entrepreneurs Friedrich Alfred Krupp Carl Benz A–M Karl Albrecht (1920–2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922–2010), founder of Aldi Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899), co-founder of Deutsche Bank[1] John Jacob Bausch (1830–1926), co-founder of Bausch & Lomb, makers of contact lenses and Ray-Ban sunglasses Friedrich Bayer (1825–1880), founder of what would become Bayer, chemical and pharmaceutical company Hans Beck (1929–2009), founder of Playmobil Paul Beiersdorf (1836–1896), founded Beiersdorf AG, manufacturers of Nivea, Eucerin Melitta Bentz (1873–1950), invented the coffee filter and started Melitta, manufacturers of coffee, paper coffee filters and coffee makers Karl Benz (1844–1929), inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile; co-founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz[2] Maximilian Delphinius Berlitz (1852–1921), founder of Berlitz Language Schools Carl Bertelsmann (1791–1850), founder of Bertelsmann AG, subsidiaries include Random House and BMG Johann Adam Birkenstock, in 1774 founded Birkenstock shoe company Hermann Blohm (1848–1930), in 1877, co-founder of Blohm+Voss, manufacturer of ships Carl F. W. Borgward (1890–1963), founder of Borgward August Borsig (1804–1854), founder of Borsig Werke Robert Bosch (1861–1942), industrialist, engineer and inventor; founder of Robert Bosch GmbH Hugo Boss (1885–1948), fashion designer, founder of Hugo Boss AG Max Braun (1883–1967), founder of Braun GmbH, makers of personal care appliances, coffee makers and other home appliances Adolphus Busch (1839–1913), co-founder of Anheuser-Busch brewing company Adolph Coors (1847–1929), founder of the Adolph Coors Company brewery, now part of MillerCoors Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900), inventor and engineer; founder of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, now Daimler-Benz AG[3] Adolf Dassler (1900–1978), founder of sportswear company Adidas[4] Rudolf Dassler (1898–1974), founder of sportwear company Puma Adelbert Delbrück (1822–1899), co-founder of Deutsche Bank Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck (1830–1916), founder of company Schlesische AG für Bergbau und Zinkhüttenbetrieb Claude Dornier (1884–1969), founder of Dornier Flugzeugwerke Friedrich Engelhorn (1821–1902), founder of the chemical company BASF Kaspar Faber (1730–1784), founder of Faber-Castell, manufacturers of office supplies, art supplies, writing instruments and leather goods Günther Fielmann (born 1939), founder of Fielmann Wilhelm von Finck (1848–1924), co-founder of Munich Re and Allianz Eduard Fresenius (1874–1946), founder of Fresenius Jakob Fugger the Elder (1368–1469), founder of Fugger bank Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), co-founder of Goldman Sachs Max Grundig (1908–1989), founder of Grundig Max Herz (1905–1965), co-founder of Tchibo Ernst Heinkel (1888–1958), founder of Heinkel, manufacturer of airplanes Richard Hellmann (1876–1971), founder of Hellmann's Mayonnaise Friedrich Karl Henkel (1848–1930), founder of Henkel J.A. Henckels, manufacturers of kitchen knives, scissors, cookware and flatware August Horch (1868–1951), founder of Audi automobile company in 1909[5] Helmut Horten (1909–1987), founder of Horten AG August Howaldt (1809–1883), founder of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in 1835 Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), founder of Junkers, manufacturer of airplanes in 1895 Rudolph Karstadt (1856–1944), founder of Karstadt Ernst Keil (1816–1878), founder and publisher of Die Gartenlaube Carl Kellner, founder of Ernst Leitz GmbH, which later became Leica Camera AG, Leica Geosystems AG, and Leica Microsystems AG, producing cameras, geosurvey equipment and microscopes Carl Heinrich Theodor Knorr (1800–1875) founder of Knorr Friedrich Krupp (1787–1826), steel manufacturer and founder of the steel producers ThyssenKrupp AG Heinrich Lanz (1838–1905), founder of Heinrich Lanz AG Henry Lehman (1822–1855), Emanuel Lehman (1827–1907) and Mayer Lehman (1830–1897), German-born bankers, co-founders of Lehman Brothers Carl von Linde (1842–1934), founder of The Linde Group Henry Lomb (1828–1908), co-founder of Bausch & Lomb Friedrich Lürssen (1851–1916), founder of Lürssen in 1875, manufacturers of ships Oscar Ferdinand Mayer (1859–1955), founder of the processed-meat firm Oscar Mayer Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), founder of former bank Mendelssohn & Co. Friedrich Jacob Merck (1621–1678), founder of Merck KGaA (Engel-Apotheke in Darmstadt) George Merck (1867–1926), founder of Merck & Co. Willy Messerschmitt (1875–1978), founder of Messerschmitt, airplane manufacturer Heinrich Meyerfreund, founder of Garoto, chocolate company in Brazil Carl Miele (1869–1938), founder of Miele, manufacturer of domestic appliances Frederick Miller (born as Friedrich Eduard Johannes Müller) (1824–1888), founder of the Miller Brewing Company in 1855 Dr. August Oetker August Thyssen N–Z Josef Neckermann (1912–1992), founder of the company Neckermann August Oetker (1862–1918), founder of the company Dr Oetker Adam Opel (1837–1895), founder of the automobile company Adam Opel AG Salomon Oppenheim (1772–1828), founder of bank Sal. Oppenheim Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur, financier and philanthropist, who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Werner Otto (1909–2011), founder of Otto GmbH, now Otto Group, a mail order company Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), designer and founder of Porsche[6] Günther Quandt (1881–1954), industrial, entrepreneur of different companies (today includes BMW AG and Altana) Karl Friedrich Rapp (1882–1962), co-founder of Rapp Motorenwerke GmbH, which later became BMW AG[7] Emil Rathenau (1838–1915), founder of AEG Paul Reuter (1816–1899), pioneer of telegraphy and news reporting; founder of Reuters news agency Hans Riegel, Sr. (1893–1945), founder of Haribo, manufacturer of gummy and jelly sweets Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), founder of British company N M Rothschild & Sons Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering (1824–1889), founder of the pharmaceutical company Schering AG Gustav Schickedanz (1895–1977), founder of Quelle Anton Schlecker (born 1944), founder of Schlecker Ernst Schmidt and Wilhelm Schmidt-Ruthenbeck (1906–1988), founders of Metro AG Fritz Sennheiser (1912–2010), founder of Sennheiser Electronic GmbH & Co. KG, specializing in high fidelity products Georg von Siemens (1839–1901), co-founder of Deutsche Bank Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), inventor, founder of Siemens, electronics and electrical engineering company J.S. Staedtler, in 1835 founded Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co. KG, suppliers of writing, artist, and engineering drawing instruments Bruno Steinhoff (born 1937), founder of Steinhoff Henry E. Steinway (1797–1871), founder of the piano company Steinway & Sons Hugo Stinnes (1870–1924), co-founder of Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG August Storck-Oberwelland, in 1903 founder of Werther's Sugar Confectionery Factory, now August Storck AG Franz Ströher (born c. 1854–1936), in 1880 founded cosmetics company Wella AG Carl Tchilinghiryan (1910–1987), co-founder of Tchibo Carl von Thieme (1844–1924), founder of Allianz AG, financial services company August Thyssen (1842–1926), founder of Walzwerk Thyssen & Co. in Mülheim an der Ruhr Friedrich Thyssen (1804–1877), founder of Draht-Fabrik-Compagnie in Aachen Hermann Tietz (1837–1907), founder of Hertie, department store Leopold Ullstein (1826–1899), founder of publishing company Ullstein Verlag Ernst Voss (1842–1920), in 1877, co-founder of Blohm+Voss, manufacturer of ships Carl Walther (1858–1915), founder of Walther Moses Marcus Warburg (1763–1820) and Gershon Warburg (1765–1826), co-founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., German bank Siegmund Warburg, founder of S. G. Warburg & Co., British bank Bartholomeus V. Welser (1484–1561), Welser brothers bank Georg Wertheim (1857–1939), founder of Wertheim, department store Stef Wertheimer (born 1926), German-born Israeli industrialist, investor, philanthropist, billionaire, and former Member of the Knesset Aloys Wobben (1952–2021), founder of Enercon Reinhold Würth (born 1935), company Würth Carl Zeiss (1816–1888), founder of Carl Zeiss AG, maker of optical instruments Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), inventor of the Zeppelin; founder of the Zeppelin Airship company Heidi Klum Fashion models Johanna Acs (born 1992), model Nadja Auermann (born 1971), supermodel Eugen Bauder (born 1986) Charlott Cordes (born 1988) Zohre Esmaeli (born 1985 in Afghanistan), model, author, designer Toni Garrn (born 1992) Lena Gercke (born 1988), winner of 2006 Germany's Next Topmodel[8] Stefanie Giesinger (born 1996), model[9] Jennifer Hof (born 1991), winner of 2008 Germany's Next Topmodel Alexandra Kamp (born 1966) Heidi Klum (born 1973), model and host of Project Runway and Germany's Next Topmodel[10] Diane Kruger (born 1976), model and actress Barbara Meier (born 1986), winner of 2007 Germany's Next Topmodel Nico (1938–1988), model, singer and actress Uschi Obermaier (born 1946), model and actress Eva Padberg (born 1980) Tatjana Patitz (born 1966), supermodel Claudia Schiffer (born 1970), supermodel Julia Stegner (born 1984) Karl Lagerfeld Fashionmakers See also: List of German fashion designers Hugo Boss (1885–1948), fashion designer Wolfgang Joop (born 1944), fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld (1933–2019), fashion designer Michael Michalsky (born 1967), fashion designer Film and theatre Actresses and actors Main article: List of German actors See also: List of former child actors from Germany, List of current child actors from Germany, and List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees Hanna Maron Michael Herbig A–M Inga Abel (1946–2000), actress Mario Adorf (born 1930), actor and writer Hans Albers (1891–1960), actor Iris Berben (born 1950), actress Moritz Bleibtreu (born 1971), actor Grit Boettcher (born 1938), actress Eric Braeden (born Hans Gudegast, 1941), actor[11] Daniel Brühl (born 1978), actor Horst Buchholz (1933–2003), actor Vicco von Bülow (also known as Loriot), actor and comedian Zazie Beetz (born 1991), German born American actress[12] Hans Clarin (1930–2005), actor August Diehl (born 1976), actor Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992), actress[13] George Dzundza (born 1945), actor Heinz Erhardt (1909–1979), actor and comedian Veronica Ferres (born 1965), actress Gert Fröbe (1913–1988), actor Cornelia Froboess (born 1943), actress Martina Gedeck (born 1961), actress Götz George (1938–2016), actor Heinrich George (1893–1946), actor Gustaf Gründgens (1899–1963), actor Eva Habermann (born 1976), actress and model Evelyn Hamann (1942–2007), actress Brigitte Helm (1908–1996), actress Henriette Hendel-Schütz (1772–1849), stage actress, mimoplastic performer Michael Herbig (born 1968), actor, director and comedian Emil Jannings (1884–1950), actor Harald Juhnke (1929–2005), actor and comedian Heidi Kabel (1914–2010), actress Klaus Kinski (1926–1991), actor; Polish-German father, German mother Nastassja Kinski (born 1959), actress; daughter of actor Klaus Kinski Heidi Klum (born 1973), model and actress Hildegard Knef (1925–2002), actress, singer and writer Sebastian Koch (born 1962), actor Thomas Kretschmann (born 1962), actor and model Diane Kruger (born 1976), actress and model[14] Alexandra Maria Lara (born 1978), actress Siegfried Lowitz (1914–1999),actor Heike Makatsch (born 1971), actress Hanna Maron (1923–2014), Israeli actress Inge Meysel (1910–2004), actress Brigitte Mira (1910–2005), actress Willy Millowitsch (1909–1999), actor Ulrich Mühe (1953–2007), actor Armin Mueller-Stahl (born 1930), actor N–Z Luise Neumann (1818–1905) Uwe Ochsenknecht (born 1956), actor Christian Oliver, actor Lilli Palmer (1914–1986), actress Franka Potente (born 1974), actress Jürgen Prochnow (born 1941), actor Luise Rainer (1910–2014), actress Heinz Rühmann (1902–1994), actor Otto Sander (1941–2013), actor Claudia Schiffer (born 1970), actress and supermodel Romy Schneider (1938–1982), actress Jessica Schwarz (born 1977), actress Til Schweiger (born 1963), actor Matthias Schweighöfer (born 1981), actor Hanna Schygulla (born 1943), actress Xenia Seeberg (born 1972), actress and model Tomer Sisley (born 1974), Israeli humorist, actor, screenwriter, comedian, and film director Kristina Söderbaum (1912–2001), actress and photographer Günter Strack (1929–1999), actor Barbara Sukowa (born 1950), actress Horst Tappert (1923–2008), actor Katharina Thalbach (born 1954), actress Nora Tschirner (born 1981), actress Ulrich Tukur (born 1957), actor Nadja Uhl (born 1972), actress Wolfgang Völz (1930–2018), actor Fritz Wepper (born 1941), actor Luise del Zopp (1871–1946), actress, opera singer, screenwriter Werner Herzog Filmmakers See also: List of German film directors Uwe Boll, film director Andreas Deja, animator Doris Dörrie, female film director Bernd Eichinger (1949–2011), film producer Roland Emmerich (born 1955), film director (Stargate, Independence Day, Godzilla, The Day After Tomorrow) Harun Farocki (1944–2014), film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder (1945–1982), film director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, film director; Academy Award winner Werner Herzog (born 1942), film director Oliver Hirschbiegel, film director Alexander Kluge (born 1932), film director Carl Koch (1892–1963), film director and writer Fritz Lang (1890–1976), film director Ernst Lubitsch (1892–1947), film director F.W. Murnau (1888–1931), film director Wolfgang Petersen (1941–2022), film director Ashwin Raman (born 1946), documentary filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003), female film director Helma Sanders-Brahms (1940–2014), film director Peter Schamoni (1934–2011), film director Volker Schlöndorff (born 1939), film director Andreas Schnaas (born 1968), film director Hans-Jürgen Syberberg (born 1935), film director Tom Tykwer (born 1965), film director Margarethe von Trotta (born 1942), film director Robert Wiene, film director Wim Wenders (born 1945), film director Literature Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Friedrich Schiller Gotthold Lessing Hermann Hesse Thomas Mann Günter Grass See also: List of German journalists, List of German-language authors, List of German-language philosophers, List of German-language playwrights, and List of German-language poets Classic Adam of Bremen (c. 1050 – c. 1085), medieval chronicler Joseph von Auffenberg (1798–1857), dramatist Heinrich Böll (1917–1985), author Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956), playwright and poet Clemens Brentano (1778–1842), poet and novelist Georg Büchner, dramatist and author Charles Bukowski (1920–1994), German-born American poet, novelist, and short story writer Wilhelm Busch (1832–1908), poet and satirist Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (1797–1848), poet Joseph von Eichendorff (1788–1857), poet Theodor Fontane (1819–1898), novelist and poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), author and poet Brothers Grimm, collectors of fairy tales Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), poet Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803), essayist and poet Hermann Hesse (1877–1962), author E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776–1822), author Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), poet Ernst Jünger (1895–1998), writer and novelist Erich Kästner (1899–1974), novelist Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811), poet, dramatist and novelist Gotthold Lessing (1729–1781), writer Heinrich Mann (1871–1950), author (brother of Thomas Mann) Thomas Mann (1875–1955), author (brother of Heinrich Mann) Karl May (1842–1912), author Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), A history of Rome Christian Morgenstern (1871–1914), poet Novalis (1772–1801), poet and novelist Erich Maria Remarque (1898–1970), novelist Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), poet and playwright Arno Schmidt (1914–1979), writer Theodor Storm (1817–1888), author Kurt Tucholsky (1890–1935), writer and satirist Walter von der Vogelweide (c. 1170 – c. 1230), poet Christa Wolf (1929–2011), novelist and essayist Wolfram von Eschenbach (died 1220), poet Major Yehuda Amichai (born Ludwig Pfeuffer; 1924–2000), German-born Israeli poet Ernst Moritz Arndt, poet, songwriter and patriot Achim von Arnim (1781–1831), poet Bettina von Arnim (1785–1859), writer and novelist Ezriel Carlebach (1909–1956), Israeli journalist and editorial writer Matthias Claudius (1740–1815), poet and writer Michael Ende (1929–1995), author of fantasy novels and children's books Erik Erikson (1902–1994), German-American writer, developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst Anne Frank (1929–1945), diarist and victim of the Holocaust Paul Gerhardt (c. 1606 – 1676), hymn writer Leah Goldberg (1911–1970), Israeli poet Joseph Görres (1776–1848), essayist Wilhelm Hauff (1802–1827), writer Paul Heyse (1830–1914), writer and translator Janosch (born 1931), author of artist and children's books Friedrich Kellner (1885–1970), diarist of My Opposition Golo Mann (1909–1994), author and historian (second-oldest son of Thomas Mann) Klaus Mann (1906–1949), author (oldest son of Thomas Mann) Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué (1777–1843), writer Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (1785–1871), writer and landscape gardener Otfried Preussler (1923–2013), author of children's books Wilhelm Raabe (1831–1910), novelist Peter Rühmkorf (1929–2008), poet Nelly Sachs (1891–1970), poet Leopold Schefer (1784–1861), writer, poet and composer August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), poet and translator Ludwig Tieck (1773–1853), poet, editor and novelist Ludwig Uhland (1787–1862), poet, writer and playwright Gero von Wilpert (1933–2009), essayist Contemporary Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929–2022), essayist and poet Günter Grass (1927–2015), author; recipient, 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature Peter Härtling (1933–2017), author Rolf Hochhuth (1931–2020), playwright Wladimir Kaminer (born 1967), short story writer Daniel Kehlmann (born 1975), novelist Siegfried Lenz (1926–2014), author Ferdinand von Schirach (born 1964), author, screenwriter and lawyer Bernhard Schlink (born 1944), author and professor of law Patrick Süskind (born 1949), author and screenwriter Rudolf von Waldenfels (born 1965), author Martin Walser (1927–2023), playwright and novelist Humorists, cabaret performers and comedians Main article: List of German comedians Dieter Hildebrandt (1927–2013), cabaret performer Bruno Jonas (born 1952), cabaret performer Michael Mittermeier (born 1966), comedian Georg Schramm (born 1949), cabaret performer Mathias Richling (born 1953), cabaret performer Richard Rogler (born 1949), cabaret performer Daniel Tosh (born 1975), comedian Journalists Main article: List of German journalists Rudolf Augstein (1923–2002), journalist Peter Limbourg (born 1960), journalist Marion Dönhoff (1909–2002), journalist Günther Jauch (born 1956), journalist Axel Springer (1912–1985), journalist Sabine Christiansen (born 1957), journalist Maybrit Illner (born 1965), journalist Anne Will (born 1966), journalist Sandra Maischberger (born 1966), journalist Mathematicians See also: List of German mathematicians Georg Cantor Carl Friedrich Gauss Georg Ohm Wilhelm Ackermann (1896–1962), mathematician Georg Cantor (1845–1918), mathematician Richard Dedekind (1831–1916), mathematician Walther von Dyck (1856–1934), mathematician Albert Einstein (1879–1955), mathematician, physicist Gottlob Frege (1848–1925), mathematician Philipp Furtwängler (1869–1940), mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), mathematician Ernst Hellinger (1883–1950), mathematician David Hilbert (1862–1943), mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804–1851), mathematician Erich Kähler (1906–2000), mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), mathematician and astronomer Felix Christian Klein (1849–1925), mathematician Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl (1885–1955), mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), mathematician Kurt Mendelssohn (1906–1980), mathematician Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909), mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius (1790–1868), mathematician, theoretical astronomer Carl Neumann (1832–1925), mathematician Emmy Noether (1882–1935), mathematician Georg Ohm (1789–1854), mathematician Carl Adam Petri (1926–2010), mathematician, computer scientist Julius Plücker (1801–1868), mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866), mathematician Adam Ries (1492–1559), mathematician, physicist, archeologist Gustav Roch (1839–1866) mathematician Eric Reissner (1913–1996), mathematician, engineer Carl David Tolmé Runge (1856–1927), mathematician, physicist, spectroscopist Heinrich Scherk (1798–1885), mathematician Herman Schwarz (1843–1921), mathematician Carl Ludwig Siegel (1896–1981), mathematician Roland Sprague (1894–1967), mathematician Heinrich Martin Weber (1842–1913), mathematician Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897), mathematician Max Zorn (1906–1993), mathematician Erich Ludendorff Military Heinrich Bürkle de la Camp (1895–1974), general who specialized as a medic and army doctor Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), Prussian professional soldier, military historian, and influential military theorist Erich von Falkenhayn (1861–1922), general, Prussian Minister of War (1913–1915) and Chief of General Staff (1914–1916) August von Gneisenau (1760–1831), Prussian field marshal and chief of the Prussian General Staff (1813–1814) Heinz Guderian (1888–1954), military theorist and innovative general (1907–1945) Erich Hartmann (1922–1993), fighter pilot and air ace (1941–1970) Alfred Jodl (1890–1946), general, operations chief of the OKW Günther von Kluge (1882–1944), field marshal and commander of the Fourth Army (1939–1941) and Army Group Center (1941–43) Erich Ludendorff (1865–1937), general and Quartermaster General (1916–1918) Erich von Manstein (1887–1973), field marshal and professional soldier (1906–1944) Helmuth von Moltke the Elder (1800–1891), field marshal, chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years Friedrich Paulus (1890–1957), general and commander of the German Sixth Army, later promoted to Field Marshal (1910–1943) Günther Rall (1918–2009), third highest scoring fighter ace in history with 275 confirmed kills while serving as a pilot in the Luftwaffe in World War II Manfred von Richthofen, also known as the Red Baron (1892–1918), fighter pilot and air ace Erwin Rommel (1891–1944), field marshal and commander of Afrika Korps (1942–1943) and Army Group B (1944) Albrecht von Roon (1803–1879), field marshal, Minister of War from (1859–1873) Hans-Ulrich Rudel (1916–1982), Stuka dive-bomber pilot and air ace (1936–1945) Gerd von Rundstedt (1875–1953), field marshal and commander (1892–1945) Alfred von Schlieffen (1833–1913), field marshal, Strategist and Chief of General Staff (1891–1905) Gerhard von Scharnhorst (1755–1813), general and Prussian Minister of War (1808–1810) Michael Wittmann (1914–1944), SS captain and tank ace (1934–1944) Music Composers See also: List of German composers Hans Zimmer Ludwig van Beethoven Carl Friedrich Abel (1725–1787), composer Martin Agricola (1466–1506), composer Siegfried Alkan (1858–1941), composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), composer; son of Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782), composer; son of Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), composer Klaus Badelt (born 1967), film composer (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Miami Vice, Ultraviolet, 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in Beijing) Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), composer Martin Böttcher (1927–2019), film composer (Karl May film adaptations) Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), composer Max Bruch (1838–1920), composer Dieterich Buxtehude (c. 1637/39–1707), Danish-German organist and composer of the Baroque period Hanns Eisler (1898–1962), composer Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883), composer Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787), composer Georg Friedrich Händel (1685–1759), composer, opera composer Fanny Hensel (1805–1847), composer Paul Hindemith (1895–1963), composer Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921), composer Albert Lortzing (1801–1851), composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), composer Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), composer Leopold Mozart (1719–1787), composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist; father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart[15] Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880), composer Carl Orff (1895–1982), composer Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706), composer Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949), composer Max Reger (1873–1916), composer Wolfgang Rihm (born 1952), composer Leopold Schefer (1784–1862), writer and composer Clara Schumann (1819–1896), composer Robert Schumann (1810–1856), composer and songwriter Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672), composer Charlotte Seither (born 1965), classical composer, pianist and music educator Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007), modern composer Richard Strauss (1864–1949), composer, opera composer Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), composer Richard Wagner (1813–1883), composer Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826), composer Kurt Weill (1900–1950), composer (The Threepenny Opera, "September Song") Hans Zimmer (born 1957), film composer (The Lion King, Crimson Tide, Gladiator, The Dark Knight, Inception, Dune) Conductors, instrumentalists and singers See also: List of German musicians Lena Meyer-Landrut Udo Lindenberg A–M Hans Albers (1891–1960), singer and actor Thomas Anders (born 1963), singer Lale Andersen (1905–1972), singer Lou Bega (born 1975), singer Andrea Berg (born 1966), singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann (born 1936), singer-songwriter and East German dissident Dieter Bohlen (born 1954), music producer Andreas Bourani (born 1983), singer-songwriter Hans-Jürgen Buchner (born 1944), founder, composer, songwriter of the band Haindling Fritz Busch (1890–1951), conductor Bushido (born 1978), rapper Campino (born 1962), lead singer of the band Die Toten Hosen Yvonne Catterfeld (born 1979), singer Sarah Connor (born 1980), pop and soul singer Michael and Sandra Cretu, founders and performers of the musical project Enigma and the group Sandra Diana Damrau, coloratura soprano opera singer Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992), singer Herbert Dreilich (1942–2004), singer of the Band Karat Jürgen Drews (born 1945), singer Katja Ebstein (born 1945), singer Fancy (born 1946), singer Frank Farian (born 1941), German record producer and songwriter Helene Fischer (born 1984), singer Gertrude Förstel (1880–1950), operatic soprano, voice teacher Peter Fox (born 1971), singer Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954), conductor and composer Rex Gildo (1936–1999), singer Bernd Heinrich Graf, lead singer of the Band Unheilig Antye Greie (born 1969), vocalist, musician and composer Herbert Grönemeyer (born 1956), singer Gudrun Gut (born 1957), electronic musician Nina Hagen (born 1955), singer Heino (born 1938), pop singer Willy Hess (1859–1939), violinist Natalie Horler (born 1981), member of the band Cascada Annette Humpe (born 1950), singer of the bands Ideal and Ich + Ich Matthias Jabs (born 1955), guitarist of the band Scorpions Roland Kaiser (born 1952), singer Bill Kaulitz (born 1989), lead singer of the band Tokio Hotel John Kay (musician) (born 1944), German–Canadian musician Gershon Kingsley (1922–2019), composer Alexander Klaws (born 1983), singer Hildegard Knef (1925–2002), singer Peter Kraus (born 1939), singer Mike Kogel, lead singer of the band Los Bravos Rolf Köhler (1951–2007), singer, musician and record producer Paul Kuhn (1928–2013), band leader and singer LaFee (born 1990), singer Ute Lemper (born 1963), singer Udo Lindenberg (born 1946), singer Michail Lifits (born 1982), concert pianist Till Lindemann (born 1963), lead singer of the band Rammstein Georg Listing, bassist of the band Tokio Hotel Frida Lyngstad, lead singer of the pop group ABBA Peter Maffay (born 1949), singer Klaus Meine, vocalist of the band Scorpions Reinhard Mey (born 1942) Lena Meyer-Landrut (born 1991), singer Marius Müller-Westernhagen (born 1948), singer Karl Münchinger (1915–1990), conductor Anne-Sophie Mutter (born 1963), violinist Sido N–Z Xavier Naidoo (born 1971) Meshell Ndegeocello (born 1969), born of American parents in Germany Nena (born 1960) Nicole (born 1964), singer Klaus Nomi (1944–1983) Lisa Otto (1919–2013), opera singer Hedwig Reicher-Kindermann (1853–1883), opera singer Martin Rich (1905–2000), conductor and pianist Marianne Rosenberg (born 1955), singer-songwriter Anneliese Rothenberger (1924–2010), singer Ralph Siegel (born 1945), senior songwriter Sandra (born 1962), singer Kool Savas (born 1975), half German, half Turkish singer Gustav Schäfer, drummer of the band Tokio Hotel Michael Schenker (born 1955), guitar player of band UFO and solo career Rudolf Schenker (born 1948), guitarist of the band Scorpions; brother of Michael Schenker Peter Schilling (born 1956), singer Sido (born 1980), rapper Cassandra Steen (born 1980), German-American singer-songwriter, and voice actress Farin Urlaub (born 1963), lead singer of the band Die Ärzte Lena Valaitis (born 1943), singer Paul van Dyk (born 1971), DJ, musician and record producer Hannes Wader (born 1943), singer-songwriter Claire Waldoff (1884–1957), singer Bruno Walter (1876–1962), conductor and composer Konstantin Wecker (born 1947), singer-songwriter Philosophy See also: List of German-language philosophers Immanuel Kant Classic Theodor Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher, sociologist and composer Albertus Magnus (c. 1193 – 1280), medieval philosopher and theologian Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), political theorist Walter Benjamin (1892–1943) Ernst Bloch (1885–1977) Jakob Böhme (1575–1624), mystic philosopher Franz Brentano (1838–1917), philosopher and psychologist Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970), philosopher Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911), philosopher, historian, psychologist Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872), philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), philosopher Gottlob Frege (1848–1925), mathematician, logician and philosopher Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906), philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), philosopher Max Horkheimer (1895–1973) Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), philosopher Karl Jaspers (1883–1969), philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), physicist, philosopher Karl Marx (1818–1883), philosopher and sociologist Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786), philosopher Lorenz Christoph Mizler (1711–1778), philosopher active in Poland Nikolaus Cusanus (1401–1462), philosopher, theologian, mathematician Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), early existentialist philosopher Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854), philosopher Moritz Schlick (1882–1936), philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), philosopher Christian Wolff (1679–1754), philosopher Erich Fromm Major Bruno Bauer (1809–1882), political theorist and philosopher Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), philosopher, political economist Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846–1926), philosopher Erich Fromm (1900–1980) Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002), philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat; brother of Alexander von Humboldt Ludwig Klages (1872–1956), philosopher Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993) Karl Löwith (1897–1973) Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979) Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694), moral and political philosopher Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879) Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929) Max Scheler (1874–1928), philosopher Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), political theorist Georg Simmel (1859–1918), philosopher and sociologist Max Stirner (1806–1856), philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007), philosopher and physicist Contemporary Hans Albert (1921–2023), philosopher Kurt Flasch (born 1930), philosopher Jürgen Habermas (born 1929), philosopher, social theorist Dieter Henrich (1927–2022), philosopher Odo Marquard (1928–2015), philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin (born 1954), philosopher and political theorist Konrad Ott (born 1959), moral philosopher and environmentalist Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947), philosopher and television host Robert Spaemann (1927–2018), philosopher Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), philosopher of history; best known for his book "The Decline of the West" (Der Untergang des Abendlandes) Ernst Tugendhat (1930–2023), philosopher Politicians See also: List of German politicians Angela Merkel Ernst Thälmann Miscellaneous Arminius (18/17 BC – AD 21) Rainer Barzel (1924–2006), leader of the party Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) August Bebel (1840–1913), co-founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany Rudolf von Bennigsen (1824–1902), founder of the National Liberal Party Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932), Social Democratic leader Heinrich von Brentano (1904–1964), Foreign Minister Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) Julius Curtius (1877–1948), Foreign Minister (German People's Party) Matthias Erzberger (1875–1921), Catholic Center party leader Joschka Fischer (born 1948), Foreign Minister and vice chancellor 1998–2005 (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016), former minister for foreign affairs (FDP) Jakob Grimm (1785–1863), parliamentarian Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859), parliamentarian Gregor Gysi (born 1948), former leader of the Party of Democratic Socialism Georg Hornstein (1900–1942), resistance fighter during the period of National Socialism (Nazism) Alfred Hugenberg (1865–1951), leader of the German National People's Party Johann Jacoby (1805–1877), radical democrat in Prussia Luise Kähler (1869–1955), trade union leader, founding member of Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) Karl Kautsky (1854–1938), Social Democratic leader and theoretician Petra Kelly (1947–1992), co-founder of the German Green Party Roland Koch (born 1958), Minister-President of Hesse Oskar Lafontaine (born 1943), socialist, former minister for finance Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864), democrat and socialist Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919), socialist Wilhelm Liebknecht (1826–1900), co-founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Rosa Luxemburg (1870–1919), left-wing Social Democratic leader Jakob Maria Mierscheid (born 1933), virtual parliamentarian (SPD) Hans Modrow (1928–2023), former leader of GDR, honorary chairman of PDS Hermann Müller (1876–1931), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (SPD) Erich Ollenhauer (1901–1963), leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Antonie "Toni" Pfülf (1877–1933), female socialist (SPD) Walther Rathenau (1867–1922), foreign minister (DDP) Eugen Richter (1838–1906), liberal politician Wolfgang Schäuble (born 1942), Christian politician, financial minister (CDU) Carlo Schmid (1896–1979), politician who had vast influence on the content of the German Basic Law after World War II Gerhard Schröder (1910–1989), foreign minister, minister of the Interior (CDU) Kurt Schumacher (1895–1952), leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in the early years of the FRG Baron Heinrich vom Stein (1757–1831) Edmund Stoiber (born 1941), party leader of the CSU and former minister president of Bavaria Franz Josef Strauss (1915–1988), Bavarian politician (CSU) Ernst Thälmann (1886–1944), leader of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar period Hans-Jochen Vogel (1926–2020), leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), federal minister of justice Otto Wels (1873–1939), leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Guido Westerwelle (1961–2016), party leader of the liberal party (FDP) Klaus Wowereit (born 1953), social democrat politician (SPD) Clara Zetkin (1857–1933), socialist and fighter for women's rights Silke Grimm (born 1967), German politician Gustav Stresemann Chancellors of Germany 1871–1945 Gustav Bauer (1870–1944), chancellor of the Weimar Republic (SPD) Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1856–1921), Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), Imperial Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (1885–1970), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (Centre Party) Bernhard von Bülow (1849–1929), Imperial Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899), Imperial Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno (1876–1933), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic Konstantin Fehrenbach (1852–1926), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (Centre) Georg von Hertling (1843–1919), Imperial Chancellor Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), Leader of Nazi Germany, combining legally the offices of President and Chancellor ("Führer und Reichskanzler") (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901), Imperial Chancellor Hans Luther (1885–1962), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (Centre) Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929), Last Imperial Chancellor Georg Michaelis (1857–1936), Imperial Chancellor Franz von Papen (1879–1969), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic Philipp Scheidemann (1865–1939), Chancellor of Weimar Republic (SPD) Kurt von Schleicher (1882–1934), last Chancellor of the Weimar Republic Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (DVP) Joseph Wirth (1879–1956), Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (Centre) Konrad Adenauer Chancellors of Germany (after World War II) (in chronological order) Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967), first democratically elected Federal Chancellor in Western Germany (after World War II) from 1949 to 1963 (Christian-Democratic Union, CDU) Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977), Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966 (CDU) Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988), Federal Chancellor from 1966 to 1969 (CDU) Willy Brandt (1913–1992), Federal Chancellor from 1969 to 1974 (Social Democratic Party, SPD) Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), Federal Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 (SPD) Helmut Kohl (1930–2017), Federal Chancellor from 1982 to 1998 (CDU) Gerhard Schröder (born 1944), Federal Chancellor from 1998 to 2005 (SPD) Angela Merkel (born 1954), Federal Chancellor from 2005 to 2021 (CDU) Olaf Scholz (born 1958), Federal Chancellor since 2021 (SPD) Theodor Heuss Presidents of Germany (in chronological order) Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925), first president of the Weimar Republic (SPD) 1919–25 Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934), field marshal, president 1925–34 Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), combining legally both offices, president and chancellor ("Führer und Reichskanzler") 1933–45 Karl Dönitz (1891–1980), Admiral of the Fleet, after Hitler's death, president for 22 days, 1945 Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1949: (in chronological order) Theodor Heuss (1884–1963), Federal President 1949–59 (Liberal-Democratic Party, FDP) Heinrich Lübke (1894–1972), Federal President 1959–69 (CDU) Gustav Heinemann (1899–1976), Federal President 1969–74 (SPD) Walter Scheel (1919–2016), Federal President 1974–79 (FDP) Karl Carstens (1914–1992), Federal President 1979–84 (CDU) Richard von Weizsäcker (1920–2015), Federal President 1984–94 (CDU) Roman Herzog (1934–2017), Federal President 1994–99 (CDU) Johannes Rau (1931–2006), Federal President 1999–2004 (SPD) Horst Köhler (born 1943), Federal President 2004–10 (CDU) Jens Böhrnsen (born 1949), acting president since resignation of Köhler in 2010 (SPD) Christian Wulff (born 1959), Federal President 2010–12 (CDU) Horst Seehofer (born 1949), acting president since resignation of Wulff in 2012 (CDU) Joachim Gauck (born 1940), Federal President 2012–2017 (Independent) Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 1956) Federal President since 19 March 2017 (SPD) Erich Honecker Politicians of the East German Communist Party and regime Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964), minister president of the GDR Erich Honecker (1912–1994), leader of the GDR until 1989 Egon Krenz (born 1937), leader of the GDR after Honecker Erich Mielke (1907–2000), head of the Stasi Wilhelm Pieck (1876–1960), first president of the GDR Heinrich Rau (1899–1961), chairman of the German Economic Commission (predecessor of the East German government) Günter Schabowski (1929–2015), member of politburo Willy Stoph (1914–1999), premier of the GDR Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973), leader of the GDR Joseph Goebbels Personalities of the Nazi Party and regime Artur Axmann (1913–1996), Hitler Youth leader (1940–1945) Klaus Barbie (1913–1991), the "Butcher of Lyon" Fedor von Bock (1880–1945), field marshal Martin Bormann (1900–1945), Nazi leader Eva Braun (1912–1945), Hitler's mistress and finally his wife Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945), admiral and chief of the Abwehr Karl Dönitz (1891–1980), Admiral of the Fleet, briefly Hitler's successor as President Anton Drexler (1884–1942), founder of German Workers' Party, which became the NSDAP Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) Hans Frank (1900–1946), Governor-General of Poland Roland Freisler (1893–1945), Nazi judge Wilhelm Frick (1877–1946), Minister of the Interior Walther Funk (1890–1960), Minister of Economics Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945), Chancellor of Germany, propaganda chief for the Nazis Hermann Göring (1893–1946), Nazi, Reich Marshal and chief of Luftwaffe Rudolf Hess (1894–1987), Hitler's private secretary, later Deputy Führer Reinhard Heydrich (1904–1942), Nazi officer, head of the Sicherheitsdienst and RSHA Heinrich Himmler (1900–1945), Nazi head of the SS Rudolf Höss (1900–1947), commandant of Auschwitz Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903–1946), Heydrich's successor at the RSHA Hans Kammler (1901 – c. 1945), author and organiser of first Death Camps Wilhelm Keitel (1882–1946), field marshal, head of the OKW (1939–1945) Karl Otto Koch (1897–1945), German first commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp Robert Ley (1890–1945), head of the German Labour Front Erich von Manstein (1885–1973), field marshal and commander of the Eleventh Army (1941–1942), Army Group Don (1942–43), and Army Group South (1943–1944) Josef Mengele (1911–1979), German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz Erhard Milch (1892–1972), Göring's second-in-command, Air Inspector General Walter Model (1891–1945), field marshal Heinrich Müller (1900–1945?), head of the Gestapo (1939–1945) Konstantin von Neurath (1873–1956), Foreign Minister in the early years of the regime Franz von Papen (1879–1969), Deputy Chancellor in Hitler's first cabinet Erich Raeder (1876–1960), Admiral of the Fleet Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893–1946), Nazi foreign minister Ernst Röhm (1887–1934), first Stabschef of the SA Erwin Rommel (1891–1944), Commander of the 7th Panzer Division and the Afrika Korps Alfred Rosenberg (1893–1946), Nazi ideologist Gerd von Rundstedt (1875–1953), field marshal, Commander-in-Chief East (1939–40), commander of Army Group South (1939–1941), Commander-in-Chief West (1942–1945) Hjalmar Schacht, Minister of Finance Baldur von Schirach (1907–1974), first Hitler Youth leader Albert Speer (1905–1981), "Hitler's architect", Minister of Armaments Gregor Strasser (1892–1934), left-wing Nazi leader Julius Streicher (1885–1946), Nazi Party leader in Franconia Wilhelm II Frederick the Great Royalty See also: List of German monarchs Alix of Hesse and Rhine (1872–1918), German princess by birth before marrying Tsar Nicholas II to become a Russian tsarina Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1819–1861), Queen Victoria's husband and consort Albert (1828–1902), King of Saxony (1873–1902) Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII Anton (1755–1836), King of Saxony (1827–1836) Carol I of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1839–1914), Prince (1867–1881) and King (1881–1914) of Romania Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia Charles IV (1316–1378), King of Germany 1346, Holy Roman Emperor 1355–78 Charles V (1500–1558), King of Spain 1516, King of Germany 1519, Holy Roman Emperor 1530–56 Charles (1823–1891), King of Württemberg (1823–1891) Claus von Amsberg (1926–2002), diplomat and husband of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1865–1927), King of Romania (1924–1927) Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1861–1948), Prince of Bulgaria (1887–1908), King (or Tsar) of the Bulgarians (1908–1918) Frederick I Barbarossa (1122–1190), King of Germany 1152, Holy Roman Emperor 1155–90 Frederick I of Prussia (1657–1713), Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713), King in Prussia (1701–1713) Frederick I of Württemberg (1754–1816), Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1806), and King (1806–1816) of Württemberg Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194–1250), Holy Roman Emperor and King of Jerusalem Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786), King of Prussia (1740–1786) Friedrich III (1831–1888), German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888) Frederick Augustus I (1750–1827), Elector (1763–1806) and King (1806–1827) of Saxony Frederick Augustus II (1797–1854), King of Saxony (1836–1854) Frederick Augustus III (1865–1932), King of Saxony (1904–1918) Frederick William I (1688–1740), King of Prussia (1713–1740) Frederick William II (1744–1797), King of Prussia (1786–1797) Frederick William III (1770–1840), King of Prussia (1797–1840) Frederick William IV (1795–1861), King of Prussia (1840–1861) George (1832–1904), King of Saxony (1902–1904) George V (1819–1878), King of Hanover (1851–1866) Henry I the Fowler (876–936), King of Germany 919 Henry II (972–1024), King of Germany 1002, Holy Roman Emperor 1014–24 Henry III (1017–1056), King of Germany 1039, Holy Roman Emperor 1046–56 Henry IV (1050–1106), King of Germany 1056, Holy Roman Emperor 1084–1106 Henry V (1081–1125), King of Germany 1106, Holy Roman Emperor 1111–25 Henry VI (1165–1197), King of Germany 1190, Holy Roman Emperor 1191–97 John (1801–1873), King of Saxony (1854–1873) Louis IV (1281–1347), King of Germany 1314, Holy Roman Emperor 1328–47 Ludwig I (1786–1868), King of Bavaria (1825–1848) Ludwig II (1845–1886), King of Bavaria (1864–1886) Ludwig III (1845–1921), King of Bavaria (1913–1918) Maximilian I (1459–1519), King of Germany 1486, Holy Roman Emperor 1508–19 Maximilian I (1756–1825), Elector (1799–1805) and King (1805–1825) of Bavaria Maximilian II (1811–1864), King of Bavaria (1848–1864) Otto I the Great (912–973), King of Germany 936, Holy Roman Emperor 962–973 Otto II (955–983), Holy Roman Emperor 973–983 Otto III (980–1002), King of Germany 983, Holy Roman Emperor 996–1002 Otto of Greece King of Bavaria (1815–1867), King of the Hellenes (1833–1862) Otto of Bavaria (1848–1916), King of Bavaria (1886–1913) Wilhelm I (1797–1888), German Emperor (1871–1888) and King of Prussia (1861–1888) Wilhelm II (1859–1941), German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918) William I (1781–1864), King of Württemberg (1816–1864) William II (1848–1921), King of Württemberg (1891–1918) Scientists and engineers See also: List of German scientists, List of German chemists, and List of German physicists A–G Wernher von Braun Nicolaus Copernicus, Tornaeus Borussus Mathematicus (N.C.,Prussian mathematician from Thorn/Torun). Copper engraving from 1597 Albert Einstein Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (1806–1886), mineralogist, geologist Michael Albeck (born 1934), Israeli chemist; President of Bar-Ilan University Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), psychiatrist and neuropathologist Peter Apian (1495–1552), mathematician, astronomer and cartographer Manfred von Ardenne (1907–1997), physicist Anton de Bary (1831–1888), surgeon, botanist, microbiologist Johann Bayer (1572–1625), astronomer Henning Behrens (born 1940), economist and political scientist Georg Bednorz (born 1950), physicist Nobel Prize for Physics Emil von Behring (1854–1917), physician Karl Benz (1844–1929), inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846), mathematician Hans Bethe (1906–2005), physicist Hennig Brand (c. 1630 – c.1692 or c. 1710), alchemist; discoverer of phosphorus Max Born (1882–1970), physicist Robert Bosch (1861–1942), industrialist Carl F. W. Borgward (1890–1963), engineer Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), physicist Wernher von Braun (1912–1977), space engineer, rocket scientist Eduard Buchner (1860–1917), biochemist; recipient 1907 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of enzymes Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811–1899), chemist Alfred Buntru (1887–1974), hydraulic engineer and SS officer Georg Cantor (1845–1918), mathematician Conrad of Leonberg (1460–1511), humanist scholar Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), Prussian astronomer who wrote and spoke German; he is also often considered as a Pole Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, neuropathologist Adolf Daimler (1871–1913), mechanical engineer Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900), inventor and engineer Gertrud Dorka (1893–1976), archaeologist, prehistorian and museum director Carl Duisberg (1861–1935), chemist and industrialist Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), inventor of the Diesel engine Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), physician Albert Einstein (1879–1955), physicist Gerhard Ertl (born 1936), physicist Hans Jürgen Eysenck (1916–1997), psychologist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), physicist, engineer, and glass blower Adolf Eugen Fick (1829–1901), inventor of contact lenses Wolfgang Finkelnburg (1905–1967), physicist Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919), chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Friederike Fless (born 1964), president of the German Archaeological Institute Elvira Fölzer (1868–1928), early female archaeologist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826), physicist Gottlob Frege (1848–1925), mathematician and logicist Wilhelm Siegmund Frei (1885–1943), dermatologist Erich Fromm (1900–1980), psychologist Klaus Fuchs (1911–1988), physicist and spy Hans Geiger (1882–1945), physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), mathematician Otto von Guericke (1602–1682), scientist Johannes Gutenberg (1398–1468), inventor of modern bookprinting H–J Johannes Hevelius Fritz Haber (1868–1934), chemist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), physician Otto Hahn (1879–1968), chemist Theodor W. Hänsch (born 1941), physicist Bernhard Hantzsch (1875–1911), ornithologist Georg Hartmann (1865–1946), geographer Felix Hausdorff (1868–1942), mathematician Robert Havemann (1910–1982), chemist Ernst Heinkel (1888–1958), aircraft engineer Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901–1976), physicist Hermann Helmholtz, physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894), physicist Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687), astronomer David Hilbert (1862–1943), mathematician Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935), physician, sexologist, founder of the first ever committee for LGBTQ+ rights Johann Homann (1664–1724), geographer Erich Hueckel (1896–1980), physicist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), explorer Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804–1851), mathematician Alfons Maria Jakob (1884–1931), neurologist Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), aircraft engineer K–L Theodor Kaluza (1885–1954), mathematician, theoretical physicist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829–1896), chemist Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), astronomer Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887), physicist Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743–1817), chemist Felix Klein (1849–1925), mathematician Klaus von Klitzing (born 1943), physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics Wolfgang Franz von Kobell (1803–1882), mineralogist Robert Koch (1843–1910), physician Walter Karl Koch (1880–1962), surgeon Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (1818–1884), chemist Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891), mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer (1810–1893), mathematician Edmund Landau (1877–1938), mathematician Hermann Lattemann (1852–1894), balloon pilot and parachutist Max von Laue (1879–1960), physicist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), mathematician Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862–1947), physicist Rudolph Lennhoff (1866–1933), public health doctor August Leskien (1840–1916), linguist Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), chemist Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896), aviation pioneer Ferdinand von Lindemann (1852–1939), mathematician Alexander Lippisch (1894–1976), aerodynamicist Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915), bacteriologist Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895), physicist, chemist Cornelia Lüdecke (born 1954), polar researcher, historian Reimar Lüst (1923–2020), astrophysicist M–R (Albertus Magnus see "A") Ludwig Immanuel Magnus, mathematician Siegfried Marcus (1831–1898), automobile pioneer Wilhelm Maybach (1846–1929), car-engine and automobile constructor Wilhelm Messerschmitt (1898–1978), aircraft engineer Lothar Meyer (1830–1895), chemist Franz Mertens (1840–1927), mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius (1790–1868), mathematician, theoretical astronomer Johannes Müller (1801–1858), physiologist Walther Nernst (1864–1941), physicist Carl Gottfried Neumann (1832–1925), mathematician Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895), mathematician Claus Noé (1938–2008), economist Emmy Noether (1882–1935), mathematician Georg Ohm (1789–1854), physicist Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist; recipient 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nicolaus Otto (1832–1891), coinventor of the Otto cycle Bernhard Philberth (1927–2010), physicist, engineer, philosopher, theologian Max Planck (1858–1947), physicist Jesco von Puttkamer (1933–2012), space scientist (NASA manager), engineer and author Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866), mathematician Adam Ries (1492–1559), mathematician Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923), physicist; inventor of x-rays Werner von Siemens S–V Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), chemist Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881), botanist Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890), archaeologist Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1799–1868), chemist Friedrich Hermann Schottky (1851–1935), mathematician Theodor Schwann (1810–1882), physiologist Hermann Amandus Schwarz (1843–1921), mathematician Karl Schwarzschild (1873–1916), physicist Carl Semper (1832–1893), ecologist Cynthia Sharma (born 1979), infectious disease researcher, biologist Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), inventor, industrialist Rolf Singer (1906–1994), mycologist Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951), physicist Eduard Adolf Strasburger (1844–1912), German-Polish professor; one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century Georg Steller (1709–1746), naturalist William Stern (1871–1938), psychologist, philosopher Alfred Stock (1876–1946), chemist Levi Strauss (1829–1902), jeans Max Vasmer (1886–1962), linguist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), pioneer of medicine W–Z Otto Wallach, physicist Hellmuth Walter (1900–1980), propulsion Felix Wankel (1902–1988), inventor of the Wankel engine Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), geologist, meteorologist Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897), mathematician August Weismann (1834–1914), biologist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007), physicist Hermann Weyl (1885–1955), mathematician Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (1782–1867), zoologist Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928), physicist Heinrich Wohlwill (1874–1943), electrical engineer Mieczysław Wolfke (1883–1947), Polish physicist of German descent Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), physiologist, psychologist Christian Zeller (1822–1899, Rektor), mathematician Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), inventor of the Zeppelin, founded the Zeppelin Airship company Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953), mathematician Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), computer pioneer Sportspeople See also: List of German bodybuilders, List of Germany men's international footballers, List of Germany international footballers 1908–1942, List of Germany women's international footballers, and List of Germany national rugby union players Boris Becker Alfred Flatow Marcel Goc Steffi Graf Jürgen Klinsmann Helene Mayer A–G Franziska van Almsick (born 1978), swimmer Adolf Anderssen (1818–1879), chess grandmaster Tobias Arlt (born 1987), luger Rudi Ball (1911–1975), Hall of Fame ice hockey player, Olympic bronze 1932, World runner-up 1930, bronze 1934[16] Michael Ballack (born 1976), football player Karin Balzer (1938–2019), hurdler Marcel Barthel (born 1990), professional wrestler Dieter Baumann (born 1965), athlete Franz Beckenbauer (born 1945), football player Boris Becker (born 1967), tennis player Ludger Beerbaum (born 1963), equestrian; four-time Olympic Gold medalist Elly Beinhorn (1907–2007), aviator Valery Belenky (born 1969), Soviet/Azerbaijan/German Olympic gymnastics champion (team combined exercises), bronze (individual combined exercises) Isaac Bonga, NBA player[17] Stefan Bellof (1957–1985), race car driver Gretel Bergmann (1914–2017), internationally renowned high jumper of the 1930s was excluded from the 1936 Olympic team due to being Jewish. Frank Biela (born 1964), race car driver Oliver Bierhoff (born 1968), football player Jérôme Boateng (born 1988), football player Timo Boll, table tennis player Kathrin Boron (born 1969), scmomuller; four-time Olympic gold medallist Daryl Boyle (born 1987), ice hockey player for Germany Andreas Brehme (born 1960), football player and coach Paul Breitner (born 1951), football player Kai Budde (born 1979), professional Magic: The Gathering player Bettina Bunge (born 1963), tennis player Rudolf Caracciola (1901–1959), race car driver Rolf Decker, German-born American, football midfielder (US national team) Uschi Disl (born 1970), biathlete Leon Draisaitl (born 1995), ice hockey player Heike Drechsler (born 1964), athlete Mathew Dumba (born 1994), ice hockey player Stefan Effenberg (born 1968), football player Christian Ehrhoff (born 1982), Olympian and National Hockey League hockey player; plays for the Buffalo Sabres David Elsner (born 1992), ice hockey forward Erich Gottlieb Eliskases (1913–1997), leading chess player of the 1930s–40s, represented Austria, Germany and Argentina in international competition Kornelia Ender (born 1958), swimmer; became the first woman swimmer to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games (in 1976), all in world record times Karin Enke (born 1961), speed skater; one of the most dominant of the 1980s Jürgen Fanghänel (born 1951), boxer Rudi Fink (born 1958), boxer Birgit Fischer (born 1962), kayaker Sven Fischer (born 1971), biathlete Theodor Fischer, Olympic épée and foil fencer Alfred Flatow (1869–1942), gymnast, three-time Olympic champion (parallel bars, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar), silver (horizontal bar) Gustav Felix Flatow (1875–1945), two-time Olympic champion (team parallel bars, team horizontal bar) Heinz-Harald Frentzen (born 1967), racing driver Torsten Frings (born 1976), football player Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972), Olympic football player Erika Geisen, IFBB professional bodybuilder Natalie Geisenberger (born 1988), luger Marcel Goc, German Olympian and NHL hockey player; plays for the Nashville Predators Harold Goldsmith, born Hans Goldschmidt (1930–2004), American Olympic foil and épée fencer Mario Gómez (born 1985), football player Steffi Graf (born 1969), tennis player Michael Greis (born 1976), biathlete Michael Gross (born 1964), swimmer Ricco Groß (born 1970), biathlete Jan Gustafsson (born 1979), chess grandmaster and Janistan head of state Ludwig Guttmann (1899–1980), founder of the Paralympics[18] H–M Tommy Haas (born 1978), tennis player Georg Hackl (born 1966), luger Hans Halberstadt (1885–1966), German-born American Olympic fencer Dietmar Hamann (born 1973), football player Sven Hannawald (born 1974), ski jumper Armin Hary (born 1937), athlete Thomas Häßler (born 1966), football player Nico Hülkenberg (born 1987), racing driver Nick Heidfeld (born 1977), racing driver Lilli Henoch (1899–1942), world records in discus, shot put, and 4x100-m relay; shot by the Nazis in Latvia Jupp Heynckes (born 1945), retired footballer and current manager of FC Bayern Munich Julius Hirsch (1892–1945), Olympian football player and first Jewish member of the national team, two-time Germany team champion, awarded the Iron Cross during World War I, murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp. Ottmar Hitzfeld (born 1949), football player and manager Leah Horowitz (1933–1956), Israeli Olympic hurdler Mats Hummels (born 1988), football player Peter Hussing (1948–2012), boxer Robert Hübner (born 1948), chess grandmaster Reinhold Joest (born 1937), race car driver and racing team owner Klaus Junge (1924–1945), one of the youngest German chess grandmasters Enriko Kehl (born 1992), muay thai kickboxing Oliver Kahn (born 1969), football player Andy Kapp (born 1967), curler Fritz Keller (born 1957), football administrator Udo Kiessling (born 1955), first ice hockey player to compete at five Olympics Herbert Klein (1923–2001), Olympic bronze (200-m breaststroke); three world records Ralph Klein (1931–2008), Berlin-born Israeli basketball player and coach Jutta Kleinschmidt, rally driver Reiner Klimke (1936–1999), equestrian; won six gold and two bronze medals in dressage at the Summer Olympics Jürgen Klinsmann (born 1964), football player and manager[19] Jürgen Klopp (born 1967), Liverpool football manager Miroslav Klose (born 1978), football player Georg Koch (born 1972), football player Marita Koch (born 1957), sprint track and field athlete who collected 30 world records Olaf Kölzig (born 1970), German Olympian and National Hockey League goalie; plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning Andreas Köpke (born 1962), football player (goalkeeper) Louis Krages (1949–2001), racing driver who raced under the pseudonym of "John Winter" Ingrid Krämer (born 1943), diver and Olympic champion Toni Kroos (born 1990), football player Uwe Krupp (born 1965), ice hockey player and coach; won the Stanley Cup and played in an NHL All-Star Game Erich Kühnhackl (born 1950), ice hockey player; named Germany's ice hockey player of the 20th century and member of the IIHF Hall of Fame Kevin Kuske (born 1979), bobsledder; most successful Olympic athlete in bobsledding, winning four gold medals and two silver medals Philipp Lahm (born 1983), football player André Lange, bobsledding champion Hermann Lang (1909–1987), champion race car driver Bernhard Langer (born 1957), golfer Henry Laskau (1916–2000), racewalker; won 42 national titles; Pan American Games champion; four-time Maccabiah champion Emanuel Lasker (1868–1941), the second World Chess Champion (1894–1921) Jens Lehmann (born 1969), football player (goalkeeper) Ellen Lohr, racing driver Joachim Löw (born 1960), football player and manager of Germany Klaus Ludwig, racing driver Marion Lüttge (born 1941), javelin thrower Brooks Macek (born 1992), ice hockey player for Germany Felix Magath (born 1953), football player and manager Sepp Maier (born 1944), football player Jan Martín (born 1984), German-Israeli-Spanish basketball player Henry Maske (born 1964), boxer Jochen Mass, racing driver Lothar Matthäus (born 1961), football player Roland Matthes (1950–2019), swimmer and the most successful backstroke swimmer of all times Helene Mayer (1910–1953), foil fencer, Olympic champion Georg Meier (1910–1999), motorcycle racer Yona Melnik (born 1949), Israeli Olympic judoka Markus Merk (born 1962), top-level football referee Christoph Metzelder (born 1980), football player Ulrike Meyfarth (born 1956), high jumper Rosi Mittermaier (1950–2023), alpine ski champion Andreas Möller (born 1967), football player Gerd Müller (1945–2021), football player Jörg Müller (born 1969), race car driver Petra Müller (born 1965), athlete Thomas Müller (born 1989), football player N–R Dirk Nowitzki Patricia Neske (born 1966), figure skater Günter Netzer (born 1944), football player Manuel Neuer (born 1986), football player (goalkeeper) Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann (born 1966), speed skater Aron Nimzowitsch (1886–1935), Latvian-Danish German chess master and chess writer Dirk Nowitzki (born 1978), National Basketball Association player[17] Kristin Otto (born 1966), Olympic swimming champion Sylke Otto (born 1969), luger Mesut Özil (born 1988), football player Claudia Pechstein (born 1972), speed skater Uta Pippig (born 1965), athlete Lukas Podolski (born 1985), football player Sarah Poewe (born 1983), South African-German swimmer, Olympic bronze (4 × 100 medley relay) Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer Daniel Prenn (1904–1991), German-Polish-British tennis player, highest world ranking # 6 Birgit Prinz (born 1977), football player Lina Radke (1903–1983), athlete Teodor Regedziński (also known as Theodor Reger) (1894–1954), Polish chess master of German origin; father's name was Reger Otto Rehhagel (born 1938), football player and manager Annegret Richter (born 1950), athlete Lars Riedel (born 1967), athlete Maria Höfl-Riesch (born 1984), World Cup alpine ski racer Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), German-born racing driver who represented Austria during his career (one-time World Champion) Walter Röhrl, rally and racing driver (two-time Rally World Champion) Nico Rosberg (born 1985), former German–Finnish Formula One driver (one-time World Champion) Bernd Rosemeyer (1909–1938), racing driver Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (born 1955), football player S–Z Max Schmeling Michael Schumacher Jan Ullrich Matthias Sammer (born 1967), football player and manager who won the 1996 Ballon d'Or Thomas Schaaf (born 1961), football player and manager Max Schmeling (1905–2005), World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Paul Felix Schmidt (1916–1984), Estonian–German chess master Martin Schmitt (born 1978), ski jumper Bernd Schneider, football player Bernd Schneider, racing driver Mehmet Scholl (born 1970), football player Anja Schreiner, IFBB professional bodybuilder Detlef Schrempf (born 1963), German-American former NBA player[17] Carl Schuhmann (1869–1946), won four Olympic titles in gymnastics and wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics; becoming the most successful athlete at the inaugural Olympics of the modern era Harald Schumacher (born 1954), football player Michael Schumacher (born 1969), racing driver (seven-time Formula One World Champion)[20] Ralf Schumacher (born 1975), racing driver; brother of Michael Schumacher Dennis Schröder, NBA player[17] Ralf Schumann (born 1962), pistol shooter Bernd Schuster (born 1959), football player and manager Rainer Schüttler, tennis player Armin Schwarz (born 1963), racing driver Wolfgang Schmidt (athlete) (born 1954), olympian track and field Bastian Schweinsteiger (born 1984), football player Werner Seelenbinder (1904–1944), wrestler Uwe Seeler (1936–2022), football player Dennis Seidenberg (born 1981), ice hockey player Katja Seizinger, alpine ski champion Wolfgang Stark (born 1969), football referee Renate Stecher (born 1950), athlete Britta Steffen (born 1983), swimmer; three-time Olympic medalist[21] Michael Stich (born 1968), tennis player Rolf Stommelen (1943–1983), racing driver Hans Stuck (1900–1978), racing driver Hans-Joachim Stuck, racing driver and son of Hans Marco Sturm (born 1978), ice hockey player and coach; one-time NHL All-Star (1999) Siegbert Tarrasch (1862–1934), chess grandmaster Joseph Taussig (1877–1947), German-born American football quarterback[22] Axel Teichmann (born 1979), cross-country skier Richard Teichmann (1868–1925), leading German chess player, easily of grandmaster strength Axel Tischer (born 1986), professional wrestler Toni Turek (1919–1984), football player Jan Ullrich (born 1973), cyclist Wolfgang Unzicker (1925–2006), chess grandmaster Nicole Uphoff (born 1967), equestrian Sebastian Vettel, Formula One driver (four-time World Champion) Berti Vogts, football player and manager Johannes Voigtmann (born 1992), basketball player Rudi Völler (born 1960), football player Sebastian Vollmer (born 1984), American football player, first German NFL draft pick; plays for the New England Patriots Katrin Wagner-Augustin (born 1977), sprint canoer Ralf Waldmann, motorcycle racer Fritz Walter (1920–2002), football player Fritz Walter (born 1960), football player Ulrich Wehling (born 1952), won the nordic combined event in the Winter Olympics three consecutive times, in 1972, 1976, and 1980 Jens Weißflog (born 1964), ski jumper Tobias Wendl (born 1987), luger Moritz Wagner, NBA player for the Los Angeles Lakers[23][17] Isabell Werth (born 1969), equestrian and world champion in dressage; holds the record for the most Olympic medals won by any equestrian athlete Kati Wilhelm (born 1976), biathlete Joachim Winkelhock, racing driver Manfred Winkelhock (1951–1985), racing driver; brother of Joachim Winkelhock Hans Günter Winkler (1926–2018), show jumping rider Katarina Witt (born 1965), figure skater Bärbel Wöckel (born 1955), sprinter Sigrun Wodars (born 1965), athlete Jenny Wolf (born 1979), speed skater Erik Zabel (born 1970), cyclist Christian Ziege (born 1972), football player and manager Johannes Zukertort (1842–1888), German Polish-Jewish chessmaster Theologians, saints and beatified persons See also: List of German popes Pope Benedict XVI Heinrich Abeken (1809–1872), theologian Johannes Agricola (1494–1566), Protestant reformer Albertus Magnus, medieval philosopher and theologian Eusebius Amort (1692–1775) Pope Benedict XVI (also known as Joseph Ratzinger) (1927–2022) Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945), theologian Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558), Protestant reformer of Pomerania and Denmark; theologian Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976) Pope Clement II (1005–1047) Pope Damasus II (?–1048) Alfred Delp (1907–1945) Eugen Drewermann (born 1940) Johann Eck (1486–1543) Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824) Matthias Faber (1586–1653) Pope Gregory V (c. 972–999) Adolf Harnack (1851–1930) Hedwig of Andech (1174–1243) Johann Gottfried Herder, poet, translator, philosopher and theologian Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889–1977) Clemens August Graf von Galen, beatified, cardinal Thomas à Kempis (c. 1380 – 1471), canon regular Adolph Kolping (1813–1865), beatified, priest Hans Küng (1928–2021) Karl Lehmann (1936–2018) Pope Leo IX (1002–1054) Martin Luther (1483–1546), Protestant Reformation Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), Protestant Reformation Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786) Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926), theologian Bernhard Philberth (1927–2010), physicist, engineer, philosopher, theologian Karl Rahner (1904–1989), theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), theologian, philosopher Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965), musician, physician, pastor, philosopher and theologian Dorothee Sölle (1929–2003) Edith Stein (1891–1942), saint, nun, victim of the Holocaust Johann Tetzel (1465–1519), monk Carsten Peter Thiede (1952–2004), theologian, New Testament historian, chaplain Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986), theologian Paul Tillich (1886–1965), theologian, philosopher Pope Victor II (c. 1018 – 1057) Militants Sophie Scholl (1921–1943), member of the German resistance in World War II Linda Wenzel, ISIS bride Others Oskar Schindler Sigmund Jähn Thomas Bach (born 1953), lawyer, former fencer Franz Borkenau (1900–1957), social scientist Gottfried Gabriel Bredow (1773–1814), historian Moritz Brosch (1829–1907), historian Dieter Claessens (1921–1997), sociologist Thomas Druyen (born 1957), sociologist Shlomo Eckstein (1929–2020), Israeli economist and president of Bar-Ilan University Gudrun Ensslin (1940–1977), terrorist Michael Fassbender (born 1977), actor Siegfried Fischbacher (1939–2021), magician, conservationist Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995), astronaut Andreas Gaill (1526–1587), jurist Margarete Gütschow (1871–1951), archaeologist Herschel Grynszpan (1921–1944), Polish-Jewish refugee turned assassin Kerstin Günther (born 1967), business executive Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390s – 1468), printer Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), abbess, mystic Roy Horn (1944–2020), magician, conservationist Karen Horney, psychoanalyst Heribert Illig (born 1947), historian Peter Hoffmann, awarded outstanding historian Sigmund Jähn (1937–2019), first German in space Bruno Kahl (born 1962), intelligence administrative lawyer Erhart Kirfel, businessman, finance controller of the SPD René König (1906–1992), sociologist Siegfried Kracauer Christian Frederick Martin (1796–1867), inventor of the steel-string guitar Ulrike Meinhof (1934–1976), journalist and terrorist Ulf Merbold (born 1941), astronaut Carl von Ossietzky (1889–1938), journalist and pacifist Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), designer and founder of Porsche Ferry Porsche (1909–1998), automobile designer and son of Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Alexander Porsche (1935–2012), designer and member of the Porsche family Ferdinand Oliver Porsche (born 1961), lawyer, executive and family member of Porsche Ludwig Quidde (1858–1941), historian and pacifist Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), historian Paul Reuter (1816–1899), entrepreneur, pioneer of telegraphy and news reporting Dora Richter (1891–presumed 1933), first known woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery Margarete Rosenberg (1910–1985), lesbian Holocaust survivor Mathias Rust (born 1968), aviator who landed on Moscow's Red Square in 1987 Helmut Schelsky (1912–1984), sociologist Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), industrialist; credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust Hannelore Schmatz, mountaineer Heffa Schücking, environmentalist Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965), physician, humanitarian Henry Shultz (1776–1851), emigrant to the United States, entrepreneur Ell Smula (1914–1943), Ravensbrück concentration camp victim Guy Spier, author and investor Claus von Stauffenberg (1907–1944), Operation Valkyrie Ilse Totzke (1913–1987), Holocaust survivor Frederick Trump (1869–1918), businessman, patriarch of the Trump family[24] Hans-Hasso von Veltheim (1885–1956) Indologist, Anthroposophist Ulrich Walter (born 1954), astronaut Alfred Weber, sociologist Max Weber, sociologist Diedrich Hermann Westermann (1875–1956), linguist Ruth Westheimer (born 1928), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, Doctor of Education, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper. William the Silent (1533–1584), German-born main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs[25] Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768), art historian and archaeologist Karl Witte (1800–1883), jurist and scholar of Dante Alighieri Friedrich Heinrich Zinckgraf (1878–1954), gallery owner More lists of Germans List of German astronauts List of German inventors and discoverers List of Alsatians and Lorrainians List of Baltic Germans List of German agriculture ministers List of German Jews List of German monarchs List of German popes List of Nobel laureates by country#Germany See also Biography portal flag Germany portal Lists portal Germans German Diaspora German Americans German Brazilians German Canadians Germans in Bulgaria Germans in the Czech Republic Germans of Hungary Germans in South Africa Germans of Paraguay Germans of Poland Germans of Romania German Argentines German Russians German Venezuelan List of Austrian Jews List of Austrians List of Swiss people Lists of people by nationality References  "History – Deutsche Bank". db.com. 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